Scribd
Upload
10 views

Jupeb Chm 001 Notes- Module 2

The mole concept is a method for expressing the amount of a substance, focusing on the unit 'mole' which represents 6.022 x 10^23 particles, known as Avogadro's number. It links macroscopic properties like mass to the number of atoms or molecules in a sample, allowing for calculations involving atomic and molecular masses. The document also explains related concepts such as molar mass and provides formulas for calculating moles, atoms, and molecular masses.

Uploaded by

adelekanroberts30
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views

Jupeb Chm 001 Notes- Module 2

The mole concept is a method for expressing the amount of a substance, focusing on the unit 'mole' which represents 6.022 x 10^23 particles, known as Avogadro's number. It links macroscopic properties like mass to the number of atoms or molecules in a sample, allowing for calculations involving atomic and molecular masses. The document also explains related concepts such as molar mass and provides formulas for calculating moles, atoms, and molecular masses.

Uploaded by

adelekanroberts30
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

THE MOLE CONCEPT

What is the concept of the mole?


The mole concept is a convenient method of expressing the amount of a substance. Any
measurement can be broken down into two parts – the numerical magnitude and the units that
the magnitude is expressed in. For example, when the mass of a ball is measured to be 2
kilograms, the magnitude is ‘2’ and the unit is ‘kilogram’. When dealing with particles at an
atomic (or molecular) level, even one gram of a pure element is known to contain a huge number
of atoms. This is where the mole concept is widely used. It primarily focuses on the unit
known as a ‘mole’, which is a count of a very large number of particles.
The mole is an amount unit similar to familiar units like pair, dozen, gross, etc. It provides a
specific measure of the number of atoms or molecules in a bulk sample of matter. The word
“mole” was introduced around the year 1896 by the German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald, who
derived the term from the Latin word moles meaning a ‘heap’ or ‘pile.

A mole is defined as the amount of substance containing the same number of discrete entities
(atoms, molecules, ions, etc.). A convenient amount unit for expressing very large numbers of
atoms or molecules is the mole. Experimental measurements have determined the number of
entities composing 1 mole of substance. One mole of a substance is equal to the substance's
6,022 x 1023 units (such as atoms, molecules, or ions). The 6.022 x 10 23 number is known as the
number of Avogadro or the constant of Avogadro. For the conversion of mass and number of
particles, the definition of the mole can be used. The mass in grams of 1 mole of substance is
its molar mass.
The identity of an elemental substance is defined not only by the type of atom it contains, but
also by the quantity of atoms in the sample. For example, a 1.00 g sample of iron (Fe) contains
1.08 x 1022 atoms of iron. (That is a lot of atoms! If we were to divide those atoms up amongst
each of the 7.9 billion people on earth in 2021, each person would have more than a trillion
atoms). Because real samples we use in the laboratory will always be composed of very large
numbers of atoms, scientists regularly use a unit, the mole, to count the very large quantities.
Therefore, the mole provides a specific measure of the number of atoms or molecules in a bulk
sample of matter.
By definition, a mole is the amount of a substance containing the same number of atoms as the
number of atoms in a sample of pure 12C weighing exactly 12 g. One Latin connotation for the
word “mole” is “large mass” or “bulk,” which is consistent with its use as the name for this unit.
The mole provides a link between an easily measured macroscopic property, bulk mass, and the
number of atoms present in a sample.
The number of entities composing a mole has been experimentally determined to be 6.02214179
× 1023, a fundamental constant named Avogadro’s number (N A) or the Avogadro constant in
honor of Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro. For atoms, this constant is properly reported with
an explicit unit of “per mole,” a conveniently rounded version being 6.022 × 1023 atoms/mol.

6.022 x 1023 atoms = 1 mole of atoms


Consistent with its definition as an amount unit, 1 mole of any element contains the same
number of atoms as 1 mole of any other element. The number of moles of a molecule may not
always be equal to the number of moles of its constituent elements. For example, a mole of water
contains NA number of H2O molecules. However, each water molecule contains 2 hydrogen
atoms and one oxygen atom. Therefore, one mole of H 2O contains 2 moles of hydrogen and one
mole of oxygen.
The masses of 1 mole of different elements, however, are different, since the masses of the
individual atoms are drastically different. The molar mass of an element is the mass in grams of
1 mole of that substance, a property expressed in units of grams per mole (g/mol)
Because the definitions of both the mole and the atomic mass unit are based on the same
reference substance, 12C, the molar mass of any substance is numerically equivalent to its
atomic or formula weight in amu. Per the amu definition, a single 12C atom weighs 12 amu
(its atomic mass is 12 amu). According to the definition of the mole, 12 g of 12C contains 1 mole
of 12C atoms (its molar mass is 12 g/mol). This relationship holds for all elements, since their
atomic masses are measured relative to that of the amu-reference substance, 12C.
While the numerical values are the same, the different units help us to remember whether we are
describing the mass of a single atom or the mass of a very large number of atoms.
The relationships atomic mass, the mole, and Avogadro’s number can be applied to compute
various quantities that describe the composition of an elemental substance.
The following expression can be used to express the relationship between the number of moles
and Avogadro’s Number:

Where: NA = 6.022 x 1023 atoms/ions/molecules


n = number of moles (mol)

Example 1a

How many atoms are in 3.5 moles of iron, Fe?

