24 <<<

B dc cir-
VAB .,;;;;;;;;;;;;; (voltage

RAB =

VAC AC
VAB AB
A
(a) AC
VAC = AB (2-11)

B
C

k dc Kirchhoff
l
A II + I2 + I3 - It = 0

(b)

2-2 (a) (b)

It = II + I2 + I3 (2-12)

Kirchhoff

divider

V - IIRI = 0

V= IIRI

V = I 2R 2
100
200 fl/R s' 200 fl/500
V = I3R3
= 0 .400 X 5.00 V = 2.00

A
=

R3

2-3
 }}} 2A 25

-splitting

V V V V
!.=-=-+-+-
‘ Rp Rl R2 R3

1
-=-+-+-
1 1 1
l |
(2-13)
Rp Rl R2 R3 (a) (b)

G = (c) (d)

Gp = G1 + G2 + G3 (2-14) RJ A

15 V 20 Q R3 40 Q
1 1 1 1 1
- = - + - + - + ... +-= y- (2-15)
Rp Rl R2 R3 Rn B

Gp = G1 + G2 + G3 = 2: G i (2-16)
E

1 1 1
------
R2,3 200 400

R_ =- RIR2
(2-17)
P Rl + R2 R 2.3 = 13.30
cir-

RJ A

15 V 13.3 Q

11 VIR 1 lI R1 G1
1t VIR p lI Rp Gp B

Rn G, Rs = Rl + R2,3 = 9.00 + 13 .3 0 = 22 .3 0
1, (2-18)
“ Rl ‘ Gp Ohm
1 = 15 V/22.3 0 = 0.67 A

11 G1 1/ R1 1IR 1 R2
V = 15 V x 9.00/(9.00 + 13.30) = 6.0 V
1t Gp 11Rp 11Rl + 11R2 Rl + R2

V 2 = V 3 = V2.3 = 15 V X 13 .3 0/22.3 0
12 Rl = 8.95 V = 9.0 V
1t Rl + R2
Kirchhoff 15 V
26 <<<

11 = 1 = 0.67 A
Ohm error)

12 = 9.0 V/20 n = 0.4 5 A

13 = 9.0 V/40 n = 0.22 A
Kirchhoff

dc

2A-3
(1)
(2)
R std = 1,000
0.4 56 0.456 A (456
dc
D ’ Arsonval
voltmeter,
multimeter,
dc

Rx
converter, ADC) 0.0100
0.945
V/0.0100 A = 94.5

($50 n $30
ac
$100
dc

RM

VM I Rstdl RM VM I Rx lstd RM VM I

L _____ J L _____ J L _____ J

DVM
T Rstd =
DVM

Istd =
DVM

(a) (b) (c)

2-4 (a) (b) Ix (c) Rx

 >>> 28 27

1u - L
E.=-" '- ‘ x 100%
‘ IX

V V
(RL + R“std‘ ) RL
x 100%
V

V RL
Vu -
E. =-‘ ’ x 100%
‘ Vx
E - × m%
(2-20)

Rstd
V M

R. 28
K = - _ X 100% (2-19)
‘ RM + Rs

108 "'10 12 n.
6
10

f = l/ tp (2-21)
10 6 "'109 n. pH
plon hertz

28-1
2-5 ,

1 =
1M = V I(R L +

271"

l
2-1 2-4a 2-2
|
l
2-4b

RM' Rs, n RM1Rs % [

10 20 0.50 -67 RL' n Rstd' Rstd l R L %
50 20 2.5 -29 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 -50
500 20 25 -3.8 10 1.0 0.10 -9.1
3
1. 0 X 10 20 50 -2.0 100 1.0 0.010 -0.99
1. 0 X 10 4
20 500 -0.20 1000 1. 0 0.001 -0.10
28 <<<

(sinusoidal

2-6b
i = Ip sin sin (2-23)

v = V p sin = V p sin (2-24)

90 0 ,

2-5 (a) (b) (d) i = Ip t+ = Ip (2-25)

(2-22)
í, v ,
i
Vp,

tp

m
- -Ip
T -A
•||||

(a)

-M 9 =• i
-Ip
r-p ·M = --nr ·m m”
“
m
2-6 t p, radians/s Ip
 >>> 2B 29

:‘

2-7 90 , 0

v = Vp t + cþ) = Vp (2-26)

2Ip

rms
Rms

Irms = = O.707Ip
(2-27)

vçms = = O.707Vp

28-2
28-3

RC
(series RC R,

pacitive reactace) ,
30 <<<

+
S +
+|>

10
0 0
-- _-• ---

(a) (b) (c)

