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Top 50 OOPs Interview Questions & Answers

Following are frequently asked Interview Questions for freshers as well as an experienced .net/
Java/Python Software Developers.

1) What is OOPS?

OOPS is abbreviated as Object Oriented Programming system in which programs are

considered as a collection of objects. Each object is nothing but an instance of a class.

2) Write basic concepts of OOPS?

Following are the concepts of OOPS:

1. Abstraction
2. Encapsulation
3. Inheritance
4. Polymorphism

3) What is a class?

A class is simply a representation of a type of object. It is the blueprint/plan/template that

describes the details of an object.

4) What is an Object?

An object is an instance of a class. It has its own state, behavior, and identity.

5) What is Encapsulation?

Encapsulation is an attribute of an object, and it contains all data which is hidden. That hidden
data can be restricted to the members of that class.

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Levels are Public, Protected, Private, Internal, and Protected Internal.

6) What is Polymorphism?

Polymorphism is nothing but assigning behavior or value in a subclass to something that was
already declared in the main class. Simply, polymorphism takes more than one form.

7) What is Inheritance?

Inheritance is a concept where one class shares the structure and behavior defined in another
class. If Inheritance applied to one class is called Single Inheritance, and if it depends on
multiple classes, then it is called multiple Inheritance.

8) What are manipulators?

Manipulators are the functions which can be used in conjunction with the insertion () operators
on an object. Examples are endl and setw.

9) Explain the term constructor

A constructor is a method used to initialize the state of an object, and it gets invoked at the time
of object creation. Rules for constructor are:

Constructor Name should be the same as a class name.

A constructor must have no return type.

10) Define Destructor?

A destructor is a method which is automatically called when the object is made of scope or
destroyed. Destructor name is also same as class name but with the tilde symbol before the
name.

11) What is an Inline function?

An inline function is a technique used by the compilers and instructs to insert complete body of
the function wherever that function is used in the program source code.

12) What is a virtual function?

A virtual function is a member function of a class, and its functionality can be overridden in its
derived class. This function can be implemented by using a keyword called virtual, and it can be
given during function declaration.

A virtual function can be declared using a token(virtual) in C++. It can be achieved in C/Python
Language by using function pointers or pointers to function.

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13) What is a friend function?

A friend function is a friend of a class that is allowed to access to Public, private, or protected
data in that same class. If the function is defined outside the class cannot access such
information.

A friend can be declared anywhere in the class declaration, and it cannot be affected by access
control keywords like private, public, or protected.

14) What is function overloading?

Function overloading is a regular function, but it can perform different tasks. It allows the
creation of several methods with the same name which differ from each other by the type of
input and output of the function.

Example
[crayon-5f2cf66ff2e66074243655/]
15) What is operator overloading?

Operator overloading is a function where different operators are applied and depends on the
arguments. Operator,-,* can be used to pass through the function, and it has its own
precedence to execute

16) What is an abstract class?

An abstract class is a class which cannot be instantiated. Creation of an object is not possible
with an abstract class, but it can be inherited. An abstract class can contain only an Abstract
method. Java allows only abstract method in abstract class while other languages allow non-
abstract method as well.

17) What is a ternary operator?

The ternary operator is said to be an operator which takes three arguments. Arguments and
results are of different data types, and it depends on the function. The ternary operator is also
called a conditional operator.

18) What is the use of finalize method?

Finalize method helps to perform cleanup operations on the resources which are not currently
used. Finalize method is protected, and it is accessible only through this class or by a derived
class.

19) What are the different types of arguments?

A parameter is a variable used during the declaration of the function or subroutine, and
arguments are passed to the function body, and it should match with the parameter defined.

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There are two types of Arguments.

Call by Value – Value passed will get modified only inside the function, and it returns the
same value whatever it is passed into the function.
Call by Reference – Value passed will get modified in both inside and outside the
functions and it returns the same or different value.

20) What is the super keyword?

The super keyword is used to invoke the overridden method, which overrides one of its
superclass methods. This keyword allows to access overridden methods and also to access
hidden members of the superclass.

