Chap 11: Transport in Humans

-​ Pulmonary Circulation
Circulatory system: Right Atrium
-​ A system of blood vessels with a
↓
pump and valves to ensure one-way
flow of blood Right Ventricles
-​ Double circulation: a system in
↓
which blood passes through the
heart twice for each complete circuit Pulmonary artery

-​ Double circulation provides a low ↓

pressure circulation to the lungs and
Lungs
a high pressure circulation to the
body tissues ↓

Pulmonary Vein
-​ Advantages of Double Circulation:
●​ Fast + efficient supply of O2 ↓
and nutrients Left Atrium
●​ Efficient removal of CO2 and
-​ Systemic Circulation
urea from body
●​ Lower pressure in pulmonary Left atrium
circuit to prevent damage to ↓
lung capillaries
●​ Allows higher pressure in Left Ventricle
systemic circuit for efficient ↓
filtration in kidneys
●​ Prevents mixing of Aorta
oxygenated and ↓
deoxygenated blood
Body Organs

arteries

↓ Heart:
arterioles -​ Blood is pumped away from the
heart to body in arteries and returns
↓ to the heart in veins
capillaries -​ Arteries carry oxygenated blood
while veins carry deoxygenated
↓ blood
venules -​ Exception: pulmonary artery and
vein
↓

Veins -​ Blood goes to lungs in pulmonary

artery, gets oxygenated and returns
to heart in pulmonary vein, and is
 sent to rest of body in arteries, then ●​ Walls of the left ventricle are
returned from body to heart in veins thicker than the right
ventricle because the left
-​ Pulmonary vein -> brings ventricle has to transport
oxygenated blood from lungs into blood all over the body,
left atrium which is a greater distance,
-​ Vena cava -> brings deoxygenated thus it needs to create higher
blood from body tissues into the pressure so greater force is
right atrium needed. Extra force is
-​ Superior Vena Cava -> bringing possible due to thick muscles
blood from upper body in left ventricle
-​ Inferior Vena Cava -> bringing blood ●​ Right ventricles only has to
from lower body pump to the lungs, which is a
shorter distance, thus
-​ Aorta -> artery carrying oxygenated produces less force on
blood to body from left ventricle contraction so cardiac
-​ Pulmonary artery -> carries muscles are thinner
deoxygenated blood from right
ventricle to lungs Heart Process

-​ Right Atrium -> receives deoxy 1.​

blood from body, takes it to lungs -​ Both the atria and the
-​ Left Atrium -> receives oxy blood ventricles are relaxed.
from lungs, takes to body -​ The right atrium receives
blood from the vena cava
-​ Right Ventricle -> pumps deoxy while the left atrium receives
blood into lungs blood from the pulmonary
-​ Left Ventricle -> pumps oxy blood to veins.
body 2.​
-​ The atria contract
-​ Tendons -> hold valve in place to simultaneously, forcing blood
ensure valves do not turn inside out into the ventricles
-​ Atria is higher pressure,
-​ Septum -> A wall of muscle ventricles are lower pressure
separating the right and left 3.​
chambers of the heart -​ After a short pause, the
ventricles contract
-​ Thickness of cardiac muscles -​ Now ventricles are higher
●​ Atria have thinner walls than pressure
the ventricles because atria -​ Blood tries to rush back to
just have to pump blood to the atria, but the increase in
ventricles which are right blood pressure forces the
below, making distance atrioventricular valves to
shorter so less pressure close, preventing backflow of
needed blood into the atria.
 -​ This produces a loud ‘lub’ -​ WBCs
sound. ●​ Phagocytes
-​ Pressure in ventricles is now -​ Engulfing pathogens,
higher than pressure in aorta clear infections
-​ Semilunar valves in the -​ Perform phagocytosis
pulmonary and aortic arches -​ Trilobed nucleus
are forced open -​ Granular cytoplasm
-​ Blood goes from ventricles to -​ Lifespan is a week to
aorta few months
-​ Irregular shape
-​ NOTE: WBCs are
4.​ double the size of
-​ The ventricles then relax RBCs
-​ Thus there pressure is lower
than aorta
-​ Blood tries to return, ●​ Lymphocytes
however, the drop in -​ Antibody production
pressure in the ventricles and regulates
causes the semilunar valves immune response
in the two arches to close. -​ Large circular nucleus
This produces a soft ‘dub’ -​ Little but clear
sound cytoplasm
-​ This prevents the backflow of -​ Round shape
blood into the ventricles
-​ The drop in pressure in the
ventricles also causes the -​ Platelets
atrioventricular valves to ●​ Does clotting to prevent
open blood loss and entry of
-​ Cycle repeats pathogens
●​ Cell fragments, not cells
Blood ●​ Irregularly shaped
-​ Blood components: RBCs, WBCs, ●​ Made by bone marrow
platelets and plasma ●​ Make cells sticky and prevent
-​ RBCs loss of blood from damaged
●​ Transports oxygen around tissue
cells and tissues
●​ Biconcanve shape -​ Plasma
●​ No nucleus ●​ Transports its contents in
●​ Thin membrane for easier blood around body
diffusion ●​ 90% water
●​ Approx. 4 month life span ●​ The rest 10% is made of:
●​ Cytoplasm packed with -​ Ions
haemoglobin -​ Glucose
●​ 7 micrometers -> size -​ Amino acids
-​ Hormones
 -​ Vitamins
-​ Plasma proteins
-​ Waste Products: urea
and CO2

-​ Formation of Tissue Fluid

●​ Due to capillaries being thin,
some parts of blood plasma
leak out at the arteriole end,
and that becomes known as
tissue fluid
●​ Reason for leaking is HIGH
BLOOD PRESSURE
●​ Brings minerals like amino
acids, glucose, O2, mineral
salts and vitamins that cna
diffuse into the body cells
●​ Larger molecules like RBCs
and plasma proteins stay
inside
●​ Some of the tissue fluid
returns into capillaries at the
venule and carries waste
products like urea and Co2

-​ Blood Clotting
●​ Cut activates platelets
●​ Platelets release
thrombokinase
●​ Thrombokinase and calcium
ions turn prothrombin in
plasma to thrombin
●​ Thrombin converts
fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin
threads
●​ Fibrin threads form a mesh
to trap blood cells
-​