2-8 (a) RC (b) 1, (c)

dq dvc
--!- = C (2-29)
dt - dt
dqldt =

dvc
!=
dt

2
2
RC

Kirchhoff
R

Vj = Vc + vR (2-31)
Q= CV (2-28)

,
farad 1 farad
1 1 q
microfarad (10- 6 -- -C + (2-32)
12
picofarad (10- F)
RC

RC dV _ dq/dt. _ di
-_-'j = 0 = --_ + R-::- (2-33)
dt C - dt
 ))) 2B 31

1. 00 ms
(b) Ohm I init = t = 2.00
dq/dt =
V -.’_. 10.0 - , .... , . .”
. “‘
1 = -e -’--- - - e ----.-‘>
di dt R 1000
i RC = 1. 35 X 10- 3A l3.5 mA

= =
E (2-34)
VR 10.0 e-2.00/ 1. 00 1. 35 V

Vc = V i - VR = 10.00 - 1. 35
i = I init e- tlRC (2-35) = 10.0(1 - e-2.00/ 1. 00) = 8.65 V
RC

RC
RC RC i , vR ,
Ohm
i= I init

tlRC
VR = V i e- (2-36)

1%
Vc = Vi (l - e- tIRC ) (2-37)
= e- 5 = 0.0067 = 0.01).
R = vR/i, C = RC

VD a
1 Vc
dq/dt = -i

× = seconds

Vc = Vi

i=- Fe-t/RC (2-38)

R

VR = - Vce-tlRC (2-39)

Vi = 0 = Vc +
Vc = Vce-tlRC

i, vR ,
= 10.0 V, R = 1000 fl ,
C= 1.00 1. 00 X 10- 6 (a)
(b) =
i, Vo VR

(a) = RC = 1000 x 1.00 X 10- 6 = 1. 00 X 10- 3 s ,

32 <<<

i = Ip sin
= Vp sin (2 -90)

:‘

2-9

2B-4 RC 2-9

ac RC

Vs = Vp sin = V p sin 27Tft (2-4 1)

Q=
RC ac

Ohm ac
c
Vp = IrX c (2-45)

dVr
= Ip sin (2-42) Ip Ip
'p
t = Vc =

Vp 1
vc = :E )0 = 27TfC Xc = = "'_f = ,, _f = (2-46)
Ip Ip
T f' f'
--- - J

-cosx = sin(x -

= sin - 90) (2-43)

27TfC
=

2-3
Vc = Vpsin - (2-44)

i = Ip sin 27Tft

S. R. Crouch and F. J. Holler, Applications of Microsoft@ Excel in Ana-

lytical Chemistry , 3rd ed, Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2017.
 >>> 28 33

28 Hz, 280 Hz, 2.8

kH z, 28 280 2.8 0.0200

cþ = arctan

2-10 RC
A B C
2-3
2 C 2.00E-08 RC Ohm
3 f, Hz Xc = 1/2'1TfC, n
V_ V
4 28 2.84E+05 = ___:_ = -==
”

I_
5 280 2.84E+04 p Z ( 1 V (2-5 1)
6 2800 2.84E+03
7 28000 2.84E+02
8 280000 2.84E+01
9 2.80E+06 2.84E+00
10 V p = IpZ = +
11
12 Cell C4 = 1/(2*PIO*B4*$B$2)
RC
28 284
2.8

RC
RC 20 ac 15 k11
0.0080 75
Hz, 750 Hz, 7.5 kH z, 75

Xc R

2-49
Z= (2-47)
arc
Xr
= (2-48)
DEGREESO

(2-49)
(Vp)R = =
1
- (2-50)

RC S. R. Crouch and F. J. Holler, Applications of

R, Excel in Analytical Chemistry , 3rd ed, Belmont, CA: Cengage
Learning, 2017.
34 <<<

A B C D E F G H
2-4
2 R 1.5E+04 Vp 20.0
3 C 8.0E-09
4 f, Hz xc ,n z ,n rad deg Ip , A {Vp)R ,V (Vp)c, V
5 75 2.7E+05 2.7E+05 1.5 87 7.5E-05 1.1 20.0
6 750 2.7E+04 3.0E+04 1.1 61 6.6E-04 9.8 17 .4
7 7.5E+03 2.7E+03 1.5E+04 0.2 10 1.3E-03 19.7 3.4
8 7.5E+04 2.7E+02 1.5E+04 0.0 1.3E-03 20.0 0.354
9
10
11 Cell C5 = 1/(2*PIO*B5*$B$3) Cell G5=$D$2/D5
12 Cell D5=SQRT($B$2^2+C5^2) Cell H5=$D$2*$B$2/D5
13 Cell E5=ATAN(C5/$B$2) CeII15=$D$2*C5/D5
14 Cell F5 = DEGREES(E5)

