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Title: South Beach Towers, Singapore

Authors: Roland Schnizer, Partner, Foster + Partners

Irene Gallou, Partner, Foster + Partners
Adam Davis, Associate Partner, Foster + Partners
Wah Kam Chia, Director, Arup
Weng Hin Ho, Partner & Director, Studio Lapis

Subjects: Architectural/Design
Building Case Study

Keywords: Parametric Design

Redevelopment
Sky Garden
Vertical Urbanism

Publication Date: 2017

Original Publication: CTBUH Journal 2017 Issue II

Paper Type: 1. Book chapter/Part chapter

2. Journal paper
3. Conference proceeding
4. Unpublished conference paper
5. Magazine article
6. Unpublished

© Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat / Roland Schnizer; Irene Gallou; Adam Davis; Wah Kam Chia;
Weng Hin Ho
South Beach Towers, Singapore

Canting Towers and a Cooling Canopy

Abstract
Authors
Roland Schnizer, Partner
After more than 100 years, an area of Singapore formerly off-limits to the public
Irene Gallou, Partner has been transformed into a new mixed-use development that combines two
Adam Davis, Associate Partner
Foster + Partners landmark towers, historic preservation of colonial military buildings, and a flowing
Riverside, 22 Hester Road
London SW11 4AN, United Kingdom canopy at the ground level. The result, called South Beach, is an integrated and
t: +44 20 7738 0455, f: +44 20 7738 1107
e: [email protected]
vibrant space in central Singapore, maximizing the critical assets of innovative
www.fosterandpartners.com design, warm weather, connectivity, and history. Highlighting three key aspects of
Chia Wah Kam, Director the project, this case study unpacks the design team’s integrated approach,
Arup
10 Hoe Chiang Road, 26-01 Keppel Towers illustrating the complexity of the design process, and exemplifying how a tall
Singapore 089315
t: +65 6411 2500
building may make a positive contribution to its surrounding urban realm.
e: [email protected]
www.arup.com Keywords: Redevelopment, Sky Garden, Vertical Urbanism, Parametric Design
Ho Weng Hin, Partner & Director
Studio Lapis Introduction connecting the towers, retail areas, and the
7 Keppel Rd #03-01, Tanjong Pagar Complex
Singapore 089053 MRT station, and is protected by a large
t: +65 6222 9640 The South Beach development covers an innovative canopy, which shelters the
e: [email protected]
www.studiolapis.sg entire city block between the Marina and light-filled public spaces beneath from the
Civic District in the heart of downtown extremes of the tropical climate (see Figure 1).
Roland Schnizer is a partner at Foster + Partners, Singapore. Combining new construction
responsible for a number of the practice’s projects in
Asia. In 2005, he oversaw the design and construction
with the restoration of existing buildings, the From the outset, the design team’s vision
of the award-winning Troika residential development new mixed-use, energy efficient urban included the public spaces as well – the
in Kuala Lumpur. His recent projects include the
300-meter-tall IB Tower, Kuala Lumpur and South
quarter brings together places to live and undulating canopy covering the green spine
Beach, Singapore. work with shops, cafes, restaurants, a hotel, forms a key part of the sustainability strategy
Irene Gallou is a joint head of the Specialist Modelling
and public spaces. for South Beach. Due to its tropical climate,
Group at Fosterr + Partners. Her role involves assessing the use of outdoor spaces in Singapore is
the impact of buildings and public spaces on the
environment, leading on-site research and analysis, as
Rising up towards the north and south of the limited to certain times of day. The creation of
well as working closely with design teams to integrate site are two inclined towers – 35 and 45 the green spine and the canopy was an
environmental research at all stages in the design
process. She has been involved in a wide range of
stories respectively – the South Tower is attempt to introduce a new kind of public
projects, including the Masdar master plan in Abu divided between a hotel and apartments, space that would provide a comfortable
Dhabi.
while the North Tower contains offices. A microclimate even during the hottest hours of
Adam Davis is a design systems analyst at Foster wide landscaped pedestrian avenue – a the day.
+ Partners. His research includes work in design
optimization, machine perception, data science, and
green spine – weaves through the site,
ubiquitous sensing via the Internet of Things. Adam
has written bespoke software to analyze complex
issues in tall building design. He has also undertaken
complex parametric BIM for projects such as Queen
Alia International Airport, Amman, Jordan, and the
Mobility Pavilion for the UAE World Expo 2020.

