Assignment-2 Solution

Course: B.Tech. Semester: IV Branch: Civil Engineering

Subject Name: Structural design and drawing-1 Subject Code: CE-222 Year: 2025

Q1 Why are codes of practices necessary and what is the function of these codal provisions?
Answer:
Codes of practices are essential in the field of civil engineering to ensure the safety,
durability, and efficiency of structures. The primary reasons why codes of practices are
necessary include
i. Safety: Codes of practices provide guidelines and standards that help engineers
design structures that can withstand various loads and environmental conditions,
ensuring the safety of occupants and the public.
ii. Uniformity: Codes of practices promote uniformity in design, construction, and
maintenance practices, ensuring that structures are built to consistent standards and
quality across different projects.
iii. Legal Compliance: Following codes of practices helps engineers and builders
comply with legal requirements and regulations set by authorities, reducing the risk of
legal liabilities and ensuring that structures meet the necessary standards.
iv. Quality Assurance: Codes of practices set minimum requirements for materials,
construction methods, and quality control measures, ensuring that structures are built
to a high standard and are durable over their intended lifespan.
As per IS Code 456:2000, which is the Indian Standard Code of Practice for the design of
reinforced concrete structures, the codal provisions serve the following functions in technical
language:
i. Establish Design Criteria: IS Code 456:2000 provides design criteria and guidelines
for the analysis and design of reinforced concrete structures, including factors such as
material properties, load combinations, and design assumptions.
ii. Design Methodology: The code outlines the design methodology for various
structural elements such as beams, columns, slabs, and footings, including the
calculation of loads, moments, and reinforcement requirements based on structural
analysis principles.
iii. Material Specifications: The code specifies the properties and grades of concrete and
steel reinforcement to be used in reinforced concrete structures, ensuring that the
materials meet the required strength and durability standards.
iv. Safety Factors: IS Code 456:2000 prescribes safety factors and load combinations to
be considered in the design process to ensure that structures have an adequate margin
of safety against failure under various loading conditions.
v. Construction Practices: The code also includes provisions for construction practices,
detailing requirements, and quality control measures to be followed during the
construction of reinforced concrete structures to ensure structural integrity and
durability
Q2 Why it is necessary to anchor stirrups in the compression zone of beams?
Answer:
In accordance with IS Code 456:2000, it is necessary to anchor stirrups in the compression
zone of beams for the following reasons:
Confinement of Concrete: By anchoring stirrups in the compression zone of beams, the
concrete in this region is effectively confined.This confinement helps in preventing the
concrete from spalling or breaking apart under high compressive forces, thereby enhancing
the overall strength and ductility of the beam.
Shear Strength Enhancement: Anchoring stirrups in the compression zone helps in
enhancing the shear strength of the beam.The stirrups act as lateral ties that resist the diagonal
cracking that may occur in the compression zone due to shear forces.This improves the
overall shear capacity of the beam and prevents premature failure.
Crack Control: The presence of stirrups in the compression zone helps in controlling the
width and propagation of cracks in the concrete.By providing confinement and lateral
support, the stirrups help in limiting the extent of cracking, which is essential for maintaining
the structural integrity and durability of the beam.
Ductility and Flexural Capacity: Anchoring stirrups in the compression zone contributes to
the ductility of the beam.Ductility is the ability of a structure to undergo large deformations
before failure, and it is crucial for ensuring that the beam can redistribute loads effectively
and withstand unforeseen loading conditions. Additionally, the presence of stirrups enhances
the flexural capacity of the beam, allowing it to carry higher loads without failure.

Q3 Determine the permissible value of service load that can be imposed on a beam of
effective span 7m. The beam size is 300 mm x 550 mm with an effective cover of 50 mm.
Use M 25 concrete and Fe 500 steel. The beam is reinforced with 4-20mm bars on tension
side.
Solution:
Given: fck = 25 N/mm², fy = 500 N/mm², b = 300 mm
Ast = 4xπ/4x20² = 1256.64 mm²
D = 550 mm
d =550 0-50 (effective cover)
Let xu< xulim
Where, Xulim = 0.46 d = 0.46 (500) = 230 mm

