Chapter 3

1) Which of the following occurs at the initial baseline stage in an ABA design?

a) Observation and measurement of behaviour with intervention.

b) Observation and measurement of behaviour without any intervention.

c) Covert observation of behaviour.

d) Observer observation of behaviour.

Check your answer

2) Aetiology is a term:

a) Used to describe a course of treatment.

b) Used to predict the length of treatment.

c) Used to describe the causes or origins of psychological symptoms.

d) That describes a specific theory related to psychopathology.

Check your answer

3) Analogue research involves:

a) Undertaking research to determine the efficacy of treatments and interventions.

b) Undertaking research to compare the effectiveness of two different types of

treatment.

c) Undertaking research on clinical populations.

d) Undertaking research on healthy, non-clinical populations.

Check your answer

4) Animal models allow research into which of the following?

a) Experimental investigation into factors such as the genetics of a psychopathology.

b) Changes in brain biochemistry associated with specific psychopathologies.

c) The effects of drugs on psychopathology.

d) All of the above.

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5) An applied scientist is:

 a) Someone who is competent as both a researcher and a practitioner.

b) Someone who has more than 100 publications.

c) Someone who is chartered.

d) Someone who has expertise in more than one field.

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6) Which of the following is true of a scientist-practitioner:

a) Someone who has expertise in more than one field.

b) Someone who has more than 100 publications.

c) Someone who is chartered.

d) Someone who is competent as both a researcher and a practitioner.

Check your answer

7) A hypotheses is:

a) Abnormally low motor activity.

b) Statements, propositions or assumptions that serve as tentative explanations of

certain facts.

c) A general term for impaired memory ability.

d) Diminished smell sensitivity.

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8) Which of the following is an acronym for NICE?

a) The National Institute for Cognitive Economy.

b) The Neurological Intervention for Cognitive Experimentation.

c) The National Institute for Health & Clinical Excellence.

d) The National Institute for Clinical Experimentation

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9) Prediction refers to which of the following:

a) Reasoning whereby two objects are assumed to be similar.

 b) A statement about what will be observed before it actually occurs.

c) Anything that precedes another thing.

d) A measure of success of a test, for test, rule, principal or theory.

Check your answer

10) SPSS is an acronym of the following?

a) Statistical Predictions for Social Sciences.

b) Sexual Preferences for the Sixties and Seventies.

c) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.

d) Sexual Performance and SAD Syndrome.

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11) Which of the following statements is true of the notion of statistical significance?

a) The degree to which a result was sufficiently unlikely to have occurred by chance.

b) The degree to which it may have been attributed to systematic manipulations.

c) The degree is typically specified and denoted as a probability.

d) All of the above.

Check your answer

12) If something is testable, it involves which of the following?

a) A scientific explanation that can be tested and potentially falsified

b) Research which has been collected under controlled conditions that will allow any
other researcher to replicate the research.

c) Research that involves cross-cultural study.

d) A repeated measured design.

Check your answer

13) Prevalence rates can be assessed by which of the following questions?

a) Have you ever experienced symptoms of a specific psychopathology in your

lifetime?

b) Have you experienced symptoms of a specific psychopathology in the last month?

c) Are you experiencing symptoms of a specific psychopathology at the present time?

 d) All of the above.

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14) The outcome of what is being measured is termed:

a) The independent variable.

b) The dependant variable.

c) The predictor variable.

d) The hypothetical variable.

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15) To avoid experimenter bias, when the experimenter nor the participant is aware of which group
the participant is in, this is known as:

a) Null hypothesis.

b) Random assignment.

c) Variable manipulation.

d) Double blind.

Check your answer

16) What is the name of an effect that occurs when an experimental group gets better simply
because they are being giving a pill and this leads them to expect to get better?

a) The domino effect.

b) The butterfly effect.

c) The placebo effect.

d) The expectancy effect.

Check your answer

17) Natural experiments involve:

a) Collection of data from animal studies.

b) Collection of data from events that cannot usually be manipulated in the laboratory.

c) Observation studies.

d) Data to be collected from naturist centres.

Check your answer

18) A case study can be used in which of the following circumstances?

a) When there are only a few instances of a particular psychopathology available for
study.

b) Providing new insights into existing psychopathologies.

c) Providing detailed information that may disprove existing theories.

d) All of the above.

Check your answer

19) The external validity of an experiment means that:

a) Results have been obtained from cross cultural studies.

b) Experiments were performed in the open air.

c) Results are generalisable to other populations.

d) Results are replicable.

