CIVIC EDUCATION

LEVEL11

Course Content:

S/N Topics
1 DRUG USE AND ABUSE
2 EFFECTS OF DRUG AND DRUG ABUSE
3 PREVENTION OF DRUG ABUSE

4 DRUG LAW ENFORCEMENT AND

ADMINISTRATION
5 RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD
6 TRAFFIC REGULATIONS

7 TRAFFIC REGULATIONS 2

8 INTER PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP

9 INTER PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP 2

10 INTER COMMUNAL RELATIONSHIP

WEEK 1

DRUG ABUSE:

The term drug has different definition, it is any chemical or biological

substance which when taken into the body by any means whatsoever changes
the functions of the body or the behaviour of the user, if it changes the body
system for good, it is referred to as medicine but if the changes produces bad
effects it is called drug abuse.
 Drug abuse is also defined as the indiscriminate use of drugs without doctor’s
prescription.

Drug abuse or substance abuse refers to the use of certain chemicals for the
purpose of creating pleasurable effects on the brain. There are over 190 million
drug users around the world and the problem has been increasing at alarming
rates, especially among young adults under the age of 30.

Apart from the long- term damage to the body drug abuse causes, drug addicts
who use needles are also at risk of contracting HIV and hepatitis B and C
infections.

Causes of drug abuse

Drugs abused are usually psychoactive drugs that are used by people for various
different reasons which may include:

 Curiosity and peer pressure, especially among school children and young
adults.
 The use of prescription drugs that were originally intended to target pain
relief may have turned into recreational use and become addictive.
 Chemicals may be used as part of religious practices or rituals.
 Recreational purposes.
 As a means of obtaining creative inspiration.
 Low self-esteem and depression.

Categories of drug
Drugs fall into three groups and these include:

 Depressants: These cause depression of the brain's faculties. Examples

include sleeping pills (barbiturates) and heroin.
 Stimulants: These cause stimulation of the brain, giving rise to alertness
and increased bursts of activity. A rapid heart rate, dilated pupils, raised
blood pressure, nausea or vomiting and behavioral changes such as
agitation and impaired judgment may also result. In severe cases, there
may be delusional psychosis which can occur with the use of cocaine and
amphetamines.
 Hallucinogens: These cause hallucinations and an "out of this world"
feeling of dissociation from one’s self. Hallucinogens may cause distorted
sensory perception, delusion, paranoia and even depression. Examples
includes ecstasy, mescaline and LSD
Examples or types of drugs are:

 Alcohol
 Tobacco (made from Nicotiana plant).
 Cocaine (made from coca plant)
 Opium and opioids (from poppy plants).
 Hashish or marijuana (from cannabis plant).
 Synthetic drugs such as heroin, ecstasy etc.

Methods of taking/abusing drugs

There are several different routes of administering drugs that are abused
including orally in the form of a pill, intravenously in the form of an injection,
by inhaling the substance in the form of smoke or via snorting the substance so
it is absorbed into the blood vessels of the nose.

Evaluation Explain the meaning of drugs

i. Discuss on the methods of taking drugs
ii. Highlight five types of drugs.
Assignment
 i. Mention five methods of taking drugs
ii. Explain the meaning of drug abuse
iii. List and explain the different types of drugs

WEEK 2

EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE:-

Health Complications

Drug and alcohol use impacts nearly every part of your body from your heart to
your bowels. Substance abuse can lead to abnormal heart rates and heart attacks,
and injecting drugs can result in collapsed veins and infections in your heart
valves.

Some drugs can also stop your bones from growing properly, while others result
in severe muscle cramping and general weakness. Using drugs over a long
period of time will also eventually damage your kidneys and your liver.

Infections:

When you are under the influence of drugs or alcohol, you may forget to engage
in safe sex practices. Having unprotected sex increases your chances of
contracting a sexually transmitted disease. Sharing the needles used to inject
certain drugs can give you diseases like hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and HIV. You
can also spread common colds/flu, from sharing pipes and bongs.

Legal Consequences:

Drug and alcohol abuse not only have negative effects on your health but can
also have legal consequences that you’ll have to deal with for the rest of your
life. Many employers require that you take a drug test before offering you a job.
Refusing to give up drugs could end up making you unemployed, which comes
with even more issues. Driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol can lead
to a suspended driver’s license, usually for 6 months to 2 years. You will also
need to pay heavy fines and may even spend some time in jail.

