DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE

Introduction
▪ Development of surface is the unfolding/unrolling of all
surfaces of a 3-D object on a plane.

▪ When a solid is opened out and its complete surface is laid on

a plane, the surface of the solid is said to be developed.

▪ The figure thus obtained is called a development of the

surfaces of the solid or simply development.

▪ Development of the solid, when folded or rolled back, gives

the solid.
Types of Development
▪ Parallel line development: In this parallel lines are used to
construct the expanded pattern of each 3-D shape. The method
divides the surface into a series of parallel lines to determine
the shape of a pattern.
Types of Development
▪ Radial line development: In this, lines radiating from a central
point construct the expanded pattern of the 3-D shape. It is
employed for Pyramids and cones, in which lines radiating from
the apex generate the expanded pattern of the slant edge/
curved surface.
Types of Development
▪ Triangulation development: In this method, the lateral surfaces
of the transition pieces are divided into a number of triangles.
The development is drawn by laying each one of the triangles
adjoining to each other.
Types of Development
▪ Approximate development: It is employed for double curved
surfaces like spheres, as they are theoretically not possible to
develop. In this, as the name suggests, the shapes obtained are
only approximate.
 Development of lateral surfaces of different solids.
(Lateral surface is the surface excluding top & base)
Cylinder: A Rectangle
Pyramids: (No.of triangles)
Cone: (Sector of circle)

D
D
H= Height D= base diameter 
Prisms: No.of Rectangles R=Base circle radius. L= Slant edge.
L=Slant height. S = Edge of base
 = R 3600
L
H

Tetrahedron: Four Equilateral Triangles

S S H= Height S = Edge of base

All sides
equal in length

Cube: Four Squares.

 FRUSTUMS
DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF CONE FRUSTUM OF SQUARE PYRAMID
Base side

Top side

 = R 3600
L

R= Base circle radius of cone

L= Slant height of cone L= Slant edge of pyramid
L1 = Slant height of cut part. L1 = Slant edge of cut part.
 Problem 1: A pentagonal prism , 30 mm base side & 50 mm axis Solution Steps:for sectional views:
is standing on Hp on it’s base with one side of the base perpendicular to VP. Draw three views of standing prism.
It is cut by a section plane inclined at 45º to the HP, through mid point of axis. Locate sec.plane in Fv as described.
Draw Fv, sec.Tv & sec. Side view. Also draw true shape of section and Project points where edges are getting
Development of surface of remaining solid. Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in illustration.
C
Join those points in sequence and show
B
Section lines in it.
D
Y1 Make remaining part of solid dark.

A A B C D E
E A
d” c”

X1 e” b”

X a”
Y
e DEVELOPMENT
d
For True Shape: a For Development:
Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane
Draw development of entire solid. Name from
Draw projectors on it from c
cut-open edge I.e. A. in sequence as shown.
cut points.
b Mark the cut points on respective edges.
Mark distances of points
Join them in sequence in st. lines.
of Sectioned part from Tv,
Make existing parts dev.dark.
on above projectors from
x1y1 and join in sequence.
Draw section lines in it.
It is required true shape.
Q 14.11: A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP and all
the edges of the base equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to the
VP, inclined at 45º to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw its sectional top view, sectional side
view and true shape of the section. Also draw its development.

21 31 A
o’ 1

41
3’
D
11
2’ 4’ 4
O

3
1’

b’ d’ Y
X c’
a’ 45º 2 C
d
4

1 1
a o 3
c B

A
2

b
Problem 2: A cone, 50 mm base diameter and 70 mm axis is Solution Steps:for sectional views:
standing on it’s base on Hp. It cut by a section plane 450 inclined Draw three views of standing cone.
to Hp through base end of generator. Draw projections, Locate sec.plane in Fv as described.
sectional views, true shape of section and development of surfaces Project points where generators are
of remaining solid. getting Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in
illustration.Join those points in
sequence and show Section lines in it.
Make remaining part of solid dark.
Y1 A
SECTIONAL S.V
o’ B