Check your answer

20) Which of the following describes a meta-analysis?

a) Analyse very large studies.

b) Analysis of the methods of statistical analysis.

c) Establish external validity.

d) Detect trends across studies that may have used different procedures, numbers of
participants, types of control procedures, and different forms of measurement.

Check your answer

21) In an experiment an effect size is:

a) The success of experimental manipulation.

b) An objective and standardised measure of the magnitude of the effect observed in a

study.

c) Effective hypothesis testing.

d) Measurement of how successfully you carried out the experiment.

Check your answer

22) Quantitative methods enable one to:

 a) Draw conclusions from studies on the basis of self report questionnaires.

b) Draw conclusions from studies on the basis of the size of cohort.

c) Draw conclusions from studies on the basis of observation of behaviour.

d) Draw conclusions from studies on the basis of statistical inference.

Check your answer

23) Qualitative methods involved which of the following:

a) Emphasising mathematical analyses of data.

b) Verbal analysis of data.

c) Self analysis.

d) Group analysis.

Check your answer

24) Grounded theory is an approach to qualitative analysis. It involves which of the following:

a) Identifying significant childhood experiences

b) Identifying consistent categories or themes within the data.

c) Identifying unconscious defence mechanisms.

d) Identifying baseline measurements.

Check your answer

25) During experimentation informed consent should include which of the following:

a) Details of the purpose of the experiment.

b) A description of the procedures the participant will encounter.

c) The duration of the study.

d) All of the above.

Check your answer

26) In drug treatment studies, it may be necessary to use deception. This may involve:

a) Participant not knowing they are taking part in the study.

b) Participants unknowingly receiving a placebo.

 c) Participants not being paid.

d) Asking participants to deceive other participants about the effectiveness of their

treatment.

Check your answer

27) Those with more complex psychopathologies are likely to be excluded from treatment outcome
studies and so denied access to the treatment programme associated with the study. This is referred
to as:

a) Simple diagnosis criteria.

b) A no-treatment control condition.

c) Narrow inclusion criteria.

d) Complex exclusion criteria.

Check your answer

28) In psychological research, the term privacy refers to which of the following options:

a) Participants in psychological research have a right to expect that information they

provide will be treated confidentially.

b) Participants have the right to withdraw from the experiment at any time.

c) The design of the experiment is double-blind.

d) Participants can decide not to provide some forms of information to the researcher
if they so wish.

Check your answer

29) In psychological research the term confidentiality refers to which of the following options:

a) The experimenter appears confident during the experimental situation.

b) Participants have a right to expect that information they provide will be treated
confidentially.

c) The experiment will involve the participant confiding in the experimenter.

d) The experimenter is confident that the hypothesis will be proved.

Check your answer

30) Which of the following would occur in a longitudinal study:

a) Measures are taken from different participants over an extended period of time.
 b) Participation is expected to last for a minimum of 24 hours.

c) Measures are taken from the same participants on different occasions usually over
extended periods of time.

d) Measures are taken from participants in at least six different countries.

Chapter 4
Multiple Choice Questions

1) Which of the following is not an antidepressant drug?

a) Tricyclic antidepressants.

b) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).

c) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

d) Antinoamine tritase rehibitor (ATRs).

Check your answer

2) Anxiolytic drugs are used to treat:

a) The symptoms of depression and mood disorder.

b) The symptoms of anxiety and stress.

c) The symptoms of psychosis and schizophrenia.

d) None of the above.

Check your answer

3) What is a major side effect of Prozac?

a) Loss of sexual desire.

b) Loss of hair.

c) Weight loss.

d) Weight gain.

Check your answer

4) antipsychotics do which of the following?

a) Alleviate Major positive symptoms (such as thought disorder and hallucinations).

b) Alleviate Major negative symptoms (such as social withdrawal).

 c) Reducing the burden of institutional care.

d) All of the above.

Check your answer

5) Beck's Cognitive therapy for depression requires the individual to:

a) Make an objective assessment of their beliefs.

b) Keep a dream diary.

c) Keep a mood diary.

d) Set attainable life goals.

Check your answer

6) Behaviour analysis is based upon the principles of:

a) Classical conditioning.

b) Operant conditioning.

c) Dream analysis.

d) All of the above.

Check your answer

7) Behaviour modification is a type of:

a) Behaviour therapy.

b) Cognitive behavioural therapy.

c) Humanistic therapy.

d) Client centred therapy.

Check your answer

8) Drugs called Benzodiazepines are used to treat:

a) Depression.

b) Anxiety disorders.

c) Schizophrenia.

d) Mood disorders

Check your answer

9) Client centred therapy is a type of:

a) Humanistic therapy.

b) Psychodynamic therapy.

c) Cognitive therapy.

d) Behavioural therapy.