Chia Wah Kam is a senior leader of Arup’s Singapore

buildings structures team. He has over 40 years’
experience in structural engineering, covering both
the building and infrastructure sectors. His expertise
is in the areas of project and contract administration
& management and structural design (particularly
multi-story buildings with deep reinforced-concrete
basements), structural steelwork, and prefab systems.
Wah Kam was Arup’s Project Director on South Beach.

Ho Weng Hin is partner and conservation specialist

of Studio Lapis. He holds a postgraduate degree
in heritage conservation from the University of
Genoa, Italy. Weng Hin has been involved in major
conservation projects in Singapore and the region,
such as the restoration of Cathedral of Good Shepherd,
the adaptive reuse of the former Beach Road Camp
and Britannia Club, the former Capitol Theatre, and the
former Burma Railways HQ in Yangon, Myanmar.

Figure 1. The innovative canopy shades the walkways and public spaces below.

12 | South Beach Towers, Singapore CTBUH Journal | 2017 Issue II

The two towers are also defined by an
environmental screen that rises out of the
canopy to mitigate the harsh Singaporean
sun. These eastern and western façades
contain cascading sky gardens and
balconies, while the north and south façades
provide solar shading from oblique sun
angles (see Figure 2).

The structural approach complemented and

augmented the environmental features of
the project, with the design team using
parametric modeling to integrate all design
aspects. This was particularly pertinent in the
design of the canopy, where changes in the
structural system impacted the
environmental performance of the structure
and vice versa. What followed was an
iterative process of design, in which a single
parametric model was fed with multi-layered
information to simulate the performance of
the canopy and refine the form of its
components. In addition, the two towers
– with inclined columns in opposing
directions – also presented a significant
structural challenge.

South Beach is significant in urban terms as

well, with the restoration of four historic
buildings on the site forming an integral part
of the mixed-use development. As a former
military site, the entire city block was largely
inaccessible to the public until
redevelopment began in 2007. As such, one
of the key success stories of the project is the
transformation of this site into a public
space, with a ground plane that is now
entirely open, accessible and largely
Figure 2. South Beach Towers, Singapore – rising up from the green spine.
pedestrianized. For the first time since 1907,
the links between the historic district and the

“
Marina Bay area have been re-established,
revitalizing an important connection in the
city that had been lost over time.
Rather than attempting to achieve integration
through a totalizing approach to parametric
Environmental Design Strategy modeling on a single software platform, the
South Beach’s design aimed for the highest project exposed different interfaces and outputs
environmental rating – BCA Green Mark Plati-
num – for both residential and commercial
based on the team members involved and their
components by introducing holistic immediate goals: visualization, physical

”
approaches to environmental design. The
modeling, and construction documentation.
CTBUH Journal | 2017 Issue II South Beach Towers, Singapore | 13
 sustainability criteria driving the project were
developed in three discrete strategic tiers: pas-
sive, active, and power generating.

Passive sustainable strategies were

implemented in order to maximize the
building’s conservation of energy. This
strategy integrated analysis of daylight,
surface temperature, thermal comfort, rain
protection, and air velocity to all the major
public areas to inform an optimized solution.
Form, massing, orientation, shading, and
vegetation were then designed to correspond
to the data provided for every stage of this
analysis-driven investigation. Additionally, a
series of structural studies for the canopy were
undertaken, aiming to investigate ways of
reducing the weight of the structure, directly
reducing embodied energy.

Active sustainable strategies were developed

Figure 3. The louvers help protect the interiors Figure 4. The shingle glazing on the north/south façades. to manage internal sources of energy
from solar gain while maintaining views out. efficiently. Lighting, waste treatment, and
thermal comfort of residences were optimized
to meet the local sustainability criteria. Rain
water collected from the canopy roof is stored
Level 35–37
Offices
in a collection tank before being redistributed
4.2 m Floor to Floor to several water features across the public
space, as well as being used for irrigation.
Level 34 Level 33–45
Sky Garden Residential
3.6 m Floor to Floor
Power generation strategies further improve
the environmental performance of the design,
Level 32 Sky Garden
Level 22–33
Residential
supplying clean energy for the daily
Offices
4.2 m Floor to Floor 10.8 m Floor to Floor
operations of the building’s facilities.
Accordingly, a sufficient portion of the design
Level 23–31
Level 21
Residential is covered by photovoltaic and solar thermal
3.6 m Floor to Floor
Sky Garden
10.7 m Floor to Floor
tubes to meet energy-generation goals. The
Level 22 Sky Garden parts of the canopy that should receive such
Residential
10.8 m Floor to Floor elements were identified by solar radiation
Level 12–20 Level 19–21
Offices Boutique Hotel analysis, thus enabling the replacement of the
4.2 m Floor to Floor Level 18 Sky Garden 3.6 m Floor to Floor
Hotel necessary panels locally, without distracting
10.8 m Floor to Floor
from the continuity of the overall roof
Level 11
Sky Garden geometry.
11.4 m Floor to Floor

