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INTEGRATIVE
H E A LT H
PROMOTION
CONCEPTUAL BASES FOR
NURSING PRACTICE
Second Edition

Susan Kun Leddy, PhD, RN

Professor Emerita, School of Nursing
Widener University
Chester, Pennsylvania
 World Headquarters Jones and Bartlett Publishers Jones and Bartlett Publishers
Jones and Bartlett Publishers Canada International
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email to [email protected].
Copyright © 2006 by Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc.
Cover Image: © Photos.com
All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in
any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Leddy, Susan.
Integrative health promotion : conceptual bases for nursing practice / by Susan Kun Leddy.— 2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7637-3840-9
1. Holistic nursing. 2. Health promotion. 3. Alternative medicine.
[DNLM: 1. Health Promotion—methods. 2. Holistic Nursing. 3. Health Behavior. 4. Holistic Health.
5. Nursing Theory. WY 86.5 L472i 2005] I. Title.
RT42.L38 2005
610.73—dc22 2005024306
2116

Production Credits
Acquisitions Editor: Kevin Sullivan
Associate Editor: Amy Sibley
Production Director: Amy Rose
Production Editor: Renée Sekerak
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Marketing Manager: Emily Ekle
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Cover Design: Kristin E. Ohlin
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 Dedication

To Debbie, Erin, and Katie, with all my love.

This page intentionally left blank
 Contents

About the Author ...................................................................................ix

Preface ...............................................................................................xi

Section I: Conceptual Bases of Health Promotion ............................1

Chapter 1. Health, Health Promotion, and Healing ...............................................3
The Disease Perspective of Health ...............................................................................4
The Person Perspective of Health ..............................................................................16
Integrative Health Promotion.....................................................................................26
Chapter 2. Health Strengths................................................................................31
The Strengths Perspective ..........................................................................................32
The Theory of Healthiness .........................................................................................33
Chapter 3. The Meaning of Health: Health Care Belief Systems .........................49
Popular Health Care ...................................................................................................50
Professional Health Care.............................................................................................51
Chapter 4. The Meaning of Health: Models and Theories....................................75
Nursing Conceptual Models and Theories .................................................................76
Psychoneuroimmunology ............................................................................................86
Energy Healing Theory ...............................................................................................90
Using Models/Theories to Guide Practice..................................................................94
Chapter 5. The Meaning of Health: Cultural Influences......................................99
Differentiating Ethnicity, Culture, and Race............................................................100
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Status........................................................100
Health/Illness Beliefs.................................................................................................105
Influence of Indigenous Cultural Beliefs ..................................................................106
Medicocentrism (Medical Ethnocentrism)...............................................................116
Culturally Competent Health Promotion Care........................................................117
Chapter 6. Ethical and Legal Influences on Health Promotion ...........................129
Ethical Influences......................................................................................................130
Categories of Ethical Frameworks.............................................................................130
Conventional Normative Ethical Principles ............................................................131
Critiques of Conventional Ethics .............................................................................135
Power and Ethics .......................................................................................................141
Legal Influences.........................................................................................................143
Chapter 7. Beyond Physical Assessment............................................................157
Physical and Health Assessment...............................................................................158
Frameworks for Health Assessment ..........................................................................158
vi Contents

Selected Categories for Assessment ..........................................................................170

Assessment Techniques from Eastern Traditions......................................................178
Screening for Disease ................................................................................................182

Section II: The Disease Worldview ..............................................195

Chapter 8. Promoting Individual Behavior Change ............................................197
Influences of Behavior Change on Individuals ........................................................197
Strategies for Promoting Behavior Change ..............................................................207
Counseling to Reduce Disease Risk Factors .............................................................212
Promoting the Maintenance of Health Behavior Change.......................................215
Chapter 9. Global Health: The Ecocentric Approach.........................................219
Ecocentric Worldview of Health ..............................................................................220
Global (International) Health ..................................................................................220
Societal (Public) Health Concerns...........................................................................224
Environmental Health Concerns..............................................................................230

Section III: The Person Worldview..............................................241

Chapter 10. The Essence of a Healing Helping Relationship..............................243
Prescriptive Helping Relationship ............................................................................244
Healing Helping Relationship ..................................................................................246
Chapter 11. Empowering Community Health ....................................................265
What Is Community? ................................................................................................266
Elements of Community ...........................................................................................268
What Is Social Change? ............................................................................................268
Community-Level Interventions ..............................................................................270
Principles for Community Organization...................................................................282