RC

L= (2-52)

21. 1 20.0

L =
-
p R

(Vp)o R R
(Vp)i Z I ‘ ( 1 \ (2-53)
') +

Hz

28-5
RC

(Vp)o = IpXc

RC

RC
2-11a

(a) (b)

2-11 (a) (b)

 >>> 28 35

1. 0
(Vp) o Xc 1
0.8
(Vp)i Z I ‘ ( 1 V (2-54)
+1--- 1
06 V \ 27T fC j
0 .4

0.2

0.01 0.1 1. 0 10 100 100010,000

Hz
(a) Bode
(Bode diagrams) Bode
‘
B
0
20 log[(Vp)o/(Vp)J

-2lO0
[(Vp)o/(Vp)i] = 20
-30 [(Vp) o/(Vp)J = -20
-40

-500.O1 0.1 1.O 10 100 1000 10 ‘ 000

Hz
28-6 RC
(b )
RC
2- 12 (a) (b)
Bode R = 10 kn
c= 0.1 R= 1 Mn C=1

RC
Ip =
-====- (RC .

C
•

Vc VR

(a)
1

_n__n__n_ t
(b)

o 0 {
(c)

0
--• ---• ----+-

2-1 3 Vc. (a) > tp, (b) = tp, (c) tp

36 <<<

2C

tification) ,
(ampHtude modulation) , ac
modulation)

based

28-7

dc

dc
Ac J. W. Nilsson and S. Riedel , Electric Circuits , 10th ed., Up-
per Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall , 2015; C. Alexander and M. Sadiku ,
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 5th ed. , New Yor k: McGraw Hill , 2012;
ac-dc
E. Gates , Introduction to Electronics, 5th ed., Clifton Park , NY: Delmar/
Cengage , 2012; H. V. Malmstadt , C. G. Enke , and S. R. Crouch , Microcom-
puters and Electronic Instrumentation: Making the Right Connections, Wash-
ington , DC: American Chemical Society, 1994.

ac-dc

2-1 4 V. Malmstadt , C. G. Enke , and S. R. Crouch , Electronics and

Instrumentation for Scientists , Menlo Park , CA: Benjamin-Cummings , 1981 , with permission .)
 >>> 2C 37

2(-2

2(-1
4

pn

p n
excitation)

0.6
0.3 pn

pn

p n

p n
negative

p
positive
pn

bias) pn
38 <<<

|• - - l m m -• l

’
+r r - -
+
I

| fr
+

]
/

(a)
I
‘
l

P ,---;::c-

(c) (d)

2- 15 pn (a)
(b) (c)

+1

-v +v
nA

2-1 6
)
 >>> 2C 39

0.02 mm

Zener
(Zener breakdown
Zener volt
(a) (c)

2(-3

/
‘,‘ (d)

-effect 2-17 (a) pnp

(b) npn npn

(bipolar junction transistor,

pnp
dc
p n
npn

1c = (2-55)

pnp

dc pn
ac np
volt
dc 2-16
40 <<<

r lN
+
transistor,

lc =
109 10 14
", n
oxide semiconductor fìeld-effect

IE = Ic + IB

_0

ß=
'B

2 - 18 ll'

0.95"-'0.995 , = pn VDS
MOS-
FET enhancement)

pnp p n
n

dc
MOSFET

MOSFET
 >>> 2D 41

VGS ' volts

4

+ 3
V DS
-Q
‘
2

4 8 12 16 20
V DS ' volts
(
(a) (c)

2-19 MOSFET. (a) (b) (c)

20 Vx = 115 X N2 /N1

dc
(power
110 V ac , 60 Hz

2D-2
dc

(voltage

2D-1

110 V

L sec-

ac
220 50 220 V
60 - (power

2-20 115 V
42 <<<

pn Zener
uv

mv
115 V 0.1 V
ac

300 V ac Zener

2-21
2-16) ,
mV

20-3 Zener
dc
regulators)

vJ(\(\

115V
ac

115V
ac
vo

2-22

+c r

2-23
 >>> 2E 43

dc

2-24

LCD
1

90%

2E $100

2E-2
Houston Reliant 277 ft x
52 ft

a, f, g, c, d
a, d, C

(decoder logic

2E-l

LCD

H. V. Malmstadt, C. G. Enke, and S. R. Crouch , Microcomputers and

Electronic Instrumentation: Making the Right Connections , Washington, DC:
American Chemical Society, 1994; S. Maniktala , Switching Power Supplies G. H. Brown, J.
A-Z, 2nd ed. , Boston , MA: Elsevier/ Newnes , 2012. Chem. Educ. , 1983, 60 , 900 , DOI: 10.10211ed060p900.