Approach

Convert the moles of Fe to the number of atoms using Avogadro’s number.

Solution

Number of atoms = Amount of moles x Avogadro’s number

Number of atoms = 3.5 mol x 6.022 x 1023 atoms/mol

Number of atoms = 2.1 x 1024 atoms of Fe

2. How many atoms are present in 1.8 moles of Sodium, Na?

Example 1b
How many moles are present in 2.60 x 1021 atoms of Copper, Cu?

Approach
Convert the number of atoms to moles of Cu using Avogadro’s number.

Solution
Amount of moles = Number of atoms /Avogadro’s number
Amount of moles = 2.60 x 1021 atoms / 6.022 x 1023 atoms/mol
Amount of moles = 0.0043 moles of Cu

Quantities Related to mole concept and their Formulae


Atomic and Molecular Mass
The atomic mass of an element is the mass of one atom of the element expressed in atomic mass
units (amu). It accounts for the abundance of the various isotopes of the element and assigns an
average value to the mass of one atom of the element.
For example, the atomic mass of carbon is 12.011 atomic mass units since carbon samples
generally contain 98.89% of the carbon-12 isotope, 1.11% of carbon-13, and trace amounts of
carbon-14. However, the atomic masses of these isotopes are different.
The atomic mass of a carbon-12 atom is 12 atomic mass units, but that of a carbon-13 atom is 13
amu. The atomic mass of an element is roughly equal to the sum of all the protons and neutrons
present in its nucleus.
The molecular mass of an element is the sum of the atomic masses of all its constituent
elements. This quantity is also represented in terms of atomic mass units. Therefore, the
molecular mass of water is equal to the sum of the atomic masses of its constituents –
hydrogen and oxygen.
The atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.00794 amu and that of oxygen is 15.9994. Since water
molecules contain 2 hydrogen atoms and only one oxygen atom, the molecular mass of H 2O is
18.0154 amu.

Molar Mass
The molar mass of a substance is defined as the total mass of one mole of the substance. It is
often represented in terms of ‘grams per mole’ (g/mol). However, the SI unit of this quantity is
kg/mol. Molar mass can be represented by the following formula:

Molar mass of a Substance = (Mass of the Substance in grams) / (Number of Moles)


For example, the molar mass of water is approximately 18.015 g/mol, which is the mass of N A
number of water molecules.
Gram Atomic Mass and Gram Molecular Mass
The gram atomic mass of an element is the mass of one mole of that element. Similarly, the
gram molecular mass of a compound refers to the mass of a single mole of the compound.
Therefore, the gram atomic mass of hydrogen is approximately 1.007g and the gram molecular
mass of water is approximately 18.015g.

Related Formulae
The number of moles in a given sample of an element/compound can be calculated by dividing
the total mass of the sample by the molar mass of the element/compound, as described by the
following formula.

Number of Moles = (Mass of the Sample)/(Molar Mass)

The total number of atoms/molecules in a sample can be calculated by multiplying the number of
moles with the Avogadro constant. This formula can be written as:
Number of Atoms or Molecules = (Number of Moles) *(6.022*1023)

The relationship between the atomic mass unit (amu) and the gram is given by:
1 amu = (1gram)/(6.022*1023) = 1.66*10-24 grams

Therefore, the mass of one mole of an element will be equal to its atomic mass in grams.
Number of Electrons in a Mole of Hydrogen Molecule
The number of electrons in a mole of hydrogen molecule is:
1 mole of H2 contains 6.023×1023 molecules and each molecule of H2 contains two electrons.

1 mole = 6.023×1023
Therefore, the total no. of electrons in one mole of H2 are 12.046×1023.
Solved Examples on the Mole Concept
Some solved example questions on the mole concept.

Q.1: How many moles of iron are present in a pure sample weighing 558.45 grams?

A.1: The molar mass of iron is 55.845 g/mol. Therefore, the number of moles of iron in the
pure sample weighing 558.45 grams is:
Using the formula total molecular mass of the pure sample of Iron/ Molar mass of Iron
558.45g/55.845g/mol
= 10 moles.

Q.2: How many molecules of water are present in 36 grams of water?


A.2: The molar mass of water is 18g (approximately). Therefore, 36 grams of water makes
up a total of 2 moles. Each mole has 6.022*10 23 water molecules. The total number of H2O
molecules in 36 grams of water is: 12.044*1023

Q.3: How many grams of carbon can be found in 1 mole of carbon dioxide?

A.3: 1 mole of CO2 contains 1 mole of carbon and 2 moles of oxygen. The molar mass of
carbon is 12.0107 g/mol. Therefore, 1 mole of CO 2 contains 12.01 grams of carbon and 32
grams of oxygen.

You might also like