07/02/2022

Long fillet weld subjected to torsion

Consider a vertical plate attached to a horizontal plate by

two identical fillet welds:

Welded Joints
Lecture 2
Prof. Nirosh Jayaweera, PhD, CEng
08th February, 2022

Note:
Effect of the applied torque is to rotate the vertical plate
about the Z- axis through its mid point.

Long fillet weld subjected to torsion Questions

Assumption: A plate 1 m long, 60 mm thick is welded to another plate

Horizontal shearing stresses very from zero at the Z- at right angles to each other by 15 mm fillet weld, as
axis and maximum at the end of the plate shown in figure. Find the maximum torque that the welded
joint can sustain if the permissible shear stress intensity in
Shear stress:
the welded material is not to exceed 80 MPa.

Maximum shear stress:

Answer Strength of butt joint

Assumption:
Load resisting area is equal to the nominal cross
section of thin welded parts, neglecting the size of
the reinforcement.
Maximum shear stress:
Butt joints are designed for tension or
compression.

Let us consider a single V-butt joint.

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Strength of butt joint Strength of butt joint

In butt joint, the length of leg or size of weld is equal to the throat
thickness which is equal to thickness of plates.

Tensile strength of the butt joint ( single- V or square butt joint) is given
by

Tensile strength for double-V butt joint is given by

Strength of butt joint Stresses for Welded Joints

The stresses in welded joints are difficult to determine
Note: because of the variable and unpredictable parameters
size of the weld should be greater than the like homogeneity of weld metal, change of physical
thickness of the plate, but it may be less. The properties due to high rate of cooling etc.
following table shows recommended minimum size
of the welds. Strength calculations are based on the following
assumptions:
Thickness of 3-5 6-8 10-16 18-24 26-55 Over 58
plate (mm)
Minimum size of 3 5 6 10 14 20 1. Load is distributed evenly along the entire weld
weld (mm) length.
2. Stress is spread evenly over its effective section.

Stress concentration factor for

Stresses for Welded Joints
welded joints
This table shows the stresses for welded joints for joining The reinforcement provided to the weld produces stress
ferrous metals with mild steel electrode under steady and concentration at the junction of the weld and the parent
fatigue or reversed load. metal. When the parts are subjected to fatigue loading,
the stress concentration factor as given in the following
table should be taken into account.
Type of Joint Stress concentration factor
Reinforced butt weld 1.2
Toe of transverse fillet welds 1.5
End of parallel fillet weld 2.7
T-butt joint with sharp corners 2.0
NOTE: For static loading and any type of joint, stress
concentration factor is 1.0

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Question Answer
Given:
A plate 100 mm wide and 12.5 mm thick is to be Width = 100 mm; Thickness = 12.5 mm; P = 50 kN
= 50 x 103 N; Ʈ = 56 MPa = 56 N/mm2
welded to another plate by means of parallel fillet
welds. The plates are subjected to a load of 50 kN.
Find the length of the weld so that the maximum Length of weld for static loading
stress does not exceed 56 MPa. Consider the joint
first under static loading and then under fatigue
loading.

Answer Answer
Length of weld for fatigue loading
From table the stress concentration factor for parallel
fillet welding is 2.7.
Permissible shear stress:

Maximum load which the plates can carry for double

parallel fillet welds (P):

Adding 12.5 mm for starting and stopping of weld run:

Question Answer
Given:
A plate 75 mm wide and 12.5 mm thick is joined with Width = 75 mm; Thickness = 12.5 mm; σt = 70 MPa =70
another plate by a single transverse weld and a double N/mm2; Ʈ = 56 MPa = 56 N/mm2
parallel fillet weld as shown in figure. The maximum
tensile and shear stresses are 70 Mpa and 56 Mpa
respectively. Find the length of each parallel fillet weld, if The effective length of weld (ɩ1) for the transverse weld
the joint is subjected to both static and fatigue loading. may be obtained by subtracting 12.5 mm from the width of
the plate.
ɩ1= 75 – 12.5 = 62.5 mm
Length of each parallel fillet for static loading
ɭ 2 = Length of each parallel fillet
Maximum load that plate can carry is

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Answer Answer
Load carried by single transverse weld Length of each parallel fillet for fatigue loading
Stress concentration factor for transverse welds is 1.5
and for parallel fillet welds is 2.7.
Load carried by double parallel fillet weld: Permissible tensile stress:

Load carried by the joint (P): Permissible shear stress:

Adding 12.5 mm for starting and stopping of weld run, Load carried by single transverse weld
we have

Answer Question

Load carried by double parallel fillet weld A plate 80 mm wide and 12.5 mm thick is joined
with another plate by a single transverse weld and
a double parallel fillet weld as shown in figure Q1.
Load carried by the joint (P): The maximum tensile and shear stresses are 70
MPa and 56 MPa respectively. Find the length of
each parallel fillet weld, if the joint is subjected to
Adding 12.5 mm for starting and stopping of weld run, both static and fatigue loading. Assume load is
we have distributed evenly along the entire weld length and
stress is spread evenly over its effective section.

Axially loaded Unsymmetrical Welded

Question
Sections

Some unsymmetrical sections such as angles,

channels, T-sections etc., welded on flange edges are
loaded axially as shown in figure.