Section IV: Integrative Nursing Interventions to Promote

Health and Healing .......................................................................291
Chapter 12. Relinquishing Bound Energy: Herbal Therapy and Aromatherapy .......293
Herbal Therapy .........................................................................................................294
Aromatherapy............................................................................................................315
Chapter 13. Re-establishing Energy Flow: Physical Activity and Exercise..........327
Physical Activity .......................................................................................................328
Physical Exercise .......................................................................................................329
Energy Exercise..........................................................................................................341
Integrative Health Promotion...................................................................................348
 Contents vii

Chapter 14. Releasing Blocked Energy: Touch and Bodywork Techniques.........357

Massage Therapy .......................................................................................................358
Acupressure ...............................................................................................................363
Postural/Movement Re-education Therapies ...........................................................368
Chapter 15. Reducing Energy Depletion: Relaxation and Stress Reduction ........379
The Stress Response..................................................................................................380
Relaxation .................................................................................................................381
Chapter 16. Regenerating Energy: Nutrition .....................................................409
The Meaning of Food................................................................................................410
Essential Dietary Nutrients .......................................................................................413
Dietary Guidelines, Goals, and Obesity ...................................................................426
Strategies to Promote Healthy Nutrition .................................................................436
Chapter 17. Restoring Energy Field Harmony: Energy Patterning .....................443
Energy Healing ..........................................................................................................444
Energy Healing Modalities........................................................................................446

Appendix A: Leddy Healthiness Scale ..........................................................469

Appendix B: Nutritional Supplements ..........................................................473
Index .............................................................................................................................483
This page intentionally left blank
 About the Author

Susan Kun Leddy earned a bachelor of science in nursing from Skidmore College,
Saratoga, New York in 1960, a master of science in nursing (teaching medical-surgical nurs-
ing) from Boston University in 1965, a doctor of philosophy (nursing science) from New
York University in 1973, and did post-doctoral work at Harvard University (1985) and the
University of Pennsylvania (1996–98).
Dr. Leddy initially taught in diploma schools of nursing for four years and then in the bac-
calaureate program at Columbia University before completing doctoral work. She was then
one of four founding faculty for the RN-BSN program at Pace University. In 1976, after a
year as an NLN consultant, she was asked to do a feasibility study and then write the pro-
posal to the State of New York for a new RN-BSN program at Mercy College. She became
the first chairperson of the program (Mae Pepper was the first faculty member), which
opened in 1977.
Dr. Leddy left Mercy College in 1981 to first become dean of the School of Nursing, and
then dean of the reconstituted College of Health Sciences, at the University of Wyoming.
In 1988, she became dean of the School of Nursing at Widener University, Chester,
Pennsylvania, returning to graduate teaching there in 1993. She is now professor emerita in
the School of Nursing.
In addition to authoring Integrative Health Promotion: Conceptual Bases for Nursing Practice,
Dr. Leddy is the co-author with Lucy Hood of Conceptual Bases of Professional Nursing, 6th
edition, copyright 2006; Health Promotion: Mobilizing Human Strengths to Promote Wellness,
copyright 2006; and is working on a manuscript, Nursing Knowledge and Nursing Science, with
Jacqueline Fawcett. She has authored numerous periodical publications.
Dr. Leddy has two daughters, Deborah and Erin. Deborah is a student of veterinary med-
icine at the University of Pennsylvania, and Erin is a graduate student in the social work pro-
gram at West Chester University. Dr. Leddy’s granddaughter, Katie, was born October 12,
2001.
Dr. Leddy is an avid traveler, and especially enjoys traveling to exotic places. She also
knits, quilts, weaves (a little), and dabbles in watercolor painting and creative writing.
This page intentionally left blank
 Preface