=0.87fy Ast/0.36fck b = 0.87 (500) (1256.64)/ 0.36 (25) (300) = 201.34 mm

Assumption is true and fst= 0.87 fy is correct
Ultimate moment of resistance of the beam (MOR)
= 0.87 fy Ast (d-0.42Xu)
= 0.87(500) (1256.64) (500-0.42x201.34) =227.094 kNm
MOR= wu l2 / 8 (for simply supported beam)
wu= 8(227,094)/72= 37.077 kN/m = Factored load
Service load= Factored load/1.5= 37.077/1.5 = 24.718 kN/m
Self-weight of beam = 0.3 x 0.55 x 25 kN/m = 4.125 kN/m
Maximum service imposed loads that the beam is able to take
wL= (24.718-4.125) kN/m
=20,593 kN/m = 20 kN/m

Q4 Design a simply supported rectangular beam whose centre-to-centre distance between the
supports is 7 m and is supported on 230 mm thick walls. Assume live load 7 kN/m length of
beam. Use M25 concrete and Fe415 steel.
Solution:
Step: 1 Unknown Parameters: b. d (and thus D), Ast
Step: 2 Effective Span: As per Cl. 22.2 (a) of IS 456: 2000, effective span is taken as:
(i) Clear span + effective depth
(ii) Centre to centre distance between the two supports whichever is less
Clear span = 7000 – 230/2 -230/2 = 6770 mm
Now Cl. 23.2.1 of IS: 456-2000 gives basic ratios of span to effective depth which is 20 for
simply supported beam for beam upto 10 m span
Here, Span = 7m < 10 m
l/d ≤ 20
d≥ l/20=7000/20=350mm
Adopt d = 350 mm
.. Effective span is
(i) Clear span + d=6770+350=7120 mm
(ii) c/c distance between supports = 7000 mm
Hence, Leff =7000 mm = Effective span of beam
whichever is less
Step: 3 Assume percentage of steel reinforcement for calculation of actual effective
depth

For Fe 415, Xulim/d = 0.48

Ptlim =41.61(fck/fy)( Xulim/d )= 41.61(25/415)0.48=1.203 %

=Maximum percentage of tension steel reinforcement

Also, as per Cl. 26.5. 1. 1(a) of IS 456: 2000, minimum percentage of steel reinforcement is
given by. Astlim/ bd = 0.85/fy
Let Pt = 0.9% Priim (OK)
Step: 4 Effective Depth (d): The basic value of span/ depth ratio is multiplied by
modification factor
(k) to account for tension reinforcement.
Fs=0.58fy(Area of steel required/Area of steel provided)= 0.58 (415)

Assuming area of steel required = Area of steel provided 240.7 N/mm²

From IS 456: 2000, Kt ≈ 1 for f=240.7 N/mm² and pt = 0.9% (assumed)
Actual span/depth ratio = (l/d)basic Kt x Kc, Where, Kc= 1 for Pc = 0%
=20 (1)=20
d= span/20= 7000/20 = 350 mm
Which is same as assumed earlier
LetEffective cover = 50 mm
Overall depth (D) = 350+50 = 400 mm
Width of Beam (b): The ratio b/Dshould preferably lie between 0.5 and 0.7
b=250 mm
b/D=250/400 = 0.625 (between 0.5 and 0.7) (OK)
Step: 5 Design loads and design bending moment
Cl. 19.2.1 of IS 456: 2000 specifies unit weight of reinforced concrete as 25 kN/m³
Self weight of beam = 0.25 x 0.4 x 25 kN/m = 2.5 kN/m
Live load= 7 kN/m
Total load = 2.5+7= 9.5 kN/m
Factored load (w) = 1.5 x 9.5 kN/m = 14.25 kN/m
(Partial safety factor for dead and live loads is 1.5 for limit state of collapse)
Factored bending moment (Mu) = Wu l2 eff/ 8 = 14.25x72/8 = 87.28 kNm
Step: 6 Effective depth of beam required from design moment consideration
For Fe 415,Mulim= 0.138 fckbd2
87.28 x 100 = (0.138) (25) (250) d2
d= 318.11 mm < 350 mm as calculated above
Step: 7 Area of steel required
Since d = 350 mm and effective depth required from design moment consideration is 318.11
mm which is less than adopted effective depth (= 350 mm).
Design moment is on conservative side and need not to be revised.

Pt/100= Ast/bd= fck/2fy(1-(1-4.598R/fck)0.5

R=Mu/bd = 87.28*106/250*3502 =2.85N/mm2
Pt= 0.9343%
Ast= (0.9343/100) *250*350
=817.51mm2
Using 20mm dia bars, no. of bars required = (817.51)/ π/4*202 =2.6 =3
Provide 3- 20 ϕ bars, at bottom and 2 -10 ϕ bars at top for holding the stirrups as hanger bars.