Financial Problems:

Drugs and alcohol are expensive, especially when you’re using a lot and
constantly. Substance abuse also impacts your productivity and success at work
and in school. The time spent searching for, using and recuperating from drugs
can be better spent learning new skills to advance your career.

The legal issues tied to drug use will increase your bills as well. Your car and
health insurance rates may increase and you will have to find a way to pay for
arrest warrants, and legal counsel.

Injuries and Death

If you use drugs and alcohol, you’re more likely to experience physical injury or
be involved in car accidents. Even worse, you also have an increased risk of
death through both suicide and homicide. These drug-related deaths are on the
rise, doubling since the early 1980s. Alcohol specifically results in 5.2 million
accidental injuries and 1.8 million deaths each year. It is estimated that 1 out of
every 4 deaths is caused by drugs and alcohol, according to the World Health
Organization.

Symptoms and Signs of Drug Use and Addiction?

There are some signs that are common to many people who abuse substances,
including the following:

1. Intense cravings.
2. Deviant behaviour such as stealing, fighting, lying etc
3. Withdrawal symptoms.
4. Physical dependence.
5. Engaging in increasingly risky behaviors.
6. Drug-seeking behaviors.
7. Financial trouble related to drug use.
8. Neglecting responsibilities and poor academic performance
9. Developing unhealthy relationships with those who support addiction.
10. Isolating behaviors and indiscipline behavior.

BEHAVIOURS EXHIBITED BY DRUG ADDICTS:

1. Slow and incoherent speech
2. Aggression, hostile, and easily infuriated
3. Always intoxicated and walking in a zig-zag manner
4. Shaking of hands and legs
5. Burnt and dark fingers
6. Disobedience to parents and authorities
7. Lack of appetite
8. Body odour
9. Arrogance and boastful

Evaluation
i. Explain the effects of drug abuse
ii. List four symptoms of drug abuse
iii. Highlights three behaviours of drug addict
Assignment:
i. Discuss briefly the effects of drug abuse
ii. Mention four symptoms of drug abuse
iii. Mention five behaviour of drug abuse

WEEK 3
PREVENTION OF DRUG ABUSE
1. Establishment of agencies such as NDLEA, NAFDAC etc. to check the
menace.
2. Reduction of the availability of narcotic drugs in the society.
3. Organizing campaigns, seminars and workshops to the public.
4. Parents and guardians must be actively involved in controlling drug.
5. Parents should teach their children standards of right and wrong.
6. Peer group pressure should be control.
7. Establishment of recreational centers to keep young people gainfully
occupied.
8. Capital punishment to drug offenders.

STEP 2:
Laws that are promulgated against drug abuse
Drug laws are laws guiding the manufacturing, processing, possession,
distribution, sales and consumption of drugs. It monitors the use of some
illegal drugs.
Drug laws can be traced back to 1966 on the India hemp Decree. Some past
drug laws include:
1. Indian hemp decree of 1966: This decree prohibits the cultivation,
exportation, importation and consumption of cannabis. It attracts 21 years
imprisonment for cultivation, 10 years imprisonment for exportation and 5
years or more for possession of smoking utensils.
2. Indian hemp amendment decree of 1975: This decree imposes 6 months
imprisonment or #20,0000 or both for smoking Indian hemp.
3. Tobacco smoking Decree of 1990: This decree prohibits smoking of
tobacco in public places like schools, offices, public transport etc. It also
ensures and enforces all tobacco advertisement to give caveat to discourage
people of certain age not to smoke or drink alcohol. (E.g; “Drink
responsibly”, “not suitable for people under 18 year”, “smokers are liable to
die young”).

ACTIVITIES OF DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES

1. National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) :The federal
military in 1989 enacted degree number 48 which established the
National Drug Law Enforcement Agency. The NDLEA in Nigeria is
present in international airports, seaports and border crossing.