Level 3–17
Level 2–10 Luxury Hotel
Offices
4.2 m Floor to Floor
3.6 m Floor to Floor The Two Towers

Located towards the northern and southern

edges of the site, the two towers within the
South Beach development make a distinctive
addition to the Singaporean skyline. Each of
the façades has been articulated differently in
Figure 5. The north tower contains multi-tenant Figure 6. The south tower contains a hotel and residences. response to its orientation and the use of
office space. © Foster + Partners. © Foster + Partners.
0 10 20 30 40 50
Foster + P artners
14 | South Beach Towers, Singapore CTBUH Journal | 2017 Issue II
internal spaces it encloses. The eastern and
western façades feature an external screen
with a louver system that provides horizontal
shading while maintaining sight lines; while
the north and south façades have alternating
upward and downward-facing glazing
panels that create a shingle pattern (see
Figures 3 and 4). The upward-facing glazing
reflects the sunlight by day, and the
Figure 7. The open-air sky gardens at intermediate levels take full advantage of Singapore’s balmy climate.
downward-facing glazing reflects the city by
night, creating a dynamic composition in the and places to host special events for office The Canopy – Design Predictions and
heart of the city. workers (see Figure 5). Closing the Loop

The two towers also comprise a series of The south tower consists of a hotel topped The design of the canopy is the central focus
vertical sky gardens, planters, and balconies by residential units on the upper floors (see of the project’s sustainable approach. Its
that help protect the building from the sun Figure 6). It also has several sky gardens, form was driven by solar and wind studies
and filter sunlight to reduce glare. These sky located on levels 18, 22, and 32, with the and is orientated to protect the avenue and
gardens improve the microclimate by former serving hotel guests and the other retail areas from direct sun and rain, while
enhancing natural air movement, while also two meant exclusively for tower residents allowing daylight to filter through to the
minimizing energy consumption by (see Figure 7). The 654-room hotel also space below. The structure is made up of
optimizing heat exchange. They are irrigated features triple-volume sky terraces on levels ribbons of steel and aluminum louvers,
using stored rainwater, and their ceilings – 6, 9, 12, and 15, which are surrounded by which flex above the primary circulation
along with some other internal partitions clusters of hotel rooms. Above, there are 190 routes and public spaces and dip near the
within the towers – are made with local residential units, which include a mixture of edges to meet the existing buildings along
bamboo, a highly sustainable product. Apart two-, three- and four-bedroom units along Beach Road. The entrance to the canopy rises
from the benefits for the building and the with penthouses with private roof gardens. up to form an arc, which acts as a wind
internal spaces, these vertical gardens also scoop, drawing the prevailing breezes
continue the “city in a garden” ideal for The south tower also features a split core, i.e., through the space and promoting natural
Singapore and boost the aesthetic appeal of the lifts serving the hotel and residences ventilation (see Figure 8).
the building. travel through different vertical shafts,
enabling the residential units to be naturally The use of solar panels and optimally angled
The north tower is a multi-tenant office ventilated through an air-well located above louvers means that natural sunlight at once
building, currently occupied by international the hotel lift shaft. This has ensured that all can be harnessed to offset energy demand
companies such as Facebook, Instagram, units can meet or exceed the natural and be deflected to reduce heat gain.
Expedia, Sanofi, and Lego, among many ventilation targets required to achieve Green Average shading with the canopy is 57%,
others. Sky gardens, located at levels 11, 21, Mark Platinum rating. compared to 4.7% without. This rainproof
and 34, break up the building’s façade and “umbrella” also channels breezes,
also serve as communal break-out spaces encouraging ventilation flow, presenting no

“ The south tower features a split

core. The lifts serving the hotel and
residences travel through different
vertical shafts, enabling the
residential units to be naturally
ventilated through an air-well
Figure 8. The canopy draws prevailing breezes while filtering out the harsh summer
sun. © Foster + Partners.