It also forwards a call from a constructor, to a constructor in the superclass.

21) What is method overriding?

Method overriding is a feature that allows a subclass to provide the implementation of a method
that overrides in the main class. It will override the implementation in the superclass by
providing the same method name, same parameter, and same return type.

22) What is an interface?

An interface is a collection of an abstract method. If the class implements an interface, it thereby

inherits all the abstract methods of an interface.

Java uses Interface to implement multiple inheritances.

23) What is exception handling?

An exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program. Exceptions can be of
any type – Runtime exception, Error exceptions. Those exceptions are adequately handled
through exception handling mechanism like try, catch, and throw keywords.

24) What are tokens?

A compiler recognizes a token, and it cannot be broken down into component elements.
Keywords, identifiers, constants, string literals, and operators are examples of tokens.

Even punctuation characters are also considered as tokens. Example: Brackets, Commas,
Braces, and Parentheses.

25) What is the main difference between overloading and overriding?

Overloading is static Binding, whereas Overriding is dynamic Binding. Overloading is nothing

but the same method with different arguments, and it may or may not return the equal value in

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the same class itself.

Overriding is the same method names with the same arguments and return types associated
with the class and its child class.

26) What is the main difference between a class and an object?

An object is an instance of a class. Objects hold multiple information, but classes don’t have
any information. Definition of properties and functions can be done in class and can be used by
the object.

A class can have sub-classes, while an object doesn’t have sub-objects.

27) What is an abstraction?

Abstraction is a useful feature of OOPS, and it shows only the necessary details to the client of
an object. Meaning, it shows only required details for an object, not the inner constructors, of an
object. Example – When you want to switch on the television, it is not necessary to know the
inner circuitry/mechanism needed to switch on the TV. Whatever is required to switch on TV will
be shown by using an abstract class.

28) What are the access modifiers?

Access modifiers determine the scope of the method or variables that can be accessed from
other various objects or classes. There are five types of access modifiers, and they are as
follows:

Private
Protected
Public
Friend
Protected Friend

29) What are sealed modifiers?

Sealed modifiers are the access modifiers where the methods can not inherit it. Sealed
modifiers can also be applied to properties, events, and methods. This modifier cannot be used
to static members.

30) How can we call the base method without creating an instance?

Yes, it is possible to call the base method without creating an instance. And that method should
be “Static method."

Doing Inheritance from that class.-Use Base Keyword from a derived class.

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31) What is the difference between new and override?

The new modifier instructs the compiler to use the new implementation instead of the base class
function. Whereas, Override modifier helps to override the base class function.

32) What are the various types of constructors?

There are three types of constructors:

– Default Constructor – With no parameters.

– Parametric Constructor – With Parameters. Create a new instance of a class and also
passing arguments simultaneously.

– Copy Constructor – Which creates a new object as a copy of an existing object.

33) What is early and late Binding?

Early binding refers to the assignment of values to variables during design time, whereas late
Binding refers to the assignment of values to variables during run time.

34) What is 'this' pointer?

THIS pointer refers to the current object of a class. THIS keyword is used as a pointer which
differentiates between the current object with the global object. It refers to the current object.

35) What is the difference between structure and a class?

The default access type of a Structure is public, but class access type is private. A structure is
used for grouping data, whereas a class can be used for grouping data and methods. Structures
are exclusively used for data, and it doesn't require strict validation, but classes are used to
encapsulate and inherent data, which requires strict validation.

36) What is the default access modifier in a class?

The default access modifier of a class is Private by default.

37) What is a pure virtual function?

A pure virtual function is a function which can be overridden in the derived class but cannot be
defined. A virtual function can be declared as Pure by using the operator =0.

Example -
[crayon-5f2cf66ff2e6f715458999/]
38) What are all the operators that cannot be overloaded?

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Following are the operators that cannot be overloaded -.

1. Scope Resolution (::)

2. Member Selection (.)
3. Member selection through a pointer to function (.*)

39) What is dynamic or run time polymorphism?

