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def Jom (a, b):

pnnt (atb)

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prnt (atbt)

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I3

pmt (d, e, ?)
pmnt (3, e)
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at ’hobal
ypes Twleopes
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l Local
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L’¬’6’B Rule

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grect ():
jname Raynath t ll be local qnly
aleal name = Ranat?
name
Say Hello Hella'

pnt (name )

puti:
(utput Hello Ranat
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 fle
e han a
bony to ef opeuton
lhue cocohnË, reading
delehng Re unhng, apendj
enables
P s s to nteact with kles
Stoned on the
persistent data Jtonage and setr
ieval.
Alasslote Path V Relatye Pata
Awoloe Pat : The ath gen tom Toot
E: le

Relahve path : The path frm Curemt

directrg
Data fles: Ay kle
tLat contama Jome
2Textt data.
Gea
csv Gles
Binay hiey ’ dat files
Ome shot dekh na-.
me wama
poblem
hogi ! Somajhne
 Read Mole ('y)
’ Aprend Mode ('a)
Wnte Mode (prevooy data \
To open Rles, ('u') will be lost

yhle open(Rie Handing tut")

Default
ead mode
shle open ("Ale Hemdig
tt,
Ele Ohet/ wote mode
fle Han dle

eMist but
gead mode ’ Cr opened
Warte node ’ Creates CFle Not foumEor)
tat Rle
append mode ’ Creates that fle.
Ahere Some mse wmodes !
attach the table.
Text File Binary File
Mode Mode Description Notes

'r' 'rb' read only 3 Default mode ; File must exist already, otherwise Python
raises I/Oerror.
'w' 'wb' write only If the file does not exist, file is created.
* If the file exists, Python will truncate existing data and
over-write in the file. So this mode must be used with caution.
'a' 'ab' append File is in write only mode.
If the file exists, the data in the file is retained and new data
being written will be appended to the end.
$ If the file does not exist, Python will create a new file.
'r+' 'rtb' or read and write File must exist otherwise error is raised.
'rb+'
$ Both reading and writing operations can take place.
'w+' 'w+b' or write and read File is created if does not exist.
'wb+'
If file exists, file is truncated (past data is lost).
* Both reading and writing operations can take place.
'a+' 'atb' or write and read File is created if does not exist.
'ab+'
If file exists, file's existing data is retained ; new data is
appended.
Both reading and writing operations can take place.
 Cloxng fles aftey opeahon
(To bcak he link bl fle handle ond Gle

Opem ("kletHandlngtt')
#perfmmopeabons
hle-close ()
# Reading from tet
ophona Ales (ta+)
(itut (n charackon)
"seadln) : Reads n'
2 emire line
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3) emh line not spefed
neadines: Read all lme
element
amd
of
etn

data = wghle sead (s)

data my hle.ytad C
"nead (c)
dat myhleea dlime Cs)
"neadime (Cn3)
data =

"eadlines C
ato mghle: reud lmes()
 mhle-lwnte (wte tis tone 3)

myhle-wsrte(his is imei A\n Line 2")

2) hle.
myfle-canitelinesLine i\n" Line \n"',
Linesn,Line 4"J)
TA
and pefom these oppemd mode ('a)
append
the con tent ope ratoms, it will
without the pevioUJ
Content.
# Hush fonction
myhile Ausht)y
qrekiy ends
data) to to destnat bufter datan (uaihng
# Removm white Spaces Prm
open (n poe m.tu t ')
Cnample
Use
Jine
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le when opemed mode
wite m ode
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pointer.
# Binan Aleg Modyle i needed
impont prckie
Binoy

binangidat" w)
 Oats Binang ftes also called pisklig
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Cx: pckle dumyp ("Hello ", ghte ) dmp is also
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mode

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O module needed t
mamaye
impont civ
myhle = open ("sheet d t"w'e line's
myle.close (
onto CIV Kles
we nee to impont cJu modole and
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wte.

impont Chv

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Cwite O5ject
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CsV_wnites.wniteous (C1', 'Ramat'y s])

<wite obcctWte Ouy wmteJ b mulhple

Gample:
CsV-nte wnte Tow(c'2', 'Aqosh', qo'3,
C°3', 'Aat', 803,
C'4,eel?, 3s '3,
C's', 'Jobh ny',$6'3
Rexdng m csv fley
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object
-impont ciu
mhle open ('
yhieentcv',newline'l)
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 all he lines:

