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2019_midterm2_Sol_A卷

The document contains solutions to various engineering mathematics problems, including ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and their applications. It provides detailed steps for solving specific equations, determining independence of functions using the Wronskian, and transforming equations into different forms. Additionally, it includes proofs related to ODEs and their solutions, showcasing the mathematical reasoning behind each problem.

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7 views

2019_midterm2_Sol_A卷

The document contains solutions to various engineering mathematics problems, including ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and their applications. It provides detailed steps for solving specific equations, determining independence of functions using the Wronskian, and transforming equations into different forms. Additionally, it includes proofs related to ODEs and their solutions, showcasing the mathematical reasoning behind each problem.

Uploaded by

pokemon123dea
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sol.

Of Mid-term # 2 ME2001: Engineering Mathematics 2019, 11/11


(A 卷)
(1) BE
(2) BD
(3) ACD
(4) AE
(5) E
(6) (i) BCD (ii) C
(7) (i) AD (ii) C

1. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ = 0 with 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = −1/2


Sol. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝜆𝑥 Substitute it into the ODE
𝜆2 − 𝜆 = 0, 𝜆 = 0, −1 ∴ 𝑦 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑥 & 𝑦 ′ = −𝐵𝑒 −𝑥
IC: 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = −1/2. Then 𝐵 = 𝐴 = 0.5
Therefore 𝑦 = 0.5 + 0.5𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦(1) = 0.5 + 0.5𝑒 −1; 𝑦(2) = 0.5 + 0.5𝑒 −2 ; 𝑦(3) = 0.5 + 0.5𝑒 −3; 𝑦(∞) = 0.5;

2. 𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥)
𝜆2 + 3𝜆 + 2 = 0, 𝜆 = −2, −1
∴ 𝑦ℎ = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 , 𝑦ℎ′ = −𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑟(𝑥) = 12𝑥 2
Let 𝑦𝑝 = 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐷 + 𝐸, then 𝑦𝑝′ = 2𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 and 𝑦𝑝′′ = 2𝐶
Substitute 𝑦𝑝′′ , 𝑦𝑝′ , and 𝑦𝑝 into the ODE and compare the coefficients on both side we have
𝐶 = 6, 𝐷 = −18, 𝐸 = 21
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑦ℎ + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 21
𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 21
𝑓(1) = 9; 𝑓(2) = 9; 𝑓(3) = 21;

3. Equivalently use Wronskian 𝑊(𝑦1 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 ) to determine the dependent or not


(A) 1, 𝑥, 𝑥 2 ; independent;
(B) 0, 𝑥, 𝑥 2 ; dependent since 0 can not be a basis;
(C) 1, 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥), 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥); independent
(D) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥), 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) independent
(E) 𝑦1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥),𝑦2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥), 𝑦3 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥). dependent
They are not linearly since 𝑦3 = 2 𝑦1 + 3 𝑦3

1 1
4. 𝑦 ′′ − (𝑥) 𝑦 ′ + (𝑥 2 ) 𝑦 = 0 with 𝑦(1) = 0.5 𝑦 ′ (1) = 1
Sol. The ODE is rearranged as: 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0
Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑚 . Substitute into the ODE, we have
𝑚(𝑚 − 1) − 𝑚 + 1 = 0, 𝑚 = 1,1 ∴ 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑙𝑛(𝑥), 𝑦 ′ = 𝐴 + [𝐵𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝐵]
𝑦(1) = 0.5 = 𝐴 + 0, 𝑦 ′ (1) = 1 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ∴ 𝑦 = 0.5𝑥 + 0.5𝑥𝑙𝑛(𝑥)
𝑦(2) = 1 + ln(2);
𝑦(3) = 1.5 + 1.5ln(3);
𝑦(4) = 2 + 2ln(4);
𝑦(6) = 3 + 3ln(6);
𝑦(∞) = ∞

5. 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 + 1 = 𝑦 2 . The ODE can be transformed into Bernoulli Equation, i.e., 𝑦 ′ +


𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑎 , 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅 What can be the value of d?
Sol. Let 𝑦 = 𝑧 − 𝑑 sub. Into the ODE, then 𝑧 ′ + (1 + 2𝑑)𝑧 = 𝑧 2 + (𝑑2 + 𝑑 − 1).
−1±√5
Therefore, if 𝑑2 + 𝑑 − 1 = 0, 𝑑 = 2
. The new equation is: 𝑧 ′ + (1 + 2𝑑)𝑧 = 𝑧 2 .

