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3. Signals

The document discusses the characteristics and classifications of signals, including analog and digital signals, continuous time signals, and discrete time signals. It explains concepts such as frequency, amplitude, and phase modulation, along with examples like ECG signals and electrical circuit signals. Additionally, it highlights the differences between analog and digital signals, emphasizing their value ranges and frequency characteristics.

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Abhinav Jain
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4 views

3. Signals

The document discusses the characteristics and classifications of signals, including analog and digital signals, continuous time signals, and discrete time signals. It explains concepts such as frequency, amplitude, and phase modulation, along with examples like ECG signals and electrical circuit signals. Additionally, it highlights the differences between analog and digital signals, emphasizing their value ranges and frequency characteristics.

Uploaded by

Abhinav Jain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signals

Analog Signals and Digital Signals, Characteristics of Analog Signals,


Frequency Modulation (FM), Amplitude, Modulation (AM), Phase
Modulation (PM), Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QAM
Application examples of signals
Definition

⚫ Signal is a function of one (or) more independent variable


which convey some information.
⚫ Classification of Signals
 Continuous time signals - x(t)
(eg) Analog Signals
 Discrete time signals - x(n)
(eg) Digital Signals
Continuous time signals
⚫ Signal which
are defined at every instants of time is
known as continuous time signals.
Discrete time signals
⚫ Signalwhich aredefinedat discreteinstantsof time is
known as Discrete time signals.
Examples of signals: ECG Signal
Example:Signals in an Electrical Circuit
R

i
+
C vc
vs -

The signals vc and vs are patterns of variation over time

vs, vc

t
Signals can be analog or digital.
Analog signals can have an infinite number
of values in a range; digital signals can
have only a limited
number of values.
Figure Comparison of analog and digital signals
Figure A sine wave
Figure Two signals with the same phase and frequency,
but different amplitudes
Frequency and period are the inverse of
each other.
Figure Two signals with the same amplitude and phase,
but different frequencies
Frequency is the rate of change with
respect to time.

Change in a short span of time


means high frequency.

Change over a long span of


time means low frequency.
Problems
⚫ The power we use at home has a frequency of 60 Hz (50
Hz in Europe). Find the period of this sine wave
Phase describes the position of the
waveform relative to time 0.
Figure Three sine waves with the same amplitude and frequency,
but different phases
Contd…
⚫ a. A sine wave with a phase of 0° starts at time 0 with a
zero amplitude.The amplitude is increasing.
⚫ b.A sine wave with a phase of 90° starts at time 0 with a
peak amplitude.The amplitude is decreasing.
⚫ c. A sine wave with a phase of 180° starts at time 0 with
a zero amplitude.The amplitude is decreasing
Contd…
⚫ a.A sine wave with a phase of 0° is not shifted.
⚫ b.A sine wave with a phase of 90° is shifted to the left by
cycle.The signal does not really exist before time 0.
⚫ c. A sine wave with a phase of 180° is shifted to the left
by cycle.The signal does not really exist before time 0.

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