I believe that the promotion of health is the core of professional nursing knowledge and
practice. Given this belief, I have been dismayed and frustrated by the overwhelming empha-
sis on disease and illness in most nursing educational programs. It is my hope that this book
will serve as an exemplar of health promotion content that should be taught, particularly in
graduate programs.
I have attempted to present a coherent synthesis of numerous, disparate literatures.
Chapter 1: Health, Health Promotion, and Healing, lays out a conceptual “map” for the book,
clarifying the critical differences between the “disease perspective” dominant in the bio-
medical, epidemiological, and public health literatures, and the “person perspective”, which
appears in nursing and alternative/complementary medical literatures. This edition, where
all chapters have been updated, presents theory and practical strategies from both perspec-
tives, toward the goal of integrative practice.
The content in Chapter 2, in my opinion, is of vital importance for nursing practice, yet
almost completely absent from the nursing literature. It is my long-standing and heartfelt
belief that nurses and clients need to utilize strengths as resources to address client weak-
nesses. Additionally, nurses must stop trying to be the expert who solves all problems, and,
instead, practice within an egalitarian model with power and expertise shared with the
client.
As in practically all other areas of scientific knowledge, definitive research evidence to
support health promotion practice is just not available. Abstracts of research are presented
throughout the book, and the “state of the art” is reviewed wherever possible. However, the
very limited evidence derived from well designed research continues to be of concern.
Additionally, the health promotion literature is largely atheoretical. I have attempted to
present what theory/models I could find. Theory-based scholarship is critically needed to
advance the science.
My rationale in organizing the book has been to present the conceptual bases of health
promotion in Section I, followed by several chapters in Sections II and III that address pri-
marily either the disease or person worldview. The chapters in Section IV apply the concep-
tual content from both worldviews to nursing practice.
Integrative health promotion is a vision. It is my sincere hope that by presenting a glimpse
of what might be, that this book will further a reality of knowledge-based health promotion
practice as an essential and substantial component of professional nursing.

Susan Kun Leddy, PhD, RN

This page intentionally left blank
 Section

I
CONCEPTUAL BASES OF
HEALTH PROMOTION
Section I, Conceptual Bases of Health Promotion, includes seven chapters that provide a con-
textual exploration of the meaning of health promotion and healing in a variety of health belief
systems, health strengths models and theories, and cultures. This section also includes chapters
on legal and ethical influences and health promotion, and integrative approaches to client assess-
ment. Chapter 1, Health, Health Promotion, and Healing, differentiates between health protection
(the prevention of disease risk factors and disease), health promotion (facilitating health-related
lifestyle changes), and healing to promote wholeness, integration, harmony, and, therefore,
health. The disease and the person world views, and their implications for beliefs about health,
are compared and contrasted. In Chapter 2, Health Strengths, the theory of healthiness is discussed
as are its various concepts. It is proposed that strengths serve as resources to promote health and
healing. In Chapter 3, The Meaning of Health: Health Care Belief Systems, a number of lay, com-
munity-based (Cuanderismo and Shamanism), and professional (Western biomedicine and tradi-
tional—including Chinese, Ayurveda, and naturopathic and homeopathic medicines) health
care belief systems are described, so that the student can appreciate the diversity of belief systems
that provide a context for integrative nursing. Chapter 4, The Meaning of Health: Models and The-
ories, presents 11 models or theories that can guide the promotion of health and healing in nurs-
ing practice. Chapter 5, The Meaning of Health: Cultural Influences, explores the influence on
health promotion of indigenous cultural beliefs of Asian Americans (Vietnamese Americans),
Appalachians, Hispanics (Mexican Americans), African Americans, and Native Americans, and
concludes with a presentation of multiple characteristics, influences, and practices that should be
considered in multicultural health promotion planning. Chapter 6, Ethical and Legal Influences on
Health Promotion, presents issues of power and empowerment, preferential valuing among the eth-
ical principles of autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice, and a non-traditional
model for professional ethics. The chapter concludes with a review of licensing issues, negligence,
electronic transmittal of health information, and implications of food and drug regulation, with
2 Section I Conceptual Bases of Health Promotion

special considerations for integrative health promotion. Chapter 7, Beyond Physical Assessment,
reviews guidelines for risk and disease screening, presents numerous frameworks for the assess-
ment of healthiness, and discusses integrative techniques (tongue and pulse assessment) to
broaden the database from which the client and nurse develop a health promotion plan.
Other documents randomly have
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 THOUGHT

Think nobly!
For the things we ponder are the sum
Of what we treasure and we do become
The fashion of our thinking—just as from
The chain we know the linking.
Therefore think nobly!

