PHYSICS

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Submitted By :
HARSH MISHRA
Class 12th A
 Certificate
This is to certify that Harsh Mishra
student of Class XII, Takshashila Public
Model High School , has completed the
project titled ‘‘Transformers’’ during
the academic year 2024-2025 towards
partial fulfilment physics practical
examination conducted by CBSE, and
submitted satisfactory report, as
compiled in the following pages, under
my supervision.

_______________ _________________
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my teacher
Mr Pawan Tiwari sir who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic
Transformers, which also helped
me in doing a lot of Research and I
came to know about so many new
things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank
my parents and friends who
helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time
frame.

(Harsh Mishra)
Index
 INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high
alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage. It is a
static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive
coupling between its winding circuits. Transformers range in
size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden
inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds
of tons used in power plant substations or to interconnect
portions of the power grid. All operate on the same basic
principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new
technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in
some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in
many electronic devices. Transformers are essential for
high-voltage electric power transmission, which makes long-
distance transmission economically practical. A transformer
is most widely used device in both low and high current
circuit. In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes place without
the use of moving parts. A transformer which increases
the voltages is called a step-up transformer.
A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an
essential piece of apparatus both
for high and low current circuits.

Close-up of single-phase
pole mount transformer.
 OBJECTIVE
To Investigate the Relation Between
the Ratios of :
1 ) Input and Output Voltage
2 ) Number of Turnings in a Secondary coil and
Primary coil of self made Transformer

PRINCIPLE
It is based on the principle of mutual
induction that is if a varying current is set-
up in a circuit then induced e.m.f. is
produced in the neighbouring circuit. The
varying current in a circuit produce
varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f.
in the neighbouring circuit
 CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular
shaft iron core made of laminated sheets,
well insulated from one another. Two coils
p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the same
core, but are well insulated with each
other. Note that the both the coils are
insulated from the core, the source of
alternating e.m.f is connected to p1p2, the
primary coil and a load resistance R is
connected to s1 s2, the secondary coil
through an open switch S. thus there can
be no current through the sec. coil so long
as the switch is open. For an
 ideal transformer, we assume that the
resistance of the primary & secondary
winding is negligible. Further, the energy
loses due to magnetic the iron core is also
negligible. For operation at low frequency, we
may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is
insulating by joining thin iron strips coated
with varnish to insulate them to reduce
energy losses by eddy currents. The input
circuit is called primary. And the output
circuit is called secondary.

An ideal voltage step-down transformer.

The secondary current arises from the
action of the secondary EMF on the (not
shown) load impedance
 The ideal transformer as a circuit element

THEORY AND WORKING

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the

primary coil p1p2, an alternating current
starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces altering voltage in the primary
as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn
 of the secondary is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary.

Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values

of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns
of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and, Dфь / dt = rate of change of
flux in each turn of the coil at this instant, we
have Ep = -Np Dфь/dt (1)
Es = -Ns Dфь/dt (2)

Since the above relations are true at every

instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f
induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to
the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if
Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is
given by
I =E – Ep / Rp
 E – Ep = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small,

Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as Es / Ep =
Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np =
K
Where K is constant, called turn or
transformation ratio.
In a step up transformer
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
If Ip=value of primary current at the same
instant t
And Is =value of sec. current at this instant,
then Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
 If there are no losses of power in the
transformer, then Input power
= output power or
Ep Ip = Es Is Or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K

In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

I.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary

voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in
voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step
down transformer, whatever we lose in
voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps
down the current & a step down transformer
steps up the current.
BASIC IDEA OF STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

BASIC IDEA OF STEP UP TRANSFORMER

 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output
power to the input power i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power

losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are many power
losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than
one.
 ENERGY LOSS
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always
less than the input energy, because energy losses occur due
to a number of reasons as explained below

1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is

seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by
the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.

2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination,

Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy
current may, however be small. And a part of energy is
lost as the heat produced in the iron core.

3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer

possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to
the heat produced in the resistance of the coil

4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes

the iron core through complete cycle of magnetization. So
Energy is lost due to hysteresis.

5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the

Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound
may be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of
energy may be lost due to humming.
 APPARATUS
Iron Rod , Voltmeter , Ammeter ,
Copper wire .

Circuit Diagram
 PROCEDURE
1.Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper
(say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound

relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step
down transformer.

3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input

voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.

4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current

through s1and s2.

5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure

voltage and current through primary and secondary
coil of step up transformer.

6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by

changing number of turns in primary and secondary
coil.
 USES OF TRANSFORMER

A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations

1 ) In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air

conditioner etc.

2 ) In the induction furnaces

3 ) A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

4) A step down transformer is used for obtaining large

current.

5 ) A step up transformer is used for the production of X-

Rays and NEON advertisement.

6 ) Transformers are used in voltage regulators and

stabilized power supplies.
7 ) Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over
long distances.

8 ) Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones,

loud speakers and electric bells etc.
 SOURCE OF ERROR
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.

CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with
respect to the input voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with
respect to the input voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output
coil of a transformer.

PRECAUTIONS

1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant
 mer
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The End