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Unit I Basics and Terminologies (1)

The document addresses common misconceptions about wind power generation, highlighting that while wind energy is variable and can be difficult to manage, many negative perceptions stem from a lack of understanding of power systems and advancements in technology. It discusses the cost trends of wind energy, the importance of load forecasting, and various factors related to power station operations, such as connected load, maximum demand, and load factor. Overall, it emphasizes the need for better education on the realities of wind power and its integration into the energy grid.

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thebride.eee
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17 views

Unit I Basics and Terminologies (1)

The document addresses common misconceptions about wind power generation, highlighting that while wind energy is variable and can be difficult to manage, many negative perceptions stem from a lack of understanding of power systems and advancements in technology. It discusses the cost trends of wind energy, the importance of load forecasting, and various factors related to power station operations, such as connected load, maximum demand, and load factor. Overall, it emphasizes the need for better education on the realities of wind power and its integration into the energy grid.

Uploaded by

thebride.eee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Comments we hear about wind power generation

• “Wind generation is expensive”


• “Goes 0 to 100%, and back”
• “Wind is variable and uncertain –therefore difficult to
manage”
• “Needs ‘one for one’backup”
• “Wind generation is unreliable”
• “Wind generation has no capacity value”
• “Frequency control impacts are serious”
• “Wind generation forecasts are useless”
• “There is no transmission available to transport wind
energy –no one lives where the wind blows”
1
The Reality
A few misconceptions are based on a kernel of truth or fact

• Wind generation is variable and


sometimes hard to predict

• Wind generation was relatively expensive

Most are based on lack of understanding about

• Power system operation and control


• The Nature of wind generation
• Knowledge gained over the past decade

2
Cost of Energy Trend
Factors Affecting Payback
• Type, size and
1979: 40 cents/kWh configuration of system
• Wind resource
• Local cost of electricity
2000: • How wind system is used
4-6
cents/kWh • Rebates available, if any
NSP 107 MW Lake Benton wind farm
• Increased 4 cents/kWh (unsubsidized)
Turbine Size
• R&D Advances
• Manufacturing
Improvements
2004: 3 – 4.5 cents/kWh 3
4
Load Curve
• The load on the power station is not constant but varies from time to time.
• A load curve is the plot of load demand variations of consumers with respect to
time.
• The load curve is obtained by plotting time in hours (Day, month, or year ) on the
X-axis and load (kW or MW) on the Y-axis.
The load curve gives information about the following:
• The variation in load during different hours of the day.
• The area under the load curve represents the total number of units
generated (in kWH) in a day.
• The maximum and minimum load in a day.
• The area under the load curve (in kWH) divided by the number of
hours (24 hours) gives the average load on the power station.
Load Forecasting
• Electrical Energy must be generated whenever there is demand for it.

• It is, therefore, imperative for the electric power utilities to estimate


the load on their system in advance. This estimation of load in
advance is called Load Forecasting.
Connected Load

• Connected Load is the sum of continuous ratings of all the equipment


connected to the supply system.
• A power station supplies loads to numerous consumers. Each
consumer has certain equipment installed at their premises. The sum
of the continuous ratings of all the equipment in the consumer’s
premises is the “connected load” of the consumer.
• For example, if a consumer has connections of five 100-watt lamps
and a power point of 500 watts, then the connected load of the
consumer is 5 × 100 + 500 = 1000 watts. The sum of the connected
loads of all the consumers is the connected load to the power station.
Maximum Demand

• The Maximum of all demands (loads) on a power station during a given


period is known as Maximum Demand.
• Generally, all consumers never switch ON all the devices at full load. If all
consumers switch on simultaneously, then the load is equal to the
connected load.
• Hence, Maximum Demand is always less than or equal to the connected
load.
• Maximum demand helps in determining the size and cost of the
installation.
• It is the greatest demand of load on the power station during a given
period.
Demand Factor
• The demand factor is defined as the ratio of maximum demand on the power station to
its connected load, given by

• The value of the demand factor is usually less than (<1). This is because the maximum
demand on the power station is generally less than the connected load. There is no unit
for the Demand factor, as the numerator and denominator are in the same units, W or
kW.

• For Example: If the maximum demand on the power station is 80 MW and the connected
load is 100 MW, then the demand factor = 80/100 = 0·8.

• The concept of the demand factor is vital in determining the capacity of the plant
equipment.
Average load

• The average of loads occurring on the power station in a given


period (day or month or year) is known as the average load or
average demand.
Load Factor

• The load factor is defined as the ratio of the average load to the
maximum demand of a power station during a certain period.

• It is also defined as the ratio of the number of units generated in each


period to the number of units that could have been generated with the
same maximum demand.

• As the average load of the power station is always less than the maximum
demand, the load factor is always less than unity (<1).
Diversity Factor

• It is defined as the ratio of the sum of the individual demands of all


consumers to the maximum demand of the power station.

• The sum of individual maximum demands is always greater than


the maximum demand of the power station.
• The diversity factor is always greater than unity (>1).
• The diversity factor reduces the capital cost of the station and the
rate of generation of electricity
Plant Capacity Factor

• The capacity factor of a plant is equal to the Plant Capacity factor.


The capacity Factor is also called the Plant Capacity factor.
• It is the ratio of actual energy produced to the maximum possible
energy that could have been produced during a given period.

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