DEVELOPMENT C

X1 E
X a’ h’b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’ Y
g” h”f” a”e” b”d” c” F
g
For True Shape: h G
f
Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane
Draw projectors on it from For Development: H
cut points. a e Draw development of entire solid.
Mark distances of points Name from cut-open edge i.e. A. A
of Sectioned part from Tv, in sequence as shown.Mark the cut
on above projectors from b d
points on respective edges.
x1y1 and join in sequence. c Join them in sequence in curvature.
Draw section lines in it. SECTIONAL T.V
Make existing parts dev.dark.
It is required true shape.
 Note the steps to locate Problem 4: A hexagonal prism. 30 mm base side &
Points 1, 2 , 5, 6 in sec.Fv: 55 mm axis is lying on Hp on it’s rect.face with axis
Those are transferred to // to Vp. It is cut by a section plane normal to Hp and
1st TV, then to 1st Fv and 300 inclined to Vp bisecting axis.
a’ b’ c’ f’ d’ e’ Then on 2nd Fv. Draw sec. Views, true shape & development.

3
SECTIONAL F.V.
4
Use similar steps for sec.views & true shape.
NOTE: for development, always cut open object from
2 5 From an edge in the boundary of the view in which
sec.plane appears as a line.
Here it is Tv and in boundary, there is c1 edge.Hence
1 6 it is opened from c and named C,D,E,F,A,B,C.
X Y
8 7
f
f1

e a1 e1
a
A.V.P300 inclined to Vp
Through mid-point of axis.
b d b1 d1

AS SECTION PLANE IS IN T.V.,

c X1 c1 CUT OPEN FROM BOUNDRY EDGE C1 FOR DEVELOPMENT.

C D E F A B C

Y1

DEVELOPMENT
 Problem 3: A cone 40mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one generator on Hp( lying on Hp)
which is // to Vp.. Draw it’s projections.It is cut by a horizontal section plane through it’s base
center. Draw sectional TV, development of the surface of the remaining part of cone.
Follow similar solution steps for Sec.views - True shape – Development as per previous problem!

o’ DEVELOPMENT
A
B
HORIZONTAL
SECTION PLANE C

D
X a’ h’b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’ o’ Y
g O E
g1
h f f1 h1 F

a e e1 a1 o1 G
O
H
b d d1 b1
c A
c1
SECTIONAL T.V
(SHOWING TRUE SHAPE OF SECTION)
Problem 6: Draw a semicircle 0f 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest TO DRAW PRINCIPAL
circle.If the semicircle is development of a cone and inscribed circle is some VIEWS FROM GIVEN
curve on it, then draw the projections of cone showing that curve. DEVELOPMENT.

E
D F
o’ R=Base circle radius. 4
L=Slant height. 3 5
 = R 3600 C
L
G
1’
7’ 2 6
B H
6’
2’
1
3’ 5’ 4’
 7
X a’ h’ b’ c’ g’ d’f’ e’ Y
A A
O
g L
6
h f Solution Steps:
5
Draw semicircle of given diameter, divide it in 8 Parts and inscribe in it
a largest circle as shown.Name intersecting points 1, 2, 3 etc.
a 7
o Semicircle being dev.of a cone it’s radius is slant height of cone.( L )
4 e
Then using above formula find R of base of cone. Using this data
1
draw Fv & Tv of cone and form 8 generators and name.
Take o -1 distance from dev.,mark on TL i.e.o’a’ on Fv & bring on o’b’
b 3 d and name 1’ Similarly locate all points on Fv. Then project all on Tv
2
on respective generators and join by smooth curve.
c
 Problem 5:A solid composed of a half-cone and half- hexagonal pyramid is
3 shown in figure.It is cut by a section plane 45 0 inclined to Hp, passing through
2 mid-point of axis.Draw F.v., sectional T.v.,true shape of section and
4 development of remaining part of the solid.
Y1 ( take radius of cone and each side of hexagon 30mm long and axis 70mm.)
5
1 O’ Note:
6 A Fv & TV 8f two solids
sandwiched
7 B Section lines style in both:
Development of
4’ half cone & half pyramid:
3’
X1 5’ F.V.
C
2’ 6’ 4 2
3