In such cases, the lengths of weld should be

proportioned in such a way that the sum of resisting
Figure Q1 moments of the welds about the gravity axis is zero.
Following information is given,
Consider an angle section:
Type of Joint Stress concentration factor
Toe of transverse fillet welds 1.5
End of parallel fillet weld 2.7

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Axially loaded Unsymmetrical Welded Axially loaded Unsymmetrical Welded

Sections Sections
Moment of the top weld about gravity axis:

Moment of the bottom weld about gravity axis:

Since the sum of the moments of the weld about

the gravity axis must be zero, therefore,

(i)

Axially loaded Unsymmetrical Welded

Question
Sections
We know that A 200 x 150 x 10 mm angle is to be welded to a steel
( ii ) plate by fillet welds as shown in figure. If the angle is
subjected to a static load of 200 kN, find the length of
From equation (i) and (ii), we have weld at the top and bottom. The allowable shear stress
for static loading may be taken as 75 MPa.

Answer Answer
Given: Now let us find out the position of the centroidal axis:
a + b = 200 mm; P = 200 kN = 200 x 103 N; Ʈmax = 75 MPa =75 N/mm2
b = Distance of centroidal axis from the bottom of the angle
ɭa = Length of weld at the top b = (200 – 10) x 10 x 105 + 150 x 10 x 5
= 60.88 mm
ɭb = Length of weld at the bottom 190 x 10 + 150 x 10
ɭ = Total length of the weld = ɭa + ɭb
a = 200 – 60.88 = 139.12 mm

377 x 60.88
= 114.76 mm
200

377 – 114.76 mm = 262.24 mm

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Question Eccentrically loaded welded joints

A 200 x 150 x 10 mm angle iron is to be is to be welded An eccentric load may be imposed on welded joints in many ways.
to a steel plate by fillet welds as shown in figure. If the The stresses induced on the joint may be of different nature or of the
angle is subjected to a static load of 15 x 104 N, same nature. The induced stresses are combined depending upon the
nature of stresses.
estimate the required lengths of fillet welds to be
provided. The allowable shear stress of weld material Maximum normal stress:
[Ʈw] is 600 x 105 N/m2.

Maximum shear stress:

Question Answer
A welded joint as shown in Figure is subjected to an Given:
eccentric load of 2 kN. Find the size of weld, if the P = 2 kN = 2000 N; e = 120 mm; ɭ =40 mm;
maximum shear stress in the weld is 25 MPa. Ʈmax = 25 MPa = 25 N/mm2

Let s = Size of Weld in mm, and

t = Throat thickness
The joint is subjected to direct shear stress due to shear
force , P = 2000 N and bending stress due to bending
moment of P x e.

Throat Area:

Answer Answer

Shear stress:
Maximum shear stress (Ʈmax):
Bending moment:
M = P x e = 2000 x 120 = 240 x 103 N-mm

Section modulus of the weld through the throat:

t x ɭ2
x 2 = 0.707 x s x ɭ
2
Z=
6 3

Bending stress:

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Question Answer
A 50 mm diameter solid shaft is welded to a flat plate as Given:
shown in Figure. If the size of the weld is 15 mm, find the D = 50 mm; s = 15 mm; P = 10 kN = 10000 N; e = 200 mm
maximum normal and shear stress in the weld. Let t = Throat thickness

The joint is subjected to direct shear stress and the

bending stress.
Throat area for a circular fillet weld:

Direct shear stress:

Answer Answer
Bending moment: Maximum normal stress:

Section modulus of circular section:

Maximum shear stress:

Bending stress:

Question Answer
Given:
A rectangular cross section bar is welded to a support by P = 25 kN = 25 x 103 N; Ʈmax = 75 MPa = 75 N/mm2;
means of fillet welds as shown in figure. Determine the ɭ = 100 mm; b = 150 mm; e = 500 mm
size of the welds, if the permissible shear stress in the
weld is limited to 75 MPa. Let s = Size of the weld and
t = Throat thickness

The joint is subjected to direct shear stress and the

bending stress.

Throat area for a rectangular fillet weld:

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Answer Answer
Direct shear stress:
Maximum shear stress (Ʈmax):

Bending moment:

Section modulus of a rectangular section:

Bending stress:

Weld Defects Common Defects and Causes

 A weld defect is any physical characteristic in the completed weld Description Cause(s)
that reduces the strength and/or affects the appearance of the Excessive heat
The depth of the weld
weld. is less than Excessive speed.
 The mark of a good welder is the ability to identify weld defects specifications.
and adjust the welding parameters to eliminate them.
The weld metal is not Incorrect angle
 Defects that are not visible must be detect by using destructive or completely fused to
nondestructive testing. Incorrect
base metal or passes manipulation
 If the defects in a weld exceed the specifications, the weld must are not completely
Insufficient heat
be removed and redone. fused.

 Welds are removed by grinding, gouging and cutting.

Weld material flows Slow speed
 Eliminating a weld defect is time consuming and expensive -- you over, but is not fused
must be able to complete the weld correctly the first time. with the base metal.

Common Defects and Causes--cont. Common Defects and Causes--cont.

Description Cause(s)
Description Cause(s) Usually visible cracks Accelerated cooling
on the surface or
Weld bead does not Low heat Constrained joint
through the weld
extend to the desired Long arc Small weld volume
depth.
Incorrect joint design
Cracks in the Induced hydrogen
Small indentions in Excessive gas in the
transition zone
the surface of the weld zone. Incompatible electrode
between the weld and
weld Moisture or wire
base metal
Rust Accelerated cooling
Dirt
Small voids
Accelerated cooling
throughout the weld
material. Misshapen Inconstant speed
and/or uneven Incorrect manipulation
ripples Incorrect welder settings

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Any Questions?