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pont Ci)
2) Readmg all the
elememt Iines
CJv Yeader:
pnnt (i)

pontj)

Cam also open Bles Ble

tat binagy /esv) with cnothe method
we do not hawe to close le handle
(ie myle.doe ()) this method:
Caample :
|impont
with open (stwdentcsv'
newline \n) a
myfile:
# ope ration 2
tt operuton 3
# opera tem
¬acephn Handn1
avo r ond pesfoom Some othes
task
Enam ple
we Know name

b=0

|exce pt Zeno iviJronEos:

lpnnt ( Jomemething went usmg")
we
do't Wnow mame

pnnt ( a/u)
encept:
oemt wmg")
 Data Stvhses (Stack)
(ts pet
l202S
Data tctne:A Jata Jhcte
of ogzi toning omd mana
eRkheremtly
efferenth to penfosm
acces, Tnsenhom, and
openateons
deletor
Data Stvcure Ctypes)
Linean Datu Shvctes 2) Non- Lin ear Data sh.

Here, data
Here, datu is
hieraschically
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GL: Irees
Linked List
Stackyi
Qoeves

Tn allabus
 V/s Qoeueg Tmyprntat
Bot lnear dat shucturea, but
Stack olow LIFO - Last In fiat Out phaciple
ie, element in Jented at ast Cwill be
deleted fint. ( Like Os des of Books kept
One above o thes)

Queue Pllos fIFO- fat In fat Qot prncspe.

#Stacs
’Lineans Data Sto.
’followy LIfO promuple
’Tnsen hon amd Deleho n tokes place
Cly at Stacks top.
#Ermple of tack
We have Some numbe: 6, 3, to
We have to store it Stack.

we will implememt Stack

we Can in seot elememt ne me

Stuck
Step-0) we have em
Stack
step-1) Lseot elements CNmbes) ne me

top

Step-) Test 2 step-4) usest 3: 3

Step-3) Lnsest S Step-s)est lo;

S
2

6
 And Delehion caen only happem to the
top elememt
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top
3

’ Dele te (ue call + pop'nn tems sf stack)

3 |top
S to’Get Lot

#Teminales fon
to Stack:
elememt.
i) PusH Opeaton: Tnseathon
: De lethon n element (top)

i) Peex : Showhe element at top.

Stack
iv) Oveglow: (EoT) when. the Si2e
iS ed and Size Roll,
Can not stooe mye element(pu)
fuithes.
v) UndenHow: (Eysor) hen the Stack u
UJen tnes to Pop
pop rom
the
* Gefone mplemen Stack
keep mindi
’ Luts in reJr zable,
So we do not Case abou ovestlow conditien
here
’Wth each push operatien, top alo increases
’wth each pop operahom, to p auo cecreaen.
>Wlen we pop, make suvse, the list Cstack) iSnt cmpty
mple ment Stack w Lut in
Tmpon tant!|| Ve
acthce itit a much possible
view this prgram at
Joun beok
ou ma
beter eada bilit
def is
retm Tve
else will attach
tum false
def Push Cstk, tem)
stkappe (item) tni mehnat
top jenCtx)-) bekaa me
def Pop (st):
if isEmpty Cs)
rekm nde sPlow?
else:

if Jen(st) ==0:
top = 0
Q. WAP to implement Stack using List in Python
def isEmpty(stack):
if(len(stack)==0):
return True
else:
return False
def push(stack,e,top):
stack.append(e)
top+=1
print(e,"is pushed!")
def pop(stack,top):
if(isEmpty(stack)):
Tough lag raha ho
print("Underflow!")
else: to video dekh lo
top-=1
item = stack.pop()
print(item,"is popped!")
Click here
def peek(stack,top):
if(isEmpty(stack)):
print("Underflow!")
else:
print(stack[top],"is at top!")
def display(stack):
print("Stack :",stack)
stack = []
top = -1
while(True):
print('''1.Push
2.Pop
3.Peek
4.Display
5.Exit''')
choice = int(input("Enter choice : "))
if(choice == 1):
e = int(input("Enter element to push : "))
push(stack,e,top)
elif(choice == 2):
pop(stack,top)
elif(choice == 3):
peek(stack,top)
elif(choice == 4):
display(stack)
elif(choice == 5):
break
else:
print("Invalid Choice!")
 Date

Page |

Computen Nehaonks
valhtem afmehonkimgA
*Cmpues hehnk Cemputen netOn k
S a collectm intesconnected dévices
Hhat emmmieate Qhane

Vetnks enable data shamna

CommumItatiom beee.