−1 ± √5
𝑑=
2

6. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑐𝑦 ′ + 𝑘𝑦 = 0 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑘 > 0. and 𝑐 > 0.


−𝑐±√𝑐 2 −4𝑘
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝜆𝑡 , 𝜆2 + 𝑐𝜆 + 𝑘 = 0; 𝜆 = 2
,

−𝑐±𝑖√4𝑘−𝑐 2
For oscillatory solution, 𝑐 2 − 4𝑘 < 0 and 𝜆 = 2
, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑐𝑡/2 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡)

(*)
𝜔 √4𝑘−𝑐 2
Angular frequency 𝜔 = 0.5√4𝑘 − 𝑐 2 , natural frequency 𝑓 = =
2𝜋 4𝜋

Based on Eq. (*), 𝑦(𝑡 → ∞) = 0


(i)
(𝑐, 𝑘) = 𝑐 2 − 4𝑘;
(A)(𝑐, 𝑘) = (2,1) => 𝑑𝑒𝑙 = 0
(B)(𝑐, 𝑘) = (2,2) => 𝑑𝑒𝑙 = 4 − 8 < 0
(C)(𝑐, 𝑘) = (2,3) => 𝑑𝑒𝑙 = 4 − 12 < 0
(D)(𝑐, 𝑘) = (1,5) => 𝑑𝑒𝑙 = 1 − 20 < 0

√4𝑘−𝑐 2
(ii) 𝑓 =
4𝜋
7. 𝑦̈ (𝑡) + 𝑘𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡) + 3sin(2𝑡)
Sol. The homogeneous solution is 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛿), 𝜔 = √𝑘. For resonance case, the
frequency of the homogeneous solution is identical to any of the frequencies of the force
terms. Therefore when √𝑘 = 1 or √𝑘 = 2. Therefore
(i) 𝑘 = 1 or 𝑘 = 4
(ii) |𝑦(∞)| = ∞

8. Solve the ODE: 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥)


Sol. 𝑟(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥)
𝑦ℎ = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥); 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) sin(𝑥) 0 sin(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) 0
𝑊=| | = 1, 𝑊1 = | | , 𝑊2 = | |
−sin(𝑥) cos(𝑥) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) cos(𝑥) −sin(𝑥) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥)

𝑊1 𝑊2
𝑢′ = 𝑊
= −sin(𝑥)tan(𝑥), 𝑣 ′ = 𝑊
= sin(𝑥)

Then 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) − 𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥), 𝑣 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥


Therefore 𝑦𝑝 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)

(9) (10%) Suppose 𝑦1 (𝑥) is the solution of the ODE: 𝑦 ′′′ + 3𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 𝑟1 (𝑥), and 𝑦2 (𝑥) is
the solution of the ODE: 𝑦 ′′′ + 3𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 𝑟2 (𝑥). Prove that 2𝑦1 + 3𝑦2 is the solution of the
ODE: 𝑦 ′′′ + 3𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 2𝑟1 (𝑥) + 3𝑟1 (𝑥).
Proof. 𝐿(𝑦1 ) = 𝑟1 (𝑥), 𝐿(𝑦2 ) = 𝑟2 (𝑥), then 𝐿(2𝑦1 + 3𝑦2 ) = 2𝑟1 (𝑥) + 3𝑟3 (𝑥) QED

𝑑𝑦
(10) (10%) 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑎𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑏𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 ′ ≜ 𝑑𝑥, Prove the ODE can be written as

𝑑𝑦
𝑦̈ + (𝑎 − 1)𝑦̇ + 𝑏𝑦 = 0 with 𝑦̇ ≜ 𝑑𝑡
and 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 ,

𝑑𝑡 1
Proof. 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥) ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑦̇ (A)

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 2
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 −𝑡 𝑦̇ ) 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 −𝑡 𝑦̈ − 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑦̇ ]𝑒 −𝑡 = 𝑒 −2𝑡 (𝑦̈ − 𝑦̇ ) (B)

Substitute Eq. (A), (B), and 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 into the original ODE. We have
(𝑦̈ − 𝑦̇ ) + 𝑎𝑦̇ + 𝑏𝑦 = 0, then 𝑦̈ + (𝑎 − 1)𝑦̇ + 𝑏𝑦

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