FUNCTION OF NDLEA:
1. Coordinating all the efforts of the organs of government in the
application and enforcement of all drug laws
2. Carrying out enlightenment campaigns on the effects of drugs
3. Adopting measures aimed at eradicating drugs and drug related
problems
4. Enforcing drugs laws on drug use and trafficking to eradicate it in
the country.
5. Arresting and prosecuting drug traffickers
6. Finding ways to reduce one’s demand for illicit drug use
Evaluation (Student): Teacher evaluate the students by asking the following
questions.
i. Explain the meaning of drug abuse
ii. Highlight five agencies that enforces drug law
iii. What are the function of NDLEA
Assignment
i. Discuss on five preventive measures of drug abuse
ii. Explain four agencies that enforces drugs law
iii. Mention three international laws against drug abuse
Evaluation (Teacher): The lesson was well taught based on students active
performance in their class activities and assignments
Summary: Drug abuse can be preventive by Establishment of agencies such as
NDLEA, NAFDAC etc. to check the menace of drugs, reduction of the
availability of narcotic drugs in the society, Organizing campaigns, seminars
and workshops to the public etc

WEEK 4

DRUG TRAFFICKING:
Drug trafficking is the crime of selling, transporting, or illegally importing
unlawful substances, such as heroin, cocaine, marijuana, or other illegal drugs.
Drug trafficking also applies to the illegal selling or transportation of
prescription drugs, which has become an increasing problem in recent years.
REASONS FOR DRUG TRAFFICKING
1 High rate of poverty and hardship
2. Ignorance of the effect of drug
3. peer group influence
4. Inordinate ambition to make wealth
5. Bad government that cannot protect the interest of her citizens
CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG TRAFFICKING:
1. It brings bad reputation to the individual, family and the nation at large.
2. It can lead the drug traffickers to ten years jail term if caught in the act.
 3. The culprit can face death sentence depending on the country involved.
4. It reduces one’s self esteem as a drug trafficker.
PREVENTION OF DRUG TRAFFICKING:
1. Enlightenment campaign
2. Provision of job opportunities
3. Organizing agencies that would fight the menace of drug trafficking
4. Creating recreational activities to engage the youth
Evaluation
1. Explain the meaning of drug trafficking.
2. What are the reasons for drug trafficking?
3. Highlight five ways of preventing drug trafficking.
Assignment
1. Explain the meaning of drug trafficking.
2. Explain five reasons people traffic drugs.
3. Mention four consequences of drug trafficking.
WEEK 5

RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD:
Responsible parenthood is simply defined as the “will” and ability of parents
to respect and do the needs and aspirations of the family and children. It is the
ability of a parent to detect the need, happiness and desire of the children and
helping them to become responsible and reasonable children. It is the state of
carrying out parental duties and functions in the family effectively and
efficiently.
ROLES OF RESPONSIBLE PARENTS
 Take Care of the Biological Needs of Children. ...
 Provide an Optimal Environment. ...
 Protect Your Children good home training such as respect, honesty etc
 Teach and Educate Your Child. ...
 Provide Guidance, Direction, Assistance and Help. ...
 Support and Motivate the Child. ...
 Take Care of the Social Emotional Skills. ...
 Discipline Gently.
 Conflict resolution and management

IMPORTANCE OF RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD

1. Teaching morality.
Good citizens need to be people who act according to moral principles. Rather
than being selfish or trying to deceive each other, they ought to deal in a kind
and upright way with each other. Part of a parent’s responsibility is ensuring
that they bring up the next generation of citizens properly.
2. Teaching social interactions.
Being polite, making friends and reaching out to others are all important things
in society. Parents can teach children to be comfortable when socializing from
an early age.
3. Budgeting and finances.
In order to keep the economy of a given society going, the citizens need to have
good control of their finances. Parents can help to get their children into good
financial habits early on.
4. Showing children the ropes.
A responsible parents will teach their child how to move in society: how to pay
for things in shops and get the correct change, for example, or how to take
public transport.
5. Encouraging independent thought.
In a democratic society, or in any society, good citizenship involves expressing
one’s opinions, and also respecting the opinions of others. This is seen at least in
the voting process. Responsible parenthood, then, also involves teaching
children to respect others’ opinions – and to develop their own opinions too.
Tolerance of others is a true civic virtue.
6. Appreciating the society.
Children will not grow up to become responsible citizens unless they appreciate
the society in which they live. Thus, part of responsible parenting may well
include taking children out to enjoy public parks, theatre productions and so on
in the city.
7. Becoming responsible parents too!
Our parenting style will often inspire our children when they become parents
too. So, being responsible parents is so important if we want our children to
become responsible parents in their own time. In so doing, we become part of an
established tradition of good parenting that helps to shape our society to get
better and better.
Consequences Of Irresponsible Parenthood:
1. Premature death
2. Disease and ignorance
3. Increase in crime rate
4. Non provision of formal education
5. Shortage of food
6. Over population
Evaluation
i. What are the importance of responsible parenthood?
ii. Highlight five roles of responsible parent.
iii. Explain four importance of responsible parenthood.
Assignment
i. Discuss briefly on responsible parenthood.
ii. Explain five roles of responsible parenthood.
iii. Mention five consequences of irresponsible parenthood.