Think purely!
For our meditation is the glass
Through which our spirit doth in vision pass,
The face of God beholding—and the grace
Of his divine unfolding.
Therefore think purely!

Think truly!
For a true ideal is the light
By which we struggle up the lofty height
Of Truth’s supreme divineness—and the right
To which it doth incline us.
Therefore think truly!
 WH EN I’M NO MO RE

Will yonder Orient flush with morning hue?

Will on the flowers shine the crystal dew
And Heaven retain its soft cerulean blue
When I’m no more?

Will yet the jasper ocean lap the beach

And woo the wildflower just beyond its reach?
Will yet the treebirds murmur each to each
When I’m no more?

Will yet the laughing brook keep on its way?

Will yet yon moon smile sadly o’er my clay
And those bright twinkling stars dance in the day
When I’m no more?

Will yet a smiling world salute the dawn

And still its course of love and joy flow on—
My image once some heart enshrined soon gone
When I’m no more?

What means this chill misgiving—fate or fear?

Death, rend the veil and calm this dark despair!
Say, tell me will this memory be dear
When I’m no more?

Ah Death, thy only kindness is the bliss

Of answer in love’s fondest parting kiss
That one at least my humbleness will miss
When I’m no more!
 TH E BLAZED TRAIL

Life is a human wilderness

Where duty, right and truth
Are tangled in the morasses
Of folly, doubt and youth.
I know I cannot hope to cleave
A path through brake and swale,
But I a guiding index leave
If I but blaze the trail.

The forest as I struggle through

By compass, sun and stars
I’ll mark so that another, too,
Can travel by my scars.
From woods where labor would get lost
And feet would err or fail
I’ll single pines on ridges crossed
And blaze on them the trail.

O’er range and river toward the West

I’ll keep and pray to learn
Not what is easiest, but best,
And worth a life’s return;
For though I shall not pass again
The way I thus prevail,
It is my task for other men
To blaze the homebound trail.
 G R IEF AND JOY

Grief said there was no gladness

At the season of the Child,
But only memories of sadness
In homes where babes once smiled.

Joy said there was no sorrow,

But found solace in the touch
Of gladness that perhaps to-morrow
Would need our cheer as much.

Grief said that songs awaken

Echoes of our buried love,
As when silent chords are shaken
And still responsive prove.

Joy said it yet were stranger

If our babes made Bethlehem
Not more dear because the manger
Bore Him who gathered them.
Grief said that gifts but mocked us
With the treasures snatched away
And with chains forever locked us
In tombs of memory.

Joy said that gifts were token

Of our love and its domain,
Earnest of our hopes unspoken
Love would get again.
 HO PE

I havea hope—’tis spirit-born

And spirit-winged beside;
’Tis like the holy light of morn
When Heaven opens wide.

Hope like the bird whose every note

A loving Father’s hand
Hath tuned within its swelling throat
As though the song were planned!

What is it but the joyous sense

Of love and harmony?
What is it but the evidence
Of life’s divinity?

That hope which makes us most divine

And like to what it clings—
That hope which makes our hearts incline
To higher, holier things—

That hope which spells eternal youth

And goodness infinite—
Hath reason in it strong as truth
And logical as light.
 SOWING AND R EAP ING

Sow on though another age

May do the reaping!
Sow on, for the final wage
Is in the keeping
Of our divinest Master, who declared,
“Sow on, for he shall reap not who hath spared!”

Reap on what another age

Began by sowing!
Reap on, for the highest wage
Is in the knowing
The fruit is garnered and the harvest-song
To sower and to reaper doth belong!
 HOPE ON!

Hope on! For there is no rising star

When shadows creep across our sky
More precious than this beam afar
That trembles through eternity.

Hope on! That infinite desire

Is but a foreglimpse of the dawn
Of an immortal, holier and higher
Day of perfection; therefore hope on!

Hope on, lest the heart be cankered

By its own sense of dumb despair!
But rather let the soul be anchored
To the veiled Heaven over there

Where the light trembles through the mist

And hope becomes more lucid faith,
Yea, glad expectancy—for lo, the Christ
Bids life unfold its wings and death
And doubt begone! Therefore hope on!
 HEARTED GOO D

Blest be the goodness which is spirit-fruit

Of reverence as worship is of awe,
Till goodness is both ripening and root!
For just as truly as that it doth draw
Its substance from divineness it must shoot
By the same potency of nature’s law.

