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WEEK-1_INTRODUCTION-TO-EM-WAVES

The document provides an overview of waves, including mechanical and electromagnetic waves, detailing their types such as longitudinal and transverse waves. It covers the electromagnetic spectrum, explaining various regions including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays, along with their properties and applications. Key figures like James Clerk Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz are mentioned for their contributions to the understanding of electromagnetic waves.

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6 views41 pages

WEEK-1_INTRODUCTION-TO-EM-WAVES

The document provides an overview of waves, including mechanical and electromagnetic waves, detailing their types such as longitudinal and transverse waves. It covers the electromagnetic spectrum, explaining various regions including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays, along with their properties and applications. Key figures like James Clerk Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz are mentioned for their contributions to the understanding of electromagnetic waves.

Uploaded by

hallegadodavematthew3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction

to Waves
Think
About It
Think About It
01

Today, 02

you
will... 03

04
Mechanical Waves

Waves Electromagnetic Waves


Longitudinal Waves
Longitudinal •

•
Longitudinal
Transverse
Parts of a Wave
Crest

Rest or Equilibrium Position

Trough
Amplitude
Wavelength

λ
Frequency
Longitudinal
Waves
Learning
Check
Learning Check

• •
• •
• •
Electromagnetic Waves
James Clerk Maxwell
- Scottish physicist
- In 1865, formulated the electromagnetic
theory which established the relationship
between electromagnetism and light.
- He assumed that a changing electric field
induces a magnetic field and that a changing
magnetic field, in turn, generates an electric
field.
- He further predicted the existence of
electromagnetic waves.
Heinrich Hertz

- In1886, he verified the


predictions of Maxwell. That is
why electromagnetic waves are
sometimes called Hertzian
waves.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Regions of EM Waves

Radio waves are electromagnetic waves that are generated by


the oscillation of electrons in an atom. Radio wave is the longest
of all electromagnetic waves with wavelengths ranging from 10 m
to 10 m and has the lowest frequencies ranging from 30kHz
(kilohertz = 10 hertz) to 300 GHz (gigahertz = 10 hertz).
The bands are divided into specific bands for wireless
communication as shown in table 1 below.
Regions of EM Waves

Microwaves are considered as high frequency radio waves


which lie in the EM spectrum somewhere from 300MHz to
300 GHz, with wavelengths corresponding to 10 m to 10 m
and are generated by electronic devices.
Regions of EM Waves

Infrared radiations (IR) are invisible but they can be


felt as heat. They have low frequency than the red part
of the visible light. Their frequencies range from 3x10
Hz – 4x10 Hz, with wavelengths ranging from 7.5 x10
m to 10 m.
Regions of EM Waves

Visible light is the only EM radiation perceived by the


human eye. It lies between IR and UV with frequencies
ranging from 4x10 Hz – 8x10 Hz, with wavelengths ranging
from 4x10 m to 8x10 m. White light is made up of a
variety of colors with an acronym ROYGBV: red, orange,
yellow, green, blue and violet.
Regions of EM Waves
Regions of EM Waves

Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) is the part of the


electromagnetic spectrum that consists of frequencies
higher than visible light but lower than X-rays. It has
frequencies ranging from 8x10 Hz to 10 Hz and with
wavelengths ranging from 6 x10 m to 4 x 10 m.
Regions of EM Waves

There are three kinds of UV: UVA, UVB, and UVC. UVA has
a wavelength range of 315 nm to 400 nm; UVB, from 280
nm to 314 nm; and UVC, from 279nm to 60 nm.
Regions of EM Waves

16 19
• X- rays have frequencies ranging from 3 x10 Hz to 3 x 10
-12 -8
Hz and wavelengths ranging from 10 m to 10 m. X-rays
are produced by accelerating high- energy electrons
bombarding a metal target.
• They are high - energy waves that can penetrate several
centimeters into a most solid objects.
Regions of EM Waves

• Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves that have the highest


energy in the EM spectrum .
• These are usually emitted in very high energy nuclear and
particle reactions in sun and stars and can be given off by
radioactive materials like Cobalt -60 and Cesium- 137 or by
interstellar matter and remnants of supernova.
Regions of EM Waves

-14
• They have the shortest wavelength, ranging from 10 m
-10 19
to 10 m and the highest frequency greater than 3 x 10
Hz.
Energy of Electromagnetic Waves
• The energy of an EM wave also depends on its frequency,
which means waves with higher frequency have higher
energy too. Gamma rays have highest energy and highly
penetrating. Specifically, the energy ( E ) of a wave is
related to its frequency ( f ) by this equation
E = hf
• Where h is the Planck’s constant and is equal to
-34
6.63 x 10 J.s
Energy of Electromagnetic Waves
8
• All EM waves move at the same speed (c = 3 x 10 m/s) in
a vacuum and differ from one another in frequency and
wavelength.
• All EM waves follow the basic wave equation,
v= fλ or c= fλ
• where v is equal to c , f is its frequency and λ is its
wavelength. The unit of λ is m (meter), f is Hz(hertz ) or
1/s and v is m/s.
Energy of Electromagnetic Waves
• Thus, EM waves with long wavelength have low
frequency and those with short wavelength have high
frequency.

longer wavelength - low frequency


short wavelength - high frequency
CONVERSION TABLE
CONVERSION OF NANOMETER TO METERS
Sample Problem
A certain radio station has
frequency of 101.5 MHz. What is
its wavelength?
Sample Problem
The wavelength of the red part of
visible light is 760nm while that of
the blue part is 470nm. Which has
a greater frequency?
Sample Problem
Using the frequencies of blue and red
color of visible light in problem
number 2, which of the two colors has
a greater energy?
fred = 3.95x1014 Hz fblue = 6.38x1014 Hz

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