Fuolytrn Netosking
1: ARPANET FomdatioM Mode n

Devalaped by ARPA Advanced Reiee

o De femt

’Man punpose
decemtsalized Communtcatie
CoEate

that Could Sunuie

netonk Palsnes
he dat to be brken to
preles Sent mdependent
 Payo |

2NSNET (1986 &Net9onkiaa

’Daeloped
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ARANETS capablhes
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Hhe bachbone
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Netonk

’ BaseA Tcelie
olobalComvn micatcm
pnotool, allong
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len ophes fon
hiah peed
Coynnnicatenbunes
Vn 0ne,
educaticn, makng
ntencen nec ted. 0
the
 Date

Page |

Inanafeonng dsgtal amalo data

Commmeaten
OdeviceA
medim

device mitrates
Semds the.

( Receires he deviLe. thcat the

)fMesa data bena

tsntted tenma audio,et

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he atne lex medim hoah

which data tsawmithed

par cable,
Coanral cablea,
frbeers Ophe Cables.
()Winelesa : Radro Laues
Mcwaves
Tufeared
Jatell:te Commmicaten
 Date |
Page |

e) Parotcols :Set les

datu
temden
Com mmIc atien
ud receives
beheemm

Popalan otocols
Contol Rotoa)

Used on

fsatocol: Used
tramafes fiea
alesnng
email
Prrotocol
Cummmicatom

om municabem Media
Bamddta
’lhe, maImm data tsafes ate
of medim.
’ MeadyNed pen
’Hrahesn bandLwrdth tutes data transfes.
 Date

Page |

() DataTateo Rate
he achval speed at which data
tnammtted
’ ARecteb mehaon Congeshon, mlerslexence,,
nd hare Limtatens

’ A vnique nUmenical label

device metwonk
’Used deuces
Coonet deta delrey

PT CTatesmch Paotocol Vealken -

32 bit addseA

’Te(Tntemei PostocoL Vessron 6)

122-br+ addres Aos lanen adde
Jpace
Pullic PivaheTP Addseies:
Pulse Le: Used the Lnteomet

local
wrthin CA

netuonK (eq 192-162.Xx, lo- X. X-X)

 Date |

Page |

are method
dat metwonks.
Asanfen
’A edicated OcommuMcatom path
establesaed befone. data tsonmillrom
thonal
Gxampe metnki
Aelegphohe.
’ Poo: Reliable minimal date

’Coms:aate banddta when

idle

’Date
Date is benmto Small pachet
each Sounce deshnion

’Crample Used tthe TatemetVoIP,

Cnline

meed on C dedcated
path.
Com Enpeemce. due to
 Date

Page |

nehonk Cemgea hen )

Medie atu CemmnIcahom

the
Lneles channel Aon data
tsmafe behscem device metonh

Catgonea tytJireteas
Cm municaticon Medaa
liosted Pain Cable i
’_Shtei Conmdist1 inulated
Coppen wines toisted togethes o
Tcduce electomagneh. intefesence
Tapea: UTe (Uhc lde d Tuscstod Paz):
Ethenet LANS.

STP Cshelded Tutsted Pas:

cudditcnal ttstkeel
Jhieldna os cduced
ntesfevcnce

Cost-eifectve, wodely Ud, Aible.

Oisadvaataga Juiceptble to etermal mowe

 Date |
Page |

Contina central Cemcueton.

Ctopen) onnouded
ndulahag Umetalleshieldy
Outen pnote chive COVes
Cable TU netan ki,
boadaam Intemet

dted
Ais called, lbeter Jhic lding
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hasdes
pas
to
Cables
natal)
Comparsed
)eOgt Cable
pulsea to tonmt
plaahe irea

Componcabon Ce ndenJea Cables .

3Multia-mode fbenCmm f): Shsst.
dotaree Communitaton (ey LAND
Cutremel elemagmehc
Jpeed tansmisfrcm
nttsfercnte
 Date

Page |

to Insall
Dundvantases'
Om
Cupense,
mantan.