We may dispense the good we never grew

As those who borrow; or we may profess
The goodness which we know but never do,
And so put on a form of fruitfulness;
But ah, ’tis barren-hearted and untrue
To worthiness, whate’er its outward dress!

To love as well as practise what is fine,

To be what we would fain be taken for,
To ripen from the root whose tendrils twine
Around the very heart whose currents pour
Into the good we do—this is divine
And living fruit that blesses more and more.
C O U N T RY
AMERICA
Divided by the ocean’s vast
From other dear and shining strands,
The wonder of the storied past
Confesses this the land of lands;
The refuge of the fair and brave
When freedom was denied her due;
Sing with the wild, wild ocean-wave,
“America the true!”

Dear was the boon the pilgrim sought

Amid the redman’s forest wild,
And dearly, too, the lesson taught
By this sweet Freedom’s native child;
Which yet once learned forget no more,
O heir of that loved Liberty!
Breathe with the spirit of thy shore,
“America the free!”

Her stars and stripes that proudly float

So many citied states above,
Shall we forget that they denote
The oneness of a common love?
Sweet token to the patriot
O’er all thy territories wide,
Float to this one inspiring thought,
“America our pride!”

And still as fuller swell thy veins

And crimsoner thy throbbing blood,
Be virtue in thy broad domains,
The God of nations be thy God!
The echo of thy forest-days
Still mingle with thy voiceful sea
Or linger in the poet’s praise,
“America the free!”
 THE ALTAR O F COUNTRY

O Country of my altar,
Where the incense flame doth burn
And a priestly hand doth part the Temple-veil—
Let me ne’er in purpose falter,
Let me never from thee turn
Nor the vision of the holy ever fail—
O my country, till I learn
How to purpose not to palter,
Let the vision of the holy never pale!

O altar of my Country,
Sealed with bloody sacrifice,
Yet glorious with living triumph, too,
May I nobly offer on thee
Duty’s most devoted price,
Never doubting it to be thy sacred due!
From thy altar let me rise
All to offer, O my country,
That I treasure most supreme and true!

(From “Greatheart.”)
 TH E STAR S O F DESTINY

The midnight stars wheel in their course

Through trackless vasts of space,
And every distant sun’s a source
Of motions taking place
Beyond the reach of eye or thought,
Yet part of Heaven’s design
In order infinitely wrought
By majesty divine.

We cannot know the perfect plan

In such a universe,
Nor what its horoscope for man,
Be it for good or worse;
Enough the same law rules the stars
And human destinies,
And man the future makes or mars
As he observeth these;

As he the lesson of the past

Applies to issues new,
And makes experience forecast
The Fate which cometh true
Because it is the truth and moves
Though oft in courses strange,
And like the time-eternal proves,
The stars that never change.
LAST OF TH E GRAND ARMY
 There they come with feeble step,
There they come with lessened rank,
And yet pathetic with the martial air
And ancient discipline of field and camp!
There they come with sounding pipe,
There they come with armor clank;
The dimming uniform’s parade each year
And ensign’s flaunting—Tramp! Tramp! Tramp!

Thus they pass in broken corps,

Thus they pass in mounted troop,
Across the square in valor’s proud review,
Beneath the victor’s green triumphal arch;
Heads with many a Winter hoar,
Upright shoulders now astoop;
Their once imperial numbers grown so few,
But bravely onward—March! March! March!

Many a soldier’s vacant place,

Many an officer’s blank post,
And many a veteran, too, with touching zeal
To mend the losses hobbling along;
Many a scarred and figured face,
Many a luckless member lost
With silent eloquence the tale reveal
Of desperate battles—On! On! On!

By Gratitude’s tall monuments,

By private cemetery tombs
Where floral wreaths from loving hands lie mute
Upon each honored grave for Memory’s sight;
Bowing heads in reverence,
Treading slow with muffled drums,
With tear-dimmed eye and sorrowful salute
And lowered standard—Right! Left! Right!
 Every footfall of the past,
Every annual elapse,
The silent hearts and silent years no more,
Half-echo, mingle in that ghostly tread
And seem to swell the muster vast
And seem to say with hollow steps,
From all that mighty vanguard gone before
To this small rearguard—Dead! Dead! Dead!