WEEK 6

TRAFFIC REGULATION
Traffic regulation can be defined as the rules and regulations which guide the
behavior or action of road users. This is put in place in order to prevent
accidents and enhance the free flow of traffic.
TRAFFIC RULES FOR MOTORIST
 Do not drink while driving.
  Do not Use Your Mobile Phone While Driving.
 Al ways Use Your Seat Belt.
 Lights and Reflectors Must be in Good Condition.
 Avoid Roads Designated as 'No Entry'.
 Always Obey Speed-Limits.
 Do not Drive Without a Driver's License/Learner's Permit.
 Obey Traffic Light Signals.
 Don't Overtake Another Vehicle Wrongfully.

Traffic Rules For Pedestrians

 Pedestrians should use suitable foot path/side walk where it is provided.
 Pedestrian should walk on the left side of the road facing oncoming traffic
where foot paths are not provided.
 While walking in the dark, use reflective cloths to be easily seen.
 While crossing a road, look left, right and left again before crossing the
road.
 Do not cross the road between or in front of a parked vehicle because
other vehicles may not see you.
 While crossing junctions, pay attention to traffic and obey traffic wardens
on duty.

TYPES OF TRAFFIC SIGNS

1. Regulatory Signs

Also known as traffic control signage, these signs are, by their nature, less
informational, and more directorial. For travelers entering a new town,
 unfamiliar with unique traffic laws and penalties, regulatory signs are
often the most important.
They include : Stop signs, yield signs, turn and lane use signs and traffic
signal signs , railroad crossing signs etc.

2. Warning Signs

This maybe the most likely to save your life in a vehicle Warning signs do
exactly as their title suggests – warn drivers about upcoming hazards, lane
merges, or necessary speed changes.
Warning signs include turn and curve warnings, intersection signs, merge
and lane transition warnings, bridge clearances, divided highway
warnings, hill warnings, and pedestrian crossing notices among others.
Almost every warning sign is symbol-based, with little to no text.
3. Guide Signs
 When you’re taking a road trip, guide signs are the holy grail of
navigation. Guide signs, such as diagrammatic guide signs, roadway
junction signs, destination distance signs, and mile markers, help motorists
navigate inter-state highways without taking their eyes off the road.
 SIGNS SHAPE AND THEIR MEANING:
1. See an octagon shape in the distance? Stop immediately.
Octagons are used exclusively for stop signs.

2. A triangular sign is only used for yielding.

At a yield sign, drivers must slow down and yield the right-of-way to
pedestrians and vehicles that are approaching from another direction.

3. Round means railroad.

An attention-grabbing “X” adorns the front of these signs, indicating a railroad
crossing. It’s a wise precaution to slow down after discerning a round sign in the
distance.

4. Diamond signs should grab your attention.

Typically, yellow-colored, diamond-shaped signs alert drivers to existing or
seasonal hazards on the road, before they are encountered. A diamond sign
means that there are possible hazards or changes in the road you are driving on.

5. Vertical rectangular signs are also regulatory signs.

These signs tell about important rules to follow on motorways, including
messages like “Keep Right”.