Wineles Comnumrahen Medua

Lcnele tsamil1on media do not
Ttqirt phyacal cables they
elec tsmmagomee avea to Otsamafex data
)Radio waeA
3 kHz to 300 GHz.
atHe
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mobile. mehOnkJ.

areal, uppont
mobli

secunita thrcat

sal Com munNcoatzo_cellolas

nehugonk(1a Sa
Aduaniagai Hglh dat tanam sates
Ing- itamce Commnrcaoy:

Commmrcahon affected weat

Condits
 Date |
Page |

) fraed Waves

URemole. Comhaols slhont-rnge

wineleM Commumrcoatioy
Auahbaaai Hhreda data Secune does mot
J t others Jgaal
Diutguaaata Kesi dicct Odirect
lmrte

Deuce and Thesn fonctom

Netuonh. devices handat. devce
facilitate Comanrc atien beteem
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dey

1) ModemModalaton - Demodulat)
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nto nalog
me Lnea
tsanmisiom
telepe
heme metonk) to he inem

Modem Use telephmes lines

fog ntennet

i) Cable Moden - Ue coasa Cablea

 Date

Page |

22Ctemet Case (Netuson Taletace Cane 9-NI)

’ Allo Commpule) to Connet to metuonk
oine Connecten

-Wined NIC: Uses am Cthermet cable CAI)

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Deauts
3) RISCamecto n

to COnnect Etemet
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’ Ha. that hsamit

dat
’ Used twrth tuisted pair cables fos netwonke
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amd

4)| Repeates
|’ Amplifes and Egemeat metn
eantemd Ahe tsa misorm

netwonh whee
ove long distamces
 Dato |

Pago |

SHuß
device 4hat
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ho all Connecte devicea

ypes ) Achue Hul: RequreA powes

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netuwonks but
langely eplated Juitehea
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direct data
devce
to
that ntelliem
the Spe cifc
device meamt fon,
neooni
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intcnded
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).

nh data Centel,
ce
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 into
metoonha Wi-fi
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emeables that acapteI
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onk). Bluetooth with
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ng potocol
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Cablea Ethesnet Usea Rostes wined
based pachetse data
eA
dsect Tutemet) the to
home nehoonk moltple Cmmecds ’
Page
|
Date
 Date |

Page |

waf Adapler
device wcleM

’UsedGnixle Tahersmed access

fon coapulexy amd mandt devicea

#Nchah bund Netunk lyoes

K3) Penonal Area Nehn CPAN):

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ithn CA

fe
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nehwonky
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Vahes

Cospnale ndnks Commechng

nulhple ihes ox
olfres wonldrde.

aploges
Newos o the nngeneat
of deite, mctwnk
 Date |
Paga

e) Bus
’All devices mected to a
cental Cable

Set u
em Cable

Dsndontaaa the Cable ail:.

emtre netnk
’ Peshename
evceA
decseaes
adde
’Used Tmi Small metwonks
Cthemet nehkJ.
 Date

cevices Connect

central swrteh

to et
le cable.

the marr Cable tail,. the entr

doun
Perssegaate decreasEA devices

-Used nSmoll ofhee metoonk

earsl etheet netsonki

Hob
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izaion hesarchical,
organ Sopponti
Advomtaaea, ’
cne. backb
Comneckd
to nehonk
binahon Cem
lopalog ()Tre
Page
|
|Date
veA: mail to cliem teom emalmal eJemds ’
CimT otocol Tromsfeo Mal4)Somple
MetwoNh
Oves
ptees Com between ’Tsonfea
leA
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and tsasmted data CnJune
(hey
metunh
devicea loetweem
ules define. pnotocols Netuosk
notocol. Nehwonk
Page
|
Date
 Date |
Page |

mail lesve
to C client

)Ponat to Ront Protocol

’Estalbl dhes iret Commnmmcahon lsehweem
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E
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 DATE_
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 DATE
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Yin ke: A selectedcandidate.

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tuse ism Men: An attabote tat gofesi

to
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l01 CIE 101
10 22 CCE 102

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.

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op
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 DATE
PAGE

aipulaton.
eRE INSERT SELECT, VRDATE DELETE
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ceta nto table
aseRT TTO Sthdenti Cshudents In ,Nat.,.
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raCamat.<cam')i
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SELECT fROM
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Data in

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 DATE
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Addston
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mame
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cendng
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 DATE
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y ames

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stastna witt R
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omd HAVTNG Clause

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CARTESIAN JOLN Retns all poule
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Condits
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 DATE
PAGE

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2
3

Svdent table.
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402

SEECT fR0Mihdenti, CounieA

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mn

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