Check your answer

10) Which of the following might be considered as the central tenets of Client-Centred Therapy:

a) Empathy.

b) Unconditional positive regard.

c) Congruence.

d) All of the above.

Check your answer

11) It is generally considered that Cognitive behavioural therapy changes:

a) Thought processes.

b) Behaviour.

c) Thoughts and behaviour.

d) Mood states.

Check your answer

12) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is generally perceived as:

a) Phenomenological.

b) Psychodynamic.

c) Humanistic.

d) Evidence-based.

Check your answer

13) Which of the following is not a Behaviour Therapy technique?

a) Flooding.
 b) Counter transference.

c) Counterconditioning.

d) Systematic desensitisation.

Check your answer

14) The principle of extinction assumes that emotional problems can be:

a) Unlearned.

b) Removed from your mental lexicon.

c) Derived from childhood experiences.

d) Become prehistoric.

Check your answer

15) Counterconditioning is an exposure therapy technique which involves:

a) Learning that one negative event may be linked to another.

b) Exposing the client to the feared stimulus.

c) Learning that an event or situation is no longer threatening.

d) Helping the client to see that their behaviour is counterproductive.

Check your answer

16) Contininual professional development (CPD) demonstrates that a therapist:

a) Relies on information from informal sources.

b) Regularly updates their knowledge of recent developments in treatment techniques.

c) Relies solely on research literature as a way of updating their therapeutic skills.

d) Attends all therapeutic conferences.

Check your answer

17) Counselling is a profession that aims to:

a) Promote personal growth and productivity.

b) Provide a successful diagnosis in psychopathology.

c) Ensure that clients are on the correct medication.

d) Solely address behaviour.

Check your answer

18) According to the psychodynamic view dream analysis is one of the central tenets of:

a) Psychoanalysis.

b) Cognitive behaviour therapy.

c) Humanistic therapy.

d) Client centred therapy.

Check your answer

19) Empathy involves:

a) Feeling sorry for someone.

b) Putting others before yourself.

c) Putting yourself in someone else's shoes.

d) Putting yourself before others.

Check your answer

20) An encounter group:

a) Enables individuals to interact with others in a social setting.

b) Encourages team building.

c) Aids the therapist in diagnosis.

d) Encourages therapy and self-growth through disclosure and interaction.

Check your answer

21) Group therapy can be advantageous when an individual:

a) May need to work out their problems in the presence of others (e.g. in the case of
emotional problems relating to relationships, feelings of isolation, loneliness and rejection).

b) May need comfort and support from others.

c) May acquire therapeutic benefit from observing and watching others.

d) All of the above.

Check your answer

22) Which of the following possibilities makes email a useful adjunct to face to face sessions?
 a) Monitor treatment from a distance.

b) Monitor behaviour daily.

c) Intervene in a crisis.

d) All of the above.

Check your answer

23) Family therapy is generally used to:

a) Improve communications between members of the family.

b) Resolve specific conflicts - for example between adolescents and their parents.

c) Attempts to understand the family as a social system.

d) All of the above.

Check your answer

24) Systems theory involves:

a) Uses computer based programs for therapy'

b) Attempts to understand the family as a social system.

c) Uses data analysis systems as a diagnostic tool.

d) Relies on self-report measures.

Check your answer

25) Faulty learning involves:

a) Acquiring psychological disorders through poor school attendance.

b) Acquiring psychological disorders through low self esteem.

c) Acquiring psychological disorders by exposure to aversive stimuli.

d) All of the above.

Check your answer

26) Functional analysis is a therapy based on:

a) Classical conditioning.

b) Humanistic principles.
 c) Operant conditioning.

d) Psychodynamic principles.

Check your answer

27) Token Economy is an influential intervention based upon:

a) Classical conditioning.

b) Implicit learning.

c) Operant conditioning.

d) Client centred therapy.

Check your answer

28) When determining whether a treatment works because of the principles it contains it is known
as:

a) Ecological validity.

b) Reliability.

c) Internal validity.

d) Internal consistency.

Check your answer

29) Meta-analysis is often used to compare the effectiveness of studies that have used:

a) Different procedures.

b) Different numbers of participants.

c) Different types of control procedures.

d) All of the above.

Check your answer

30) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are effective for the treatment of:

a) Schizophrenia.

b) Major depression.

c) Obsessive compulsive disorder.

d) Generalized anxiety disorder.

Check your answer