6. Horizontal rectangular signs are directional and informational.

. These are guide signs marking the direction of highways, entrances to a city’s
downtown, and special information.
Evaluation
i. Explain the meaning of traffic regulations
ii. Highlight five traffic rules for motorist
iii. Mention three types of traffic signs
Assignment:
i. Explain the meaning of traffic regulations
ii. Mention five traffic rules for the pedestrian
iii. List and explain four types of traffic signs

WEEK 7
TRAFFIC LIGHT :
These are signs given to road users in form of colours to alert them on the usage
of the road.
The three traffic lights colours include:
1 Red light : It signifies ‘Stop’/ do not cross.
2 Yellow light : It indicates get ready.
3 Green light : It signifies move or go.
Traffic Offences That Are Easily Committed:
1 Reckless and dangerous driving
2 Negligent driving
4 Wrongful over taking and over speeding.
5 Failure to comply with road signs.
6 Driving without a license.

Roles of Individuals In Maintaining Traffic Rules To Avoid Accidents:

1. People should be considerate to other road users and cooperate with them.
2. Individuals must obey all traffic lights, signs and the traffic warders.
3. Individuals should slow down while driving and give way to pedestrians.
4. Drivers should avoid unnecessary over taking and over speeding.
5. They must avoid distractions while driving such as phone calls, drinking
and smoking.
 6. Private and commercial motorists should undertake training in a driving
school.
Roles of Government In Maintaining Traffic Rules And Regulations:
1. The Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) was establish in 1988.
2. Government has provided agencies that control traffic such as traffic
warders, road traffic officers, high way patrol team, army, FRSC, etc.
3. Government construct road for motorist and pedestrian.

FUNCTIONS OF FRSC
1 FRSC was established as a paramilitary organization via road traffic act CAP
141 of 1990 to ensure the safe use of the highways.
2. To reduce accidents on our high ways.
3. To carry out research on the causes of accident and how to prevent it.
4 To determine and enforce speed limit for every vehicles.
5 To check road worthiness of vehicles
6 To educate the public on safety and proper use of roads.
7 To ensure proper registration of vehicles and drivers’ license.

Agencies That Enforce Traffic Regulations

1 Traffic warders.
2 Mobile court.
3 Federal High way police Patrol.
4 Federal road safety commission.
5 Vehicle Inspection Officers.
6 National Union of Road transport workers (NURTW).
7 Transport department of Nigeria police.
FACTORS THAT WORK AGAINST ROAD SAFETY IN NIGERIA:
1 Bribery and corruption.
2 lack of funds.
3 Judicial inadequacies to punish offenders.
4 Illiteracy in terms of inability to read traffic signs.
5 Low maintenance culture in terms of road network and over used vehicle.
6 Incompetent driving schools.
Evaluation
1. State and explain the three traffic lights.
2. Highlight five roles of individual in maintaining traffic rules.
3. Mention and explain three agencies that maintain traffic rules.
Assignment:
1. State 4 functions of FRSC.
2. Mention five roles of individuals in maintaining traffic rules.
3. List three agencies that enforces traffic rules and regulations.
4. What 4 factors militate against road safety in Nigeria?

WEEK EIGHT:
STEP 1:
Inter Personal Relationship
Interpersonal relationship can be defined as the interaction or association
between two or more people in the society. It is a strong, deep or close
association or acquaintance that may range in duration from brief to enduring. It
will be difficult for one to exist in isolation without relating with other people.
Interpersonal relationship is therefore essential for human coexistence.
This association may be based on love, solidarity, support, regular business
interactions, or some other type of social connection or commitment. The
context can vary from family or kinship relations, friendship,
marriage, relations with associates, work, clubs, neighborhoods, and places of
worship.

Types of Interpersonal Relationship

Interpersonal relationships are in various degrees
1. Platonic Relationship: This is the type of relationship that exists between
people of the same or different genders without any intention of marriage
or intimate affairs.
2. Relationship Between Male and Female: This is the kind of relationship
between unmarried man and woman. Most times, this type of relationship
leads both partners to marriage if well formulized. It also leads to the
formation of family.
3. Relationship Between Man and God: This type of relationship exists
between the Creator and His creatures.
4. Relationship Between Parents and Children: This kind is that of
transmitting human life from parents to children. It entails several things
including educating the children, teaching them good values so that they
can have good habit and are not expected to provoke their children but to
live within them in peace and protect their interest whenever the need
arises. Children on the other hand are expected to be obedient to their
parents. They are expected to be hardworking and dedicated to their
duties, either at home or at school.

5. Relationship Between Siblings: Sibling relationships have a profound

effect on the individual’s social, psychological, emotional, and academic
outcomes. Sibling bonds continue to affect people throughout their lives.