A few more years bivouac here,

A few more years of sepulture
In trench or dungeon, grave or moaning deep,
A few more years of Death’s soft slumbering night
Till all that spectral host appear
Before the throned Cynosure
Whose reveille will call them from their sleep
To Heaven’s reviewing—Right! Left! Right!

No shotted cannon, deadly arms,

No trophy of a fallen foe,
Till God define the worthiest conqueror;
Him who has vanquished Death and conquered Doubt
And faced a thousand alarms
Till life sits firmly on his brow
Or echoes through the happy Evermore,
Ye host of victors—Shout! Shout! Shout!
 VINCIT OMNIA JUS

With one foot on the rock of right already won

And one upon the rock of faith no right can be undone,
I stand prophetic-voiced that presently from these
Right peak by peak shall grandly rise in towering Pyrenees.

The Liberty we know and passionately love

Shall bless the vineyards far below that drink the snows above;
And in the guardian frown of Freedom’s lofty height
Shall think ’tis God who cometh down to thunder for the right.

As from the granite base where we must battle for

To firmly plant each sacred Cause, we rear the mountain o’er,
The bolt of stormy skies shall burst above each peak,
Assuring us when man defies oppression God doth speak.

And if from some sheer crag a vanguard hero fall

The while the coward safely lags who’d rather be a thrall,
We’ll set a cross upon the cliff from which he fell
And over it a victor’s crown of Freedom’s immortelle.

But better still we’ll climb inspired by his fate

To heights of liberty sublime unreached by tyrant’s hate;
And Right shall look at last from mountain-top to land
In glad humanity more vast, in destiny more grand!
TH E FLYING JAC K
The sky was blue and smiling down
Upon a human sea;
Old Glory fluttered, danced and shone
In varicolored glee.

A merry breeze went laughing through

The laughing folds of silk
Until the red and white and blue
Were sylphs with teeth of milk.

Yet not for them the rapturous eyes

Of shouting crowds were bright,
Who came to hail with praise and prize
The hero winged for flight.

“The first to fly,” the challenge read,

“Shall win the wreath and cup.”
He spread his pinions and o’erhead
A dizzy height went up.

“Bravo! Bravo!” they shouted as

He spiralled down and down;
Then surged toward him in a mass
And wreathed him with the crown.

He smiled and in his eyes of blue

And on his cheeks of red
A something noble came to view
As gallantly he said:

“The cup I’ll keep, the wreath I’ll place

Where it by right belongs;
The first to fly my hand shall grace
And you acclaim with tongues.”

So saying towards his ship he stepped

A d t th il i
 And set the sails again,
Then in a rising circle swept
With sun-kissed face and plane.

They wondered when they saw him rise

Toward the streamered staff
Until he grazed its middle thrice
And cleared it with a laugh;

Until above its gilded ball

He steadied and from high
The trophy flung before them all
With practised hand and eye.

Upon Old Glory’s head the wreath

Fell true and with it fell
The airman’s words to those beneath
Who needed but their spell:

“The first to fly above our land

On wings that never lag
I crown with patriotic hand,
Our country’s starry flag!”

And then he doffed his cap and lo,

A jackie’s suit he wore
As circling still he cried, “Oho,
I’ve flown in peace and war!”

I rubbed my eyes and all was fled

Except the silken folds
Of Glory floating overhead
A sailor-boy which holds.
HUMOR
 SAP’ S A- BIL IN’

Out in the country where they tap

The maple-trees in Spring,
There’s something doin’ on the map
When March is on the wing.
The bar’ls and buckets overrun,
The busy farmer’s smilin’,
The cracklin’ fire helps the fun;
For sap’s a-bilin’.

Out in the country where they all

Have lived a hundred years
And heard the go-to-meetin’ call
As Sunday storms or clears,
Thermometer’s a-risin’ when
For trouble folks are spilin’;
Till some one pokes the kettle—then
The sap’s a-bilin’.

Just hold a bit—don’t let it burn

By bein’ too intense!
The man who biles has first to learn
A leetle common sense.
It’s sugar that we’re bilin’, mind,
Not human nature rilin’;
So jest go back to sweetness kind
When sap’s a-bilin’!
 JUST MUD

What’s this live stuff you call a boy

Just in the plastic stage
And fairly oozing with the joy
Of youth’s unmoulded age?
What’s this to fashion into form
Of early blade or bud
Or fruit with life or color warm?
Why say, just mud!