CTBUH Journal | 2017 Issue II

located above the hotel lift shaft.
”
South Beach Towers, Singapore | 15
Figure 9. Microclimatic studies undertaken post-occupation. © Foster + Partners

need to install air-conditioning for visitor architects and environmental scientists using measured a wind speed of 1.5 m/s in an
comfort. Rainwater, too, collects at the lower specialized thermal imaging equipment and unsheltered space, while beneath the
points of the canopy, which serve as reservoirs microclimatic weather stations. The on-site canopy wind speed was on average 1.5 m/s.
that recycle water and irrigate the studies focused on the relations between the
development’s lush greenery. tropical urban microclimatic variables and In the end, the difference between the
thermal comfort criteria that were established design predictions and the actual readings
To achieve this, Foster + Partners and Arup for comparing the simulation results with on-site was very minimal – a testament to
embarked on an iterative design process, on-site measurements (see Figure 9). the rigorous analysis and modeling carried
which identified comfort requirements before out as part of the design process.
balancing the climatic elements. There were a These field studies showed that the “felt
number of predictions about the performance temperature” under the canopy at South
of the canopy that were made during the Beach was up to 13°C lower than other Parametric Modeling
design process. These predictions were tested canopied spaces in Singapore, and up to 17°C
after the building was occupied to verify their lower than unsheltered spaces in the city. The The design of the canopy was refined in
validity. ground surface temperatures also varied response to a variety of environmental and
drastically from 55°C on the streets to 30°C at structural factors that were mediated
It is relatively easy to analyze the performance South Beach. through a multifunctional parametric model.
of a building based on feedback from Building The use of parametric design on this project
Management Systems, measuring the The main reason for the success of the canopy was far more sophisticated than normal, so
consumption of electricity and water, and in keeping cool is that the solar gains much so that the in-house Applied Research
other such data. However, this does not hold associated with the daylight levels under the and Development team at Foster + Partners
true for outdoor spaces, such as the green canopy are kept low. During design, the team had to write its own software. The innovative
spine under the canopy at South Beach. The evaluated the thermal gains and illumination digital design platform used to develop the
canopy was designed to create an outdoor from direct solar radiation, and from diffuse canopy model integrated the work of the
space that was comfortable to use sources such as the sky dome and adjacent design team and consultants into a seamless
throughout the year by moderating five reflective surfaces, including the ground itself. and responsive workflow. This enabled the
separate elements – air movement, light It is important to consider aperture size of the development of a shared model capable of
levels, radiant temperature, and felt louvers as a function of light transmission and providing a full range of drawings and data
temperature. The designers and engineers its resultant thermal impacts under the – from design intent to information sheets
had made several predictions through canopy. Improperly designed apertures can for detailed design documentation.
simulations during the design stage, which result in overheating of the spaces under the
needed to be validated by measurements on canopy, visual discomfort from glare and In the canopy design, the environmental
the ground after the building had been built unwanted deterioration and fading of strategies are closely related to the geometry
to “close the loop” between design-stage furnishings and other materials. of the roof. Structural beams define the
predictions and delivered performance. massing form and orientation of the canopy
One additional reason for the success of the as well as the green spine along the main
The open spaces under the canopy of South canopy was also that it did not inhibit air public space. Columns and drainage panels
Beach were investigated by a team of movement to a great extent – the team are situated to satisfy structural constraints

16 | South Beach Towers, Singapore CTBUH Journal | 2017 Issue II

 Unlike most high-rise towers, the inclined
columns on one half of each tower create
large horizontal forces due to gravity loads
alone. This is in addition to the horizontal
forces that are derived from wind or notional
loads. To overcome this, the engineers
designed the slabs at critical floors to transfer
these forces to the core by staged post-
tensioning (see Figure 11). As the forces in
post-tensioning are very high, the tendons
were cast within a thick concrete slab. The
horizontal transfer tendons were planned for
the sky garden levels where there was large
headroom, allowing for structural slabs to be
Levels 11 and 12 multi- up to 600 millimeters thick without affecting
strand tendons to be
stressed in stages
the architectural intent.