Dynamic or Run time polymorphism is also known as method overriding in which call to an
overridden function is resolved during run time, not at the compile time. It means having two or
more methods with the same name, same signature but with different implementation.

40) Do we require a parameter for constructors?

No, we do not require a parameter for constructors.

41) What is a copy constructor?

This is a special constructor for creating a new object as a copy of an existing object. There will
always be only one copy constructor that can be either defined by the user or the system.

42) What does the keyword virtual represented in the method definition?

It means we can override the method.

43) Whether static method can use nonstatic members?

False.

44) What are a base class, subclass, and superclass?

The base class is the most generalized class, and it is said to be a root class.

A Subclass is a class that inherits from one or more base classes.

The superclass is the parent class from which another class inherits.

45) What is static and dynamic Binding?

Binding is nothing but the association of a name with the class. Static Binding is a binding in
which name can be associated with the class during compilation time, and it is also called as
early Binding.

Dynamic Binding is a binding in which name can be associated with the class during execution
time, and it is also called as Late Binding.

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46) How many instances can be created for an abstract class?

Zero instances will be created for an abstract class. In other words, you cannot create an
instance of an Abstract Class.

47) Which keyword can be used for overloading?

Operator keyword is used for overloading.

48) What is the default access specifier in a class definition?

Private access specifier is used in a class definition.

49) Which OOPS concept is used as a reuse mechanism?

Inheritance is the OOPS concept that can be used as a reuse mechanism.

50) Which OOPS concept exposes only the necessary information to the calling
functions?

Encapsulation

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OOPs Interview Questions Download PDF

OOPs, or Object-Oriented Programming is a programming model or paradigm which revolves

around the concept of “OBJECTS”. Objects can be considered as real-world instances of
entities like class, that contain some characteristics and behaviors specified in the class
template.

In simple language, a class can be considered as the blueprint or template, based on which
objects can be created. So the Objects are considered the instance of a class, and are therefore
sometimes called “instances”. The term “characteristics” refers to the “what” about the
Object, and the term “behavior” refers to the “how” about the Object.

For example, if we consider a car, then based on the OOPs model:

Class = A specific car model, such as Audi A4, BMW I8, Maruti Suzuki Vitara Brezza, etc.
Object = A specific car of any model, like the car you own
Characteristics = What is the color of your car? What is the Chassis number of your car?
etc
Behavior = How to start the car? How to change the gear of the car? etc.
Characteristics are also known as data, attributes, or properties, and Behaviours are also known
as the functions, procedures or methods, in the programming language.

The concept of “objects” allows the OOPs model to easily access, use and modify the instance
data and methods, interact with other objects, and define methods in runtime (during the
execution of the program). This gives the OOPs model significance and makes it diverse in its
implementation.

In fact, the OOPs model is so popular, that many of the most widely used programming
languages support and use this Object Oriented Programming or OOPs model, such as Java,
C++, Python, C#, etc.

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Basic OOPs Interview Questions

1. What is meant by the term OOPs?

OOPs refers to Object-Oriented Programming. It is the programming paradigm that is defined
using objects. Objects can be considered as real-world instances of entities like class, that have
some characteristics and behaviors.

2. What is the need for OOPs?

There are many reasons why OOPs is mostly preferred, but the most important among them
are:

OOPs helps users to understand the software easily, although they don’t know the actual
implementation.
With OOPs, the readability, understandability, and maintainability of the code increase
multifold.
Even very big software can be easily written and managed easily using OOPs.
3. What are some major Object Oriented Programming languages?
The programming languages that use and follow the Object-Oriented Programming paradigm
or OOPs, are known as Object-Oriented Programming languages. Some of the major Object-
Oriented Programming languages include:

Java
C++
Javascript
Python
PHP

And many more.