Q5 Design a simply supported rectangular beam whose centre-to-centre distance between the
supports is 7 m and is supported on 230 mm thick walls. Assume live load 7 kN/m length of
beam. Use M25 concrete and Fe415 steel
Solution:
Clear span = 2700 mm
d = Clear span/7 = 2700/7 = 385.7 mm
Adopt overall depth as 450 mm at the fixed end with constant width b = 0.5(D) = 225 mm.
Depth of the beam is reduced to 200 mm at the free end with linear variation of depth along
the span.
Self-weight of beam = (0.45+0.2) 2 x2.7×0.225x25 = 4.94 kN ≈ 5 kN
Factored BM Mu = 1.5x(1.17692+17.5x2.72/2) = 104.51kNm
d=366.94 mm at fixed end.
overall depth, D=366.91+25+20/2+8(for shear stirrups) = 409.91 mm
Assuming clear cover 20mm and stirrups 8mm.
D=450mm at fixed end
d=450-25-20/2-8 = 407 mm
d = 366.93 mm at fixed end.
(Xulim)= 0.48d=0.48(407) = 195.36 mm
Limiting depth of neutral axis
Limiting reinforcement
0.362 fck b xu / 0.87fy =1101.79 mm2 (corresponding to balanced section)
Minimum reinforcement
Ast min =0.85bd/fy=0.85(225) (407)/415
=187.56 mm2 < 1101.79 mm2
Provide 3-20 ϕ bars at top (Ast=3*π/4*202= 942.5mm2)
Providing Ast> 1101.79 mm² will make the section over-reinforced

Shear Check
Factored SF at fixed end
(V)= 1.5[5+17.5×2.7] =78.375kN

Nominal shear stress

τv= (Vu-Mu/d tanβ) /bd
tanβ= (450-200)/2700 = 0.09259
τv = (78.375×10^3 - 104.57×10^6(0.09259)/407)/225(407) =1.115 N/m2
Pt= (3×π/4×20^2/225×407) ×100=1.029%
Shear strength of M 25 concrete for
Pt = 1.029 % as per table 19 of IS:456(tc)= 0.65 N/m2<τv，(=1.115N/mm2)
So, shear reinforcement is required for a design shear stress of
= 1.115-0.65= 0.465 N/mm2
using 2 legged 8 dia stirrups,
Asv = 2×π/4x82=100.53 mm2
Spacing of shear stirrups
(Sv) ≤ 0.87fyAsv/Tubs ≤ 0.87(415)100.53/0.465(225) ≤ 346.9 mm c/c
>0.75 d(= 0.75×407 mm= 305.25 mm)
But spacing of shear stirrups
Sv<[300mm
[0.75 d
(whichever is less)
Provide 2 legged 8 Φ stirrups@ 250 c/c
Asvmin> 0.4bSv/.87fy=0.4(225)250 0.87(415) = 62.32 mm2 < 100.53 mm^2

Development Length
Ld=0.87fyϕ/4τbd
τbd = 1.6×1.4=2.24 N/mm2
Ld= 0.87(415)20/4(2.24）
=805.92 mm = 810 mm(say)

Q6 Calculate the moment of resistance of doubly reinforced beam section of size 420 x 750
mm. Reinforcement provided on the tension side is 6 nos. 25 mm dia. bars and, on the
compression, side is 5 nos. 20 mm dia. bars. Use M 25 concrete and Fe 500 steel.
Solution:
Doubly reinforced Beam Capacity

Bar dia 25 mm
Area of one bar 490.625 mm2
No. of bars 6
Ast 2943.75 mm2

Bar dia 20 mm
Area of one bar 314 mm2
No. of bars 5
Asc 1570 mm2

fck 25 N/mm2
fy 500 N/mm2
Beam Width b 420 mm
Beam Depth D 750 mm
Effective cover to the reinforcement 50 mm
Effective Depth d 700 mm
Mu,lim (0.148,0.138,0.133) 684.29 kNm

pt fy/fck = 18.87 (For Fe 500)

pt lim = Ast/bd *100 0.9435
Ast1/bd *100 2773.89 mm2
Moment of resistance of doubly reinforced
beam section is governed by tensile steel
Ast2<Asc
Ast2 (tensile steel for doubly reinforced
action) 169.86 mm2

Assume cover to compression reinf d' 50 mm

xu max = 0.46d 322 mm

lever