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(Ebook) Location-Based Information Systems: Developing Real-Time Tracking Applications (Chapman & Hall CRC Computer & Information Science Series) by Miguel A. Labrador, Alfredo J. Perez, Pedro M. Wightman ISBN 1439848548 - The ebook is available for online reading or easy download
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Miguel A. Labrador
Alfredo J. Pérez
Pedro M. Wightman
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Location-based services (LBS) are finally coming out of research labs and get-
ting into the hands of final users. It is fairly common to see cellular carriers
and private companies offering LBS to locate your children, friends, and sites
of interest, track assets, enhance the security of key personnel, help people
with disabilities use public transportation, guide tourists, and many others.
Location-based advertisement is becoming a very big business. Very soon users
will be receiving customized advertisements in their cellular phones according
to their current location. Military-related LBS systems have also been imple-
mented to provide real-time situational awareness. Soldiers are receiving alert
messages with additional information according to their current location. The
interesting aspect is that LBS applications are just starting to emerge and the
potential for growth the next several year is tremendous.
One common aspect of all these LBS applications is that they are built
on top of an infrastructure that includes not only the cellular phone and
the application that runs in it but also a communication network, a back
end application that runs in a server somewhere, and a series of supporting
servers and databases that together provide useful information back to the
user. This entire infrastructure on top of which many LBS applications can
be efficiently supported and run is what we call Location-Based Information
Systems (LBIS). LBIS are being developed to target problems in many, if not
all, sectors of the economy. In this regard, the timing of this book could not
be better.
Looking into the future, current research is bringing new refinements and
improvements and is pushing the technology even further. We can see LBIS
systems transforming into what is being called “Participatory Sensing” and
“Human-Centric Sensing” systems. In addition to having the location of the
user in real-time, the cellular phone could integrate and provide information
coming from other sensors or devices. For example, the user could be wear-
ing Bluetooth-based sensors to continuously measure his or her temperature,
heart rate, and other vital signals. Accelerometers are already integrated in
several cellular phones. They are very useful in determining the type of activ-
ity that the user is doing, which along with their vital signals could be used
in many health care-related applications. Cellular phones could also integrate
measurements from other types of sensors and be used to address large-scale
societal problems. For example, if all cellulars phone were equipped with air-
quality sensors, and all users participated in the application, we could have
information about the pollution level in an entire city very easily. Similarly,
we should be able to easily determine the congestion level, travel times, etc.,
in most of our major roads. As you can see, the future of location-based in-
formation systems is very promising.
sition, the different technologies, systems, and players. At the end, the Java
Location API 2.0 is also described in detail. Chapter 7 is about relational and
geographical databases, how to define them, and how to store and retrieve
information from a cellular phone. Similarly, Chapter 8 covers the topic of
communications, or how to exchange data between the cellular phone and the
main application server. Chapter 9 explains how to create and use Web ser-
vices from cellular phones. Chapter 10 introduces the reader to the Google
Web Toolkit and how to use it to create system administration functions, such
as creating and deleting users, modifying the user information, and the like.
Chapter 11 shows how to display the location of the users in Google Maps
or Google Earth in real-time using the browser of any computer connected to
the Internet. Finally, Chapter 12 includes some examples of additional pro-
cessing functions at the cellular phone and the server meant to improve the
system’s performance and provide enhanced services. The Appendix A tells
the reader where to download all the software needed to implement the entire
location-based information system and guides the reader through the instal-
lation procedure.
Intended Audience
The book is intended for undergraduate students in their junior or senior
years, professors, researchers, and industry professionals interested in the de-
sign and implementation of location-based information systems. The book can
also be used as a reference book in a graduate class on the same topic.
Resources
A companion Website has been set up to provide additional information
and supporting material. The Website contains all software packages and ap-
plications utilized in the book as well as the PowerPoint slides and laboratory
examples utilized to teach the course CIS 4930 Location-Based Information
Systems at the University of South Florida (USF). All this material and more
can be found at http://www.csee.usf.edu/~labrador/LBIS.
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge the financial support that we have received
from the federal Department of Transportation and the Florida Department
of Transportation through the National Center for Transit Research (NCTR),
AT&T, the National Science Foundation, and more recently, TeamTaclan.
Special thanks to Sprint, which has given us access to their development en-
vironment and A-GPS server, as well as considerable support in terms of
cellular phones and data plans for our research. They have supported our
research and development efforts on location-based information system over
the past six years. We would also like to acknowledge the help and support
of our research team mates Sean Barbeau, Phil Winters, Nevine Georggi, and
Rafael Pérez, as well as the large number of past and current graduate and
undergraduate students who have worked in all our projects. We would also
like to thank the staff of Taylor and Francis, and Randi Cohen in particu-
lar, for their support during all the phases of the book. Finally, we want to
acknowledge our own families for their patience, support, and understanding
during all these months of continuous, hard work.
and 2005 and since 2010, he has been with the Universidad del Norte, Bar-
ranquilla, where he is currently a Professor in the Department of Systems
Engineering. In 2005 he was selected to participate in the National Program
of Young Researchers in Colombia, sponsored by the Colombian Institute of
Science and Technology, Colciencias. In 2005, he was selected by the Universi-
dad del Norte to participate in the Teaching Formation Program, which gave
him the opportunity to start his doctorate. His research interests are in the
development of energy-efficient topology construction and topology mainte-
nance protocols for wireless sensor networks. Dr. Wightman is co-author of
the book Topology Control in Wireless Sensor Networks, Springer 2009. He is
a member of the IEEE Communication Society, and co-founder of CommNet,
the Communication Networks Group at USF.