 You can download a PDF version of Oops

Download
Interview Questions.
PDF

4. What are some other programming paradigms other than OOPs?

Programming paradigms refers to the method of classification of programming languages
based on their features. There are mainly two types of Programming Paradigms:

Imperative Programming Paradigm

Declarative Programming Paradigm

Now, these paradigms can be further classified based:

1. Imperative Programming Paradigm: Imperative programming focuses on HOW to execute

program logic and defines control flow as statements that change a program state. This can be
further classified as:
a) Procedural Programming Paradigm: Procedural programming specifies the steps a program
must take to reach the desired state, usually read in order from top to bottom.
b) Object-Oriented Programming or OOP: Object-oriented programming (OOP) organizes
programs as objects, that contain some data and have some behavior.
c) Parallel Programming: Parallel programming paradigm breaks a task into subtasks and
focuses on executing them simultaneously at the same time.

2. Declarative Programming Paradigm: Declarative programming focuses on WHAT to

execute and defines program logic, but not a detailed control flow. Declarative paradigm can
be further classified into:
a) Logical Programming Paradigm: Logical programming paradigm is based on formal logic,
which refers to a set of sentences expressing facts and rules about how to solve a problem
b) Functional Programming Paradigm: Functional programming is a programming paradigm
where programs are constructed by applying and composing functions.
c) Database Programming Paradigm: Database programming model is used to manage data
and information structured as fields, records, and files.

5. What is meant by Structured Programming?

Structured Programming refers to the method of programming which consists of a
completely structured control flow. Here structure refers to a block, which contains a set of
rules, and has a definitive control flow, such as (if/then/else), (while and for), block structures,
and subroutines.

Nearly all programming paradigms include Structured programming, including the OOPs
model.

6. What are the main features of OOPs?

OOPs or Object Oriented Programming mainly comprises of the below four features, and make
sure you don't miss any of these:

Inheritance
Encapsulation
Polymorphism
Data Abstraction
7. What are some advantages of using OOPs?
OOPs is very helpful in solving very complex level of problems.
Highly complex programs can be created, handled, and maintained easily using object-
oriented programming.
OOPs, promote code reuse, thereby reducing redundancy.
OOPs also helps to hide the unnecessary details with the help of Data Abstraction.
OOPs, are based on a bottom-up approach, unlike the Structural programming paradigm,
which uses a top-down approach.
Polymorphism offers a lot of flexibility in OOPs.

8. Why is OOPs so popular?

OOPs programming paradigm is considered as a better style of programming. Not only it
helps in writing a complex piece of code easily, but it also allows users to handle and maintain
them easily as well. Not only that, the main pillar of OOPs - Data Abstraction, Encapsulation,
Inheritance, and Polymorphism, makes it easy for programmers to solve complex scenarios. As
a result of these, OOPs is so popular.

Advanced OOPs Interview Questions

9. What is a class?
A class can be understood as a template or a blueprint, which contains some values, known as
member data or member, and some set of rules, known as behaviors or functions. So when an
object is created, it automatically takes the data and functions that are defined in the class.
Therefore the class is basically a template or blueprint for objects. Also one can create as many
objects as they want based on a class.

For example, first, a car’s template is created. Then multiple units of car are created based on
that template.

10. What is an object?

An object refers to the instance of the class, which contains the instance of the members and
behaviors defined in the class template. In the real world, an object is an actual entity to which
a user interacts, whereas class is just the blueprint for that object. So the objects consume
space and have some characteristic behavior.
For example, a specific car.

11. What is encapsulation?

One can visualize Encapsulation as the method of putting everything that is required to do the
job, inside a capsule and presenting that capsule to the user. What it means is that by
Encapsulation, all the necessary data and methods are bind together and all the unnecessary
details are hidden to the normal user. So Encapsulation is the process of binding data
members and methods of a program together to do a specific job, without revealing
unnecessary details.

Encapsulation can also be defined in two different ways:

1) Data hiding: Encapsulation is the process of hiding unwanted information, such as

restricting access to any member of an object.
2) Data binding: Encapsulation is the process of binding the data members and the methods
together as a whole, as a class.

12. What is Polymorphism?

Polymorphism is composed of two words - “poly” which means “many”, and “morph” which
means “shapes”. Therefore Polymorphism refers to something that has many shapes.

In OOPs, Polymorphism refers to the process by which some code, data, method, or object
behaves differently under different circumstances or contexts. Compile-time polymorphism
and Run time polymorphism are the two types of polymorphisms in OOPs languages.