What’s Summer’s golden harvest-yield

That ripens into grain,
The bloom of orchard, wood or field
So riotous with gain?
What’s this comes trooping with the grace
Of man-and-woman-hood
From out the muck of yesterdays?
Why say, just mud!

What’s yonder statue borne aloft

By noble edifice,
Which passers-by beholding oft
Forget immortal is
Of living deed and living art
(Now clay, once flesh and blood)
Both growing from a humble start?
Why say, just mud!
 KN O CKIN ’ RO UND

Funny how some men grow up

Knockin’ round—
Drinkin’ out of fortune’s cup
Overwound
With the ivy of Japan
Or a South-American
Revolutionary plot—
Comin’ back no matter what,
Knockin’ round.

After seein’ half the world,

Knockin’ round
Under every flag unfurled
Safe and sound—
Home again from climbin’ Alps,
Raisin’ Filipino scalps,
Fishin’ in a Scottish tarn—
You will find him at the barn
Knockin’ round.

All the smiles of Beauty’s eyes

Knockin’ round
Underneath Italian skies
Or renowned
Erin’s native land of charms
Fade away as in his arms
Blushes—just the same old girl
From whose locks he kept a curl,
Knockin’ round.
TH E SNAIL AND STAR
A humble snail crawled from his shell one night
To drink the dew and surfeit on young greens;
How came he wise in nature when so slight
A weakling of it passes wisdom’s means.

But as he inched along, a winking star

His locomotion mocked and oddity—
“How far, O pigmy gastropod, how far
Dost thou suppose it is from thee to me?

“And at the rate of travel thou dost creep

How long to bridge the distance would it take?
Yet I across its vastness nightly leap
While you a paltry rod of progress make.”

“I may be slow,” the snail vouchsafed reply,

“But then I’m no pretense, howe’er you twit;
Thou movest not at all except thy eye
And now as I perceive thy nimble wit.

“No doubt we both our mission magnify;

You give the world the cheer of astral fire
While from a lowlier position I
A proverb for its ridicule inspire,—

“A proverb which, while I’m the ancient butt,

Yet makes the human snail a byword too,
And often moves him more of life to put
In duty; therefore why so much ado?”

The star had no retort, so saved its face

By prompt amends:—“My brother, you are right;
We both are filling our appointed place
To teach the world a lesson. So good night!”
 TH E O L D SO R’L HOSS

The old sor’l hoss limps up the lane

And whinners for his oats;
But he will never work again
’Cept as the milk he totes
To skimmin’-station down the road
To sort-o’-make-believe
He’s haulin’ of an honest load
And earnin’ his reprieve.

Sure that was paid for long ago

If twenty faithful years
Can make a critter’s master owe
Return for what he clears
By plow and reaper, laden rack,
And stump-an’-loggin’ bee,
Yet gives the beast-of-burden back
Oft scant humanity.

For when the old sor’l hoss’s jints

Grow stiff with work and age,
There’s many a man with musket pints
His death and keeps his wage;
But not this hoss with sorrel mane
And coat, which every morn
Comes limpin’ up the scrubby lane
And whinners for his corn.
N IC ODEMUS B O GGS
Nicodemus Boggs was named
By scripture-loving aunts,
Though never for that virtue famed
Was Demus—— till by chance
His mind was turned to churchly choice,
And then one solemn night
He heard an otherworldly voice
Which put him in a fright
Call
——“Nicodemus! Nico-de-mus!
Nic-o-de-mus Boggs!”
Although there were some folks blasphemous
Who said ’twas only frogs;
Be that however as it may,
To Demus ’twas a sign;
So forthwith he began to pray
And talk of things divine.

Of course ’twas given him to know

Without a studied mind;
His tongue was loosened and the flow
Of words left wit behind.
Yet strange to say no church was moved
His parish to become,
Though Demus said it only proved
The church was deaf and dumb.
For certainly the call was plain,
As often half-asleep

He heard the selfsame voice again

In solemn tones and deep
Urge
——“Nicodemus! Nic-o-de-mus!
Nic-o-de-mus-s Bog-g-s!”
Although there were some folks blasphemous
Who said ’twas only frogs
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