The core walls, which range from 700

millimeters thick at the base to 400
millimeters at the top, are designed to resist
these transferred horizontal forces. The
Figure 10. The canopy components. From top: glass louver Figure 11. Staged post-tensioning. © Arup
infill, glass ribbon infill, louver structure, louver cladding,
basement slabs also act as rigid horizontal
structural ribbons, and y-columns. © Foster + Partners diaphragms to transfer these forces to the
rigid diaphragm walls, which are partially
and efficient water collection for each goals: visualization, physical modeling, and offset by the lateral earth pressures. This is
ribbon. Finally, louver panels are distributed construction documentation. The beams unlike a conventional high-rise building, in
to perform particular functions locally (see supporting the canopy and the louvers, which which the core is treated as a cantilever shaft
Figure 10). provide much of the structure’s environmental encastred solely to the pile cap.
mediation strategy, each exploited unique
However, unlike the hierarchical order of the strategies for responding to the data provided Just passing through – the canopy
environmental strategies, the digital model by performance simulation. Thus, all aspects The intent for the canopy was to achieve a
of canopy elements establishes many of the canopy were capable of rapid update lightweight, single-layer structural system,
bi-directional relationships. When the cycles, while allowing the model to retain rather than a truss structure, ultimately taking
structural system or drainage strategy implicit connections with the initial principles the form of six-meter-wide ribbons running in
changed, this alteration was reflected in from which it was derived. The solutions were the east–west direction. The primary ribbon
updated canopy geometry and the location tested by a series of analyses that monitored beams are a pair of fabricated steel hollow
and types of louvers. Conversely, when and informed the performance of the sections, with secondary members bracing
louver properties changed due to structural canopy’s design at regular intervals during the the beams, resulting in a Vierendeel truss
or performance reasons, the beam depth project’s development. system. These ribbons support the aluminum
was changed reciprocally. These and glass louver infill panels, which were
interdependent relationships required distributed according to functional
significant changes even for relatively minor Building Structure requirements beneath. Certain canopy areas
updates. The challenge in designing the employ solid louvers or louvers with shaded-
South Beach canopy involved orchestrating Soaring above – the two towers glass infill panels to protect a dry route
this multi-layered information while South Beach features two technically beneath, while other areas are configured to
maintaining the flexibility of design. challenging high-rise buildings with inclined enhance cross-ventilation by employing a
columns tilting outwards at lower floors and series of overlapping but open louvers.
Rather than attempting to achieve back inwards at the higher floors. The resultant
integration through a totalizing approach to forces of these perimeter column inclinations Structural beams linking the ribbons are
parametric modeling on a single software under gravity forces are resolved into vertical hidden within the louvers. A combination of
platform, the project exposed different as well as significant horizontal forces. these louver beams and arching ribbons
interfaces and outputs based on the team achieves various pitch heights, giving the
members involved and their immediate canopy much more rigidity vertically and

CTBUH Journal | 2017 Issue II South Beach Towers, Singapore | 17

 Structural louver
Ribbon bays at 6 m
spacing

Columns 12 m
spacing Y-shaped column

Figure 12. The beams of the canopy form a Vierendeel truss system. © Arup Figure 13. Louvers vary in opacity and orientation to aid ventilation, drainage, and shade.
© Foster + Partners

laterally than can be visually perceived (see Urban Context and Conservation the four former military buildings along Beach
Figure 12). Rainwater down-pipes are Road and interspersing them with conserved
optimized and hidden within arching The site overlooks the Padang (formerly the mature trees. The towers are then set back
ribbons and Y-columns. Padang Cricket Ground), home to many of from Beach Road, with only the recessed
Singapore’s leading institutions and landmarks, upper levels visible above. Designed to be a
A full-service 3D BIM model was developed including the National Gallery of Singapore, natural extension of the adjacent historic
to coordinate all services that are hidden The Old and New Supreme Court, St Andrew’s district, the key old buildings on-site were also
within the louvers and ribbons (see Figure Cathedral, Victoria Theatre, The Esplanade, and used to define the pedestrian routes through
13). The openings and stiffener plates in the the famed Raffles Hotel (see Figure 14). the development. The presence of the historic
ribbons for these services were optimized buildings, together with the overarching
with this visual tool. Abortive work resulting South Beach sensitively addresses the canopy, give the entire development a
from the clash of services with structural adjacent Raffles Hotel by carefully restoring distinctly low-rise pedestrian character.
elements or architectural louvers were hence
eliminated before fabrication.