1 D
1’ 7’
X Y
d’e’ c’f’ g’b’ a’ O
f
E
g 7
6
e 5
SECTIONAL 7 4 5 6
4
TOP VIEW. a
F
1 3
d 2 b G

c
A
Problem 7:Draw a semicircle 0f 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest TO DRAW PRINCIPAL
rhombus.If the semicircle is development of a cone and rhombus is some curve VIEWS FROM GIVEN
on it, then draw the projections of cone showing that curve. DEVELOPMENT.

Solution Steps:
o’ Similar to previous
Problem:
E
D F

C G

2’ 6’
B H
3’ 5’
a’ h’ b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’ 
X 1’ 7’ 4’ Y
g A A
O L
7 6
h f
5
R=Base circle radius.
L=Slant height.
a 4 e  = R 3600
L

b 3
d
2
1
c
Problem 8: A half cone of 50 mm base diameter, 70 mm axis, is standing on it’s half base on HP with it’s flat face
parallel and nearer to VP.An inextensible string is wound round it’s surface from one point of base circle and
brought back to the same point.If the string is of shortest length, find it and show it on the projections of the cone.

TO DRAW A CURVE ON
PRINCIPAL VIEWS
FROM DEVELOPMENT. Concept: A string wound
from a point up to the same
o’ Point, of shortest length
A Must appear st. line on it’s
Development.
B
Solution steps:
Hence draw development,
1 C Name it as usual and join
3’ A to A This is shortest
2’ 4’ Length of that string.
D
1’ 2
Further steps are as usual.
3 On dev. Name the points of
Intersections of this line with
X Y 4 E
a’ b’ c’ d’ e’ Different generators.Bring
O Those on Fv & Tv and join
a o 4 e
by smooth curves.
Draw 4’ a’ part of string dotted
3 As it is on back side of cone.
1 2
b d
c

A
Problem 9: A particle which is initially on base circle of a cone, standing
on Hp, moves upwards and reaches apex in one complete turn around the cone.
Draw it’s path on projections of cone as well as on it’s development.
Take base circle diameter 50 mm and axis 70 mm long.

It’s a construction of curve

o’ Helix of one turn on cone:
7’ DEVELOPMENT Draw Fv & Tv & dev.as usual
HELIX CURVE
6’ On all form generators & name.
A Construction of curve Helix::
5’
4’
B Show 8 generators on both views
3’ Divide axis also in same parts.
2’ 1
Draw horizontal lines from those
1’ C
points on both end generators.
X Y 2 1’ is a point where first horizontal
a’ h’b’ c’ gg’ f’ d’ e’ D Line & gen. b’o’ intersect.
3
2’ is a point where second horiz.
h f O 4 E Line & gen. c’o’ intersect.
7
6 6 5 In this way locate all points on Fv.
5
a
7
F Project all on Tv.Join in curvature.
O e For Development:
4
Then taking each points true
3 G
b 1 d Distance From resp.generator
2 from apex, Mark on development
c H & join.
A
Q 15.26: draw the projections of a cone resting on the ground on its base and show on them, the shortest path
by which a point P, starting from a point on the circumference of the base and moving around the cone will
return to the same point. Base ofn cone 65 mm diameter ; axis 75 mm long.

1
12

11

10

8
θ=141º
7

2
X 2 3
1 12 11
4 5 6 Y
10 9 8 7
4
3 5
2 6

1 7
12 8
11 9
10
Q 15.26: A right circular cone base 30 mm side and height 50 mm rests on its base on H.P. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 45º to the H.P. and bisecting the axis. Draw the projections
of the truncated cone and develop its lateral surface.