Dedico este trabajo a mi familia por todo el apoyo que me han bridado desde
que tengo memoria, en especial a los Arango y a los Chiriboga.
Pedro M. Wightman
xi
xiii
xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Definition and Classification of LBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 Types of LBS Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Location Provider Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 A Complete LBIS Real-Time Tracking System Example . . . 6
1.4 Software Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.1 Client-Side Software Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.2 Server-Side Software Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5 A Brief Look into the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6 Organization of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
xix
Kevättyöt
Rihmat kun kehiltä loppuivat, niin oli kangas luotu. Sitten otettiin
tiuhtapuikko pois ja laitettiin sijalle tiuhtarihma, ja kangasloimet
pantiin letille, joka vietiin tupaan. Siellä se käärittiin rihmasyrjälle
siten, että kankaan loppupohjukka tuli syrjän ympärille, johon se
levitettiin tasaisesti ja pantiin kaksi tiuhtapuikkoa, joista toinen
pantiin pohjukkaan ja toinen tiuhtarihman sijalle, joka otettiin pois.
Tiuhtapuikot, jotka olivat poikkipuolin kangasloimia, sidottiin
molemmista päistä yhteen rihmalla. Sitten kiinnitettiin loimirihmain
pohjukat sydänvarpasella rihmasyrjään ja loimilettiä purettiin siksi,
että se ulottui vaatesyrjän sijalla olevan käärikesyrjän ympäri ja
sieltä taas käärikesyrjän alaitse penkille.
Sitten levitettiin rihmat tasaisesti kaikkein syrjien ympäri ja alettiin
kääriä kangasta. Se nainen, joka tuli kangasta kutomaan, istausi
kankaan taakse penkille, piti vanakasti (navakasti) loimirihmoja
tiukalla ja purki lettiä sikäli kuin tarvittiin. Joku mies tahi riski nainen
otti sitä varten tehdyn käärikekartun, jonka pisti rihmasyrjän päässä
olevain reikäin läpi ja alkoi kiertää syrjää ympäriinsä. Täten
kääriytyivät loimirihmat syrjän ympärille. Joku vanhempi nainen
seisoi rihmasyrjän takana ja hoiti rihmoja, että ne tulivat tasaisesti
syrjän ympäri. Sitten kun tiuhtapuikot, jotka oli vedetty käärikesyrjän
luo, olivat kulkeneet rihmasyrjään kiinni, pysäytettiin kiertäminen,
oiottiin ja levitettiin rihmat uudelleen sekä vedettiin tiuhtapuikot taas
alas käärikesyrjän luo ja alettiin kiertää rihmasyrjää ympäriinsä. Tällä
tavoin pitkitettiin käärimistä siksi, kunnes se saatiin käärityksi.
Vihdoin kun letti oli loppunut, levitettiin loimirihmat loppupohjukasta
lopinpuun ympärille, jota pitämään joku meni kankaan alle, jossa
kulki sikäli kuin kangasta kierrettiin letin pitäjän luo. Rihmasyrjän
hoitajalla oli kädessä karttu, jolla hän välistä lyödä hakkasi syrjällä
olevia rihmoja että ne tiukemmin ja tasaisemmin kääriytyvät syrjän
ympärille. Kun kangas oli kääritty, niin laitettiin loimet pohjukoistaan
käärikesyrjän ympäri ja alettiin kitkuttaa, so. rihmasyrjän kartikasta
nytkytettiin syrjää edestakaisin, jotta loimet kävivät kiinteämmin
syrjän ympäri.
Niin pian kuin kangasta saatiin sen verran, että se ylettyi pari
kertaa vaatesyrjän ympäri, leikattiin tutkain poikki. Kun vaatesyrjän
ympärille valmistui pitemmältä kangasta, purettiin kangas
vaatesyrjältä ja käärittiin pankolle, jonka keskitse pistettiin kepukka
ja sen päät sidottiin pirran kohdalle, kankaan alle niin, ettei se
yläpuolella tavannut pirtaan eikä alapuolella kutojan jalkoihin, kun
hän suksia polki.
*****
*****
Kuules kellos,
seuraa karjaas.
Kun jonkun kasvot saatiin noetuksi, niin siinä oli vasta naurua ja
kikatusta. Äsken niin punakat posket muuttuivat äkkiä aivan
mustiksi, niin ettei usein koko kasvoissa ollut muuta valkeaa kuin
hampaat ja silmävalkolaiset. Muutamia taas saatiin vähemmin noeta.
Kun näin noettu tuli tupaan, niin kas siinä oli tupaväellä naurua ja
riemua.
*****
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