The canopy’s undulating form introduces

structural complexities due to the varying
stress levels along the span of the canopy. To
address this, the design team included
welded box sections side-by-side, allowing
for the two adjacent ribbons to follow the
different arch forms, while maintaining the
rigidity. All plates of the boxes are of the
same thickness, with varying depths to
match the different stress levels, allowing for
quick material procurement and easy
fabrication. As opposed to using a series of
off-the-shelf rectangular hollow sections, the
bespoke wave-like ribbons allow for sections
to be larger in size where forces are higher
and smaller in size where forces are lower.
This is represented by the tapering profile of
the cantilever section.

Figure 14. Historic buildings along Beach Road, including the NCO Club in the corner and the Raffles Hotel across
the street.

18 | South Beach Towers, Singapore CTBUH Journal | 2017 Issue II

Figure 15. The canopy forms part of the integrative tissue between the old military buildings and the new towers.

There are four conservation buildings along character and scale of the surrounding Unless otherwise noted, all photography credits
Beach Road – Blocks 1, 9 (also known as the neighborhood across the street. The in this paper are to Nigel Young / Foster +
Straits Settlements Volunteer Force (SSVF) introduction of a sinuous microclimatic Partners.
Drill Hall), and 14 of the former Beach Road canopy that runs the entire length of the site
Camp, together with the neighboring also helped to mediate the stark contrast of Project Data
Singapore Armed Forces Non-Commissioned scale between the heritage structures and
Officer (SAF NCO) Club. These buildings the new-built towers (see Figure 15). Completion Date: November 2015
straddle the pre- and post-WWII eras, Height: 218 meters
embodying varied forms, technology, Stories: South Tower: 45; North Tower: 35
materials, and climatic design responses to Conclusion Total Area: 153,067 square meters
the tropical context. They are synonymous Use: South Tower: Residential/Hotel; North
with Singapore’s nation-building and The South Beach project represents a critical Tower: Office
defense history, being a Remembrance Day opportunity to realize a highly functional Owner: South Beach Consortium
memorial site for Volunteer Corps veterans, mixed-use development that meets Developers: City Developments Limited; IOI
as well as the birthplace of the SAF. The contemporary standards of environmental Group; South Beach Consortium
group also carries conservation significance performance and preserves important Architects: Foster + Partners (design); Aedas
as the first Modernist buildings to be historical buildings. Its intensively modeled (architect of record)
gazetted for conservation in Singapore, in design process resulted in an addition to the Structural Engineer: Arup (design)
2002. The Urban Redevelopment Authority neighborhood that fits well into Singapore’s MEP Engineer: Parsons Brinckerhoff
(URA) technical conditions required that emerging high-rise vernacular and actually Consultants Private Limited (design)
these structures be sensitively restored and improves the thermal dynamics of its site. In Main Contractor: Hyundai Engineering &
adapted for new use, as an integral part of this way, it embodies the “vertical city in a Construction
the new mixed development. garden” concept that distinguishes Other CTBUH Member Consultants: Arup
Singapore. (façade, geotechnical, sustainability); BMT
From an urban conservation viewpoint, the Fluid Mechanics Ltd. (wind); Davis Langdon
transformation of a former high-security and ƒƒ Some extracts relating to the conservation (quantity surveyor)
publicly inaccessible military site into a aspects of the project within this article Other CTBUH Member Suppliers: Hilti AG
commercial mixed-use development first appeared in an essay by Ho Weng Hin (cladding); KONE (elevator)
presents both great opportunities as well as published in The Singapore Architect
challenges. A key conservation priority was Journal, October 2016.
the preservation of the street frontage of ƒƒ Portions of this paper about the
Beach Road, long characterized by the environmental strategy and parametric
low-rise forms and heterogeneous façade design were previously published in the
designs of the four historic buildings. Their Conference Proceedings of Acadia 2011:
fine urban grain in turn informed the Integration through Computation, edited
massing design of the new podium blocks by Jason S. Johnson, Branko Kolarevic, Vera
behind, successfully integrating the new Parlac, and Joshua M. Taron. 
urban form of the development with the

CTBUH Journal | 2017 Issue II South Beach Towers, Singapore | 19