6. Relationship Between Peer Groups: Peer groups are very influential to

the society. Peer group could either make or mar a child. When a child is
influenced by bad group of friends, they usually will lead him into more
serious problems like being delinquent, abuse drugs and several other
vices. Peer groups influence also in areas of academics is also very
important. Some children have improved academically because of the
influence by their peers.
7. Relationship Between Government And Individuals: This functions
demands the protection of the lives of individual citizens from invasion
from outside and also in maintaining peace and order in the country and
the provision of social amenities.
8. Relationship Between Individual and Government: One of the first
relationship is the obedience of the laws that are put in place by the
government. An individual must remember that the consequences of
breaking a law of the government leads to punishment. Another
relationship is the payment of tax. This will help the government to meets
its obligation to people as expected.
9. Relationship Between Individuals: Individuals are expected to live in
peace with each other. There is supposed to respect between individuals
either as men or as women. Individuals are expected to behave well
towards each other as they exist. The respect should be equal depending
 on the person. When the person is elderly a great respect is expected to be
given to him/her unlike when the person is younger.

Stages of Interpersonal Relationship

A Psychologist, George Levinger explained five stages of interpersonal
relationship.
1. Acquaintance Stage: He said that interpersonal relationship starts from the
point when two people meet each other. People can meet in school, church, club
etc.
2. The Bulding Up Stage: This is the stage where relationship extends beyond
just knowing each other. At this stage, people develop strong, deep and genuine
confidence, hope, trust, etc in each other
3. Continuation Stage: This is the stage where relationship deepens. Here, the
exists deep down level of closeness, joy, passion and feelings for each other
4. Deterioration Stage: This is the stage where all the flakes of the relationship
begin to wane. Boredom, resentment, and dissatisfaction may occur, and
individuals may communicate less and avoid self-disclosure. Loss of trust and
betrayals may take place too. Alternately, the participants may find some way to
resolve the problems and reesta blish trust. (Note that not all relationships
deteriorate).

5. Termination Stage: This is the stage when the relationship ends either by the
event of death of one partner, separation or divorce etc.

Importance of Interpersonal Relationship

1. It promotes peace in the society.
2. It encourages the spirit of unity in the society.
3. It ensures progress and development in the society.
4. It helps to reduce conflicts in the society.
5. It ensures law and order in the society.
6. It promotes the good image of the people.
7. It enhances security in the society.
Evaluation
i. Explain the meaning of interpersonal relationship.
ii. Mention and explain the types of interpersonal relationship.
iii. What are the stages of interpersonal relationship?

Assignment
i. Explain the meaning of inter personal relationship
ii. Explain the types of inter personal relationship
iii. State and explain the stages of interpersonal relationship.
iv. Why is interpersonal relationship important?

WEEK 9

Skills That Promote Interpersonal Relationship

 Honesty.
 Tolerance.
 Love.
 Patience
 Selflessness.
 Hospitality.
 Truthfulness.
 Forgiveness.
 Appreciation.

Factors That Destroy Interpersonal Relationship

1. Deceit.
2. Malice and unforgiving spirit.
3. Sadness.
4. Lack of effective communication.
5. Incompatibility.

Relationship Between Man And Woman :

Man here refers to adult male human being who is economically, socially,
culturally, emotionally matured and likewise a woman as a female adult. This
is the basic relationship for the formation of all other relationship that build
up social institution such as marriage, family, kinship that function in
the communities, towns, states and nations.
Relationship between man and woman starts with
romance and courtship which later leads to marriage after each
has been saturated with love. Before marriage succeed, there must be love,
trust, honesty, forgiveness, truth, support, care etc
Factors to Consider Before Entering Marriage:
1. Character
2. Physical Fitness
3. Age and Mental Fitness
4. Genetic Consideration
5. Financial Fitness
6. Mutual love.

Purpose of Marriage:
 Marriage offers respect and dignity to a man and woman.
 Marriage helps in the maintenance and sustenance of society through
procreation.
 Marriage brings different families together and promote relationship.
 It encourages inheritance and sustenance of family linage.
  It provides the couple with companionship which promotes social
stability.

Evaluation
i. State the skills that promote interpersonal relationship.
ii. What are the factors that destroy interpersonal relationship?
iii.Explain the factors to consider before marriage.
iv.Mention some factors to consider before marriage.
v. State the purposes of marriage.
Assignment
i. State 3 skills that promote and 3 factors that destroy interpersonal
relationship.
ii. Explain briefly the relationship between man and woman.
iii. What are the factors to consider before marriage?
iv. Mention and explain the purposes of marriage.

WEEK 10
Communal society
A communal society (community) is a type of society in which the population is
small and the people share things in common as brothers and sisters. Members
of a community live in the same locality and share things in common such as
culture. Examples of communal societies are villages, camps, etc.
Characteristics of Communal Society
 Communal society is usually very small.
 It is usually homogeneous in nature.
 Majority of the people engage in primary activities e.g. farming.
 Majority of the people are not educated since its more of rural setting.
  There is a strong sense of communal responsibilities and group solidarity
among members of the community.

Meaning of Inter-Communal Relationship

Inter-communal Relationship is the relationship between people from different
communal societies. The relationship between people from different
communities is based on economic, social and political activities.
These activities impact on inter-communal relationship in the following ways:
 Economic Activities: Communal societies are basically agrarian in
occupation and in most cases, the community produces the same type of
agricultural products. Members of the community work together in clearing
bushes and prepar===land for planting and harvesting, others in the
community may be engaged in some specialized occupations such as pot-
making, mat weaving, blacksmithing, hunting and traditional medicine.

 Social Activities: Communal societies encourage inter-communal marriages,

worshipping in common ancestral shrines, and belief in a god or goddess.
They also work together in digging wells and ponds, maintenance of
common markets and clearing of roads. This helps to promote the spirit of
solidarity, oneness and healthy community life.

 Political Activities: Political activities in communal societies include the

grouping of people into different age-grades, selection of leaders,
enforcement of local customs, punishment of erring members and assignment
of roles. Leaders are periodically chosen and replaced. It should be noted
however, the most communal societies practice direct democracy.

Skills That Promote Inter-Communal Relationship

 Ability to tolerate members of the communities.
 Respect for human rights.
 Access to justice whenever the need arises.
 Inter-communal marriages.
  Engagement in sport activities.
 Good governance.

Importance of Inter-Communal Relationship

 Peaceful settlement of disputes.
 Close relationship among members of the communities.
 It creates conducive environment for social, political and economic
activities.
 It ensures peace and progress in the society.
 Non-existence of rebellion by militants due to peaceful and simple way of
life.
 It promotes respect for leaders and elders in the communities.
 Promotion of unity and cohesion in the community.
 It enhances law and order in the society.
 Promotion of inter-communal/tribal marriage.
 Enhancement of security.

Ways of Resolving Inter-Communal Disputes/Conflicts:

  Dialogue: This is a method of dispute resolution whereby the warring parties
are called to state their grievances and the leaders will settle the issue using
their local experiences and knowledge.
 Mediation: In this type of conflict resolution, a neutral and impartial outsider
works with those involved in the conflict to assure them of a satisfactory
outcome. Those who are usually involved in this are community heads and
traditional rulers.
 Special Peace-Keeping Taskforce: This is the use of armed forces such as
army, air force, navy, mobile police, JTF etc to restore sanity between
warring communities to avoid destruction of lives and properties.
 The law court: This has to do with the settlement of dispute in the court
through the services of professional lawyers.
 Arbitration: Is a procedure in which a dispute is submitted, by agreement of
the parties, to one or more arbitrators who make a binding decision on the
dispute after receiving evidence and hearing arguments. Arbitration is
 different from mediation because the neutral arbitrator has the authority to
make a decision about the dispute. In choosing arbitration, the parties opt for
a private dispute resolution procedure instead of going to court.

Levels of Inter-Communal Relationship

Inter-communal relationship can exist at these levels
 Rural level
 Urban level
 National level
 International level
Evaluation
i. Explain the meaning of inter communal relationship
ii. Highlight five importance of inter-communal relationship
Assignment:
 What do you understand by communal society.
 Explain the meaning of inter-communal relationship.
 Mention 3 importance of inter-communal relationship.
 State 4 skills that promote inter-communal relationship.
 How can inter-communal disputes be resolved.