1
12
A
11

B
10
C
9
D

8 E
θ=103º
F
7 G
H
I
6
J
g
5 e fh
K i
d
j
4 c
L k
bl
3 A a

X
2 2 3
1 12 11
4 5 6 Y
10 9 8 7
4
3 5
2 b
c d 6
e
f
a g
1 7
h
l i
12 k j 8
11 9
10
Q 14.14: A pentagonal pyramid , base 30mm side and axis 60 mm long is lying on one of its triangular faces
on the HP with the axis parallel to the VP. A vertical section plane, whose HT bisects the top view of the axis
and makes an angle of 30º with the reference line, cuts the pyramid removing its top part. Draw the top view,
sectional front view and true shape of the section and development of the surface of the remaining portion of
the pyramid.

o’ B
C

a’ D
5
A
6’
60

b’e’ 1’ 4
E
3
2
1 6
5’ 2’
a’ b’ e’ c’ d’ c’d’ o’
X Y
b1 4’ 3’
b A
c c1 O 1

2
o1
a1 3
30

a o 1
31’
6 d1 6 4
21’
d
5 41’
e 5 e1

11’
51’

61’
Q 14.11: A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP with
two edges of the base perpendicular to the VP. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to the
VP, inclined at 45º to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw its sectional top view and true shape of
the section. Also draw its development.

3
A
2 o’
1

True length
2 of slant
2 3 edge
2’ 3’
D
4
1 O
True length
1 4 of slant 3
1’ 4’ edge

2
X a’ d’ b’ c’
Y
C
a b
1

2 1
o
B
3
A
4
d c
Q.15.11: A right circular cylinder, base 50 mm diameter and axis 60 mm long, is standing on HP on its
base. It has a square hole of size 25 in it. The axis of the hole bisects the axis of the cylinder and is
perpendicular to the VP. The faces of the square hole are equally inclined with the HP. Draw its
projections and develop lateral surface of the cylinder.

2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’
1’ 12’ 11’ 10’ 9’ 8’ 7’

b’ B B

a’ c’ A C C A

d’ D D

X a c Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1

4b
3 d 5
a c
2 6

1 7

12 8

a c
11 9
b
10
d
Q.15.21: A frustum of square pyramid has its base 50 mm side, top 25 mm side and axis 75 mm. Draw
the development of its lateral surface. Also draw the projections of the frustum (when its axis is vertical
and a side of its base is parallel to the VP), showing the line joining the mid point of a top edge of one
face with the mid point of the bottom edge of the opposite face, by the shortest distance.

o’ A A1

D
True
P
length of
slant
edge C
R

B D1
a’ p’ b’
d’ c’ A

r’

S
C1
s’
75

B1
Q
q’
a1’ b1’
X d1’ c1’ Y
d1 c1 A1

p
r
d c

50 25 o

a b
s
a1 q b1
Q: A square prism of 40 mm edge of the base and 65 mm height stands on its base on the HP with
vertical faces inclined at 45º with the VP. A horizontal hole of 40 mm diameter is drilled centrally
through the prism such that the hole passes through the opposite vertical edges of the prism, draw
the development og the surfaces of the prism.

a’ b’d’ c’

4’ 4 4
3’ 5’ 3 5 3 5
2’ 6’ 2 6 2 6

1’ 7’ 1 7 1 7
12’ 8’
12 8 12 8
11’ 9’
10’ 11 9 11 9
10 10
X a’ b’d’ c’ 1 2 3 6 5 3 2 1 Y
4 5 7 C 7 6 4
11
12 11 10 9 8 8 9 10 12 A
4 b10 A
5 B D
3
11 9
2 4
12 8
1 7

a c
1
7
2 4
12 8
3 5
11 9
4 10
d