13. What is Compile time Polymorphism and how is it different from

Runtime Polymorphism?
Compile Time Polymorphism: Compile time polymorphism, also known as Static Polymorphism,
refers to the type of Polymorphism that happens at compile time. What it means is that the
compiler decides what shape or value has to be taken by the entity in the picture.

Example:
 // In this program, we will see how multiple functions are created with the same nam
// but the compiler decides which function to call easily at the compile time itself
class CompileTimePolymorphism{
// 1st method with name add
public int add(int x, int y){
return x+y;
}
// 2nd method with name add
public int add(int x, int y, int z){
return x+y+z;
}
// 3rd method with name add
public int add(double x, int y){
return (int)x+y;
}
// 4th method with name add
public int add(int x, double y){
return x+(int)y;
}
}
class Test{
public static void main(String[] args){
CompileTimePolymorphism demo=new CompileTimePolymorphism();
// In the below statement, the Compiler looks at the argument types and decides t
System.out.println(demo.add(2,3));
// Similarly, in the below statement, the compiler calls method 2
System.out.println(demo.add(2,3,4));
// Similarly, in the below statement, the compiler calls method 4
System.out.println(demo.add(2,3.4));
// Similarly, in the below statement, the compiler calls method 3
System.out.println(demo.add(2.5,3));
}
}

In the above example, there are four versions of add methods. The first method takes two
parameters while the second one takes three. For the third and fourth methods, there is a
change of order of parameters. The compiler looks at the method signature and decides which
method to invoke for a particular method call at compile time.

Runtime Polymorphism: Runtime polymorphism, also known as Dynamic Polymorphism, refers

to the type of Polymorphism that happens at the run time. What it means is it can't be decided
by the compiler. Therefore what shape or value has to be taken depends upon the execution.
Hence the name Runtime Polymorphism.

Example:
 class AnyVehicle{
public void move(){
System.out.println(“Any vehicle should move!!”);
}
}
class Bike extends AnyVehicle{
public void move(){
System.out.println(“Bike can move too!!”);
}
}
class Test{
public static void main(String[] args){
AnyVehicle vehicle = new Bike();
// In the above statement, as you can see, the object vehicle is of type AnyVehi
// But the output of the below statement will be “Bike can move too!!”,
// because the actual implementation of object ‘vehicle’ is decided during runtim
vehicle = new AnyVehicle();
// Now, the output of the below statement will be “Any vehicle should move!!”,
vehicle.move();
}
}

As the method to call is determined at runtime, as shown in the above code, this is called
runtime polymorphism.

14. How does C++ support Polymorphism?

C++ is an Object-oriented programming language and it supports Polymorphism as well:

Compile Time Polymorphism: C++ supports compile-time polymorphism with the help of
features like templates, function overloading, and default arguments.
Runtime Polymorphism: C++ supports Runtime polymorphism with the help of features
like virtual functions. Virtual functions take the shape of the functions based on the type
of object in reference and are resolved at runtime.

15. What is meant by Inheritance?

The term “inheritance” means “receiving some quality or behavior from a parent to an
offspring.” In object-oriented programming, inheritance is the mechanism by which an object
or class (referred to as a child) is created using the definition of another object or class
(referred to as a parent). Inheritance not only helps to keep the implementation simpler but
also helps to facilitate code reuse.

16. What is Abstraction?

If you are a user, and you have a problem statement, you don't want to know how the
components of the software work, or how it's made. You only want to know how the software
solves your problem. Abstraction is the method of hiding unnecessary details from the
necessary ones. It is one of the main features of OOPs.
For example, consider a car. You only need to know how to run a car, and not how the wires
are connected inside it. This is obtained using Abstraction.

17. How much memory does a class occupy?

Classes do not consume any memory. They are just a blueprint based on which objects are
created. Now when objects are created, they actually initialize the class members and methods
and therefore consume memory.

18. Is it always necessary to create objects from class?

No. An object is necessary to be created if the base class has non-static methods. But if the
class has static methods, then objects don’t need to be created. You can call the class method
directly in this case, using the class name.

19. What is a constructor?

Constructors are special methods whose name is the same as the class name. The constructors
serve the special purpose of initializing the objects.
For example, suppose there is a class with the name “MyClass”, then when you instantiate this
class, you pass the syntax:
MyClass myClassObject = new MyClass();

Now here, the method called after “new” keyword - MyClass(), is the constructor of this class.
This will help to instantiate the member data and methods and assign them to the object
myClassObject.
20. What are the various types of constructors in C++?
The most common classification of constructors includes:

Default constructor: The default constructor is the constructor which doesn’t take any
argument. It has no parameters.

class ABC
{
int x;

ABC()
{
x = 0;
}
}

Parameterized constructor: The constructors that take some arguments are known as
parameterized constructors.
 class ABC
{
int x;

ABC(int y)
{
x = y;
}
}

Copy constructor: A copy constructor is a member function that initializes an object using
another object of the same class.

class ABC
{
int x;

ABC(int y)
{
x = y;
}
// Copy constructor
ABC(ABC abc)
{
x = abc.x;
}
}

21. What is a copy constructor?

Copy Constructor is a type of constructor, whose purpose is to copy an object to another.
What it means is that a copy constructor will clone an object and its values, into another
object, is provided that both the objects are of the same class.

22. What is a destructor?

Contrary to constructors, which initialize objects and specify space for them, Destructors are
also special methods. But destructors free up the resources and memory occupied by an
object. Destructors are automatically called when an object is being destroyed.

23. Are class and structure the same? If not, what's the difference
between a class and a structure?
No, class and structure are not the same. Though they appear to be similar, they have
differences that make them apart. For example, the structure is saved in the stack memory,
whereas the class is saved in the heap memory. Also, Data Abstraction cannot be achieved with
the help of structure, but with class, Abstraction is majorly used.

24. Explain Inheritance with an example?

Inheritance is one of the major features of object-oriented programming, by which an entity
inherits some characteristics and behaviors of some other entity and makes them their own.
Inheritance helps to improve and facilitate code reuse.

Let me explain to you with a common example. Let's take three different vehicles - a car, truck,
or bus. These three are entirely different from one another with their own specific
characteristics and behavior. But. in all three, you will find some common elements, like
steering wheel, accelerator, clutch, brakes, etc. Though these elements are used in different
vehicles, still they have their own features which are common among all vehicles. This is
achieved with inheritance. The car, the truck, and the bus have all inherited the features like
steering wheel, accelerator, clutch, brakes, etc, and used them as their own. Due to this, they
did not have to create these components from scratch, thereby facilitating code reuse.

25. Are there any limitations of Inheritance?

Yes, with more powers comes more complications. Inheritance is a very powerful feature in
OOPs, but it has some limitations too. Inheritance needs more time to process, as it needs to
navigate through multiple classes for its implementation. Also, the classes involved in
Inheritance - the base class and the child class, are very tightly coupled together. So if one
needs to make some changes, they might need to do nested changes in both classes.
Inheritance might be complex for implementation, as well. So if not correctly implemented, this
might lead to unexpected errors or incorrect outputs.

26. What are the various types of inheritance?

The various types of inheritance include:

Single inheritance
Multiple inheritances
Multi-level inheritance
Hierarchical inheritance
Hybrid inheritance

27. What is a subclass?

The subclass is a part of Inheritance. The subclass is an entity, which inherits from another
class. It is also known as the child class.

28. Define a superclass?

Superclass is also a part of Inheritance. The superclass is an entity, which allows subclasses or
child classes to inherit from itself.
29. What is an interface?
An interface refers to a special type of class, which contains methods, but not their definition.
Only the declaration of methods is allowed inside an interface. To use an interface, you cannot
create objects. Instead, you need to implement that interface and define the methods for their
implementation.

30. What is meant by static polymorphism?

Static Polymorphism is commonly known as the Compile time polymorphism. Static
polymorphism is the feature by which an object is linked with the respective function or
operator based on the values during the compile time. Static or Compile time Polymorphism
can be achieved through Method overloading or operator overloading.

31. What is meant by dynamic polymorphism?

Dynamic Polymorphism or Runtime polymorphism refers to the type of Polymorphism in
OOPs, by which the actual implementation of the function is decided during the runtime or
execution. The dynamic or runtime polymorphism can be achieved with the help of method
overriding.

32. What is the difference between overloading and overriding?

Overloading is a compile-time polymorphism feature in which an entity has multiple
implementations with the same name. For example, Method overloading and Operator
overloading.

Whereas Overriding is a runtime polymorphism feature in which an entity has the same name,
but its implementation changes during execution. For example, Method overriding.
Image

33. How is data abstraction accomplished?

Data abstraction is accomplished with the help of abstract methods or abstract classes.

34. What is an abstract class?

An abstract class is a special class containing abstract methods. The significance of abstract
class is that the abstract methods inside it are not implemented and only declared. So as a
result, when a subclass inherits the abstract class and needs to use its abstract methods, they
need to define and implement them.

35. How is an abstract class different from an interface?

Interface and abstract class both are special types of classes that contain only the methods
declaration and not their implementation. But the interface is entirely different from an
abstract class. The main difference between the two is that, when an interface is implemented,
the subclass must define all its methods and provide its implementation. Whereas when an
abstract class is inherited, the subclass does not need to provide the definition of its abstract
method, until and unless the subclass is using it.

Also, an abstract class can contain abstract methods as well as non-abstract methods.

36. What are access specifiers and what is their significance?

Access specifiers, as the name suggests, are a special type of keywords, which are used to
control or specify the accessibility of entities like classes, methods, etc. Some of the access
specifiers or access modifiers include “private”, “public”, etc. These access specifiers also play a
very vital role in achieving Encapsulation - one of the major features of OOPs.

37. What is an exception?

An exception can be considered as a special event, which is raised during the execution of a
program at runtime, that brings the execution to a halt. The reason for the exception is mainly
due to a position in the program, where the user wants to do something for which the
program is not specified, like undesirable input.

38. What is meant by exception handling?

No one wants its software to fail or crash. Exceptions are the major reason for software failure.
The exceptions can be handled in the program beforehand and prevent the execution from
stopping. This is known as exception handling.
So exception handling is the mechanism for identifying the undesirable states that the
program can reach and specifying the desirable outcomes of such states.
Try-catch is the most common method used for handling exceptions in the program.

39. What is meant by Garbage Collection in OOPs world?

Object-oriented programming revolves around entities like objects. Each object consumes
memory and there can be multiple objects of a class. So if these objects and their memories
are not handled properly, then it might lead to certain memory-related errors and the system
might fail.

Garbage collection refers to this mechanism of handling the memory in the program. Through
garbage collection, the unwanted memory is freed up by removing the objects that are no
longer needed.

40. Can we run a Java application without implementing the OOPs

concept?
No. Java applications are based on Object-oriented programming models or OOPs concept,
and hence they cannot be implemented without it.

However, on the other hand, C++ can be implemented without OOPs, as it also supports the
C-like structural programming model.

OOPs Coding Problems

41. What is the output of the below code?

 #include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class BaseClass1 {
public:
BaseClass1()
{ cout << " BaseClass1 constructor called" << endl; }
};

class BaseClass2 {
public:
BaseClass2()
{ cout << "BaseClass2 constructor called" << endl; }
};

class DerivedClass: public BaseClass1, public BaseClass2 {

public:
DerivedClass()
{ cout << "DerivedClass constructor called" << endl; }
};

int main()
{
DerivedClass derived_class;
return 0;
}

Output:

BaseClass1 constructor called

BaseClass2 constructor called
DerivedClass constructor called

Reason:
The above program demonstrates Multiple inheritances. So when the Derived class’s
constructor is called, it automatically calls the Base class's constructors from left to right order
of inheritance.

42. What will be the output of the below code?

 class Scaler
{
static int i;

static
{
System.out.println(“a”);

i = 100;
}
}

public class StaticBlock

{
static
{
System.out.println(“b”);
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{
System.out.println(“c”);

System.out.println(Scaler.i);
}
}

Output:

b
c
a
100

Reason:
Firstly the static block inside the main-method calling class will be implemented. Hence ‘b’ will
be printed first. Then the main method is called, and now the sequence is kept as expected.

43. Predict the output?

 #include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class ClassA {
public:
ClassA(int ii = 0) : i(ii) {}
void show() { cout << "i = " << i << endl;}
private:
int i;
};

class ClassB {
public:
ClassB(int xx) : x(xx) {}
operator ClassA() const { return ClassA(x); }
private:
int x;
};

void g(ClassA a)
{ a.show(); }

int main() {
ClassB b(10);
g(b);
g(20);
getchar();
return 0;
}

Output:

i = 10
i = 20

Reason:
ClassA contains a conversion constructor. Due to this, the objects of ClassA can have integer
values. So the statement g(20) works. Also, ClassB has a conversion operator overloaded. So
the statement g(b) also works.

44. What will be the output in below code?

 public class Demo{
public static void main(String[] arr){
System.out.println(“Main1”);
}
public static void main(String arr){
System.out.println(“Main2”);
}
}

Output:

Main1

Reason:
Here the main() method is overloaded. But JVM only understands the main method which has
a String[] argument in its definition. Hence Main1 is printed and the overloaded main method
is ignored.

45. Predict the output?

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class BaseClass{
int arr[10];
};

class DerivedBaseClass1: public BaseClass { };

class DerivedBaseClass2: public BaseClass { };

class DerivedClass: public DerivedBaseClass1, public DerivedBaseClass2{};

int main(void)
{
cout<<sizeof(DerivedClass);
return 0;
}

Output:

If the size of the integer is 4 bytes, then the output will be 80.
Reason:
Since DerivedBaseClass1 and DerivedBaseClass1 both inherit from class BaseClass,
DerivedClass contains two copies of BaseClass. Hence it results in wastage of space and a large
size output. It can be reduced with the help of a virtual base class.

46. What is the output of the below program?

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class A {
public:
void print()
{ cout <<" Inside A::"; }
};

class B : public A {
public:
void print()
{ cout <<" Inside B"; }
};

class C: public B {
};

int main(void)
{
C c;

c.print();
return 0;
}

Output:

Inside B

Reason:
The above program implements a Multi-level hierarchy. So the program is linearly searched up
until a matching function is found. Here, it is present in both classes A and B. So class B’s
print() method is called.

Oops interview MCQs

1. _______ was the first language to be developed as a purely object-oriented programming
 language?

Smalltalk

C++

PHP

Java

2. Who developed the first object-oriented programming language?

Adele Goldberg

Dennis Ritchie

Alan Kay

Andrea Ferro

3. Which of the following is not a main feature of OOPs?

Encapsulation

Polymorphism

Exception

Abstraction

4. Which feature of OOPs facilitates code reusability?

5. Which language among the following supports classes, but does not support the concept of
Polymorphism?
 C++ programming language

Java programming language

Ada programming language

C# programming language

6. What feature among the following is not right for OOPs?

7. _______ is the feature of the Object-oriented programming model which allows one class to
derive features from another class?

Inheritance

Data hiding

Encapsulation

Polymorphism

8. ________ is an object-oriented programming language but does not support all inheritance
types.

Smalltalk

Kotlin

Java

C++

9. Which among the following operators can be used to show Polymorphism in CPP?
10. Which among the following does not show or cannot be used, to show Polymorphism?

11. Which among the following functions represent the concept of Polymorphism?

Class member function

Virtual function

Inline function

Undefined function

12. Can you use C language to demonstrate Polymorphism?

True

False

13. _ is the feature of OOPs which is responsible for binding data with their implementation as
a single entity?

Polymorphism

Inheritance

Abstraction

Encapsulation

14. Which superclass member won’t be accessible to the subclass?

Public member

Protected member
 Private member

All of the mentioned

15. State true or false: A Java application can be created without implementing the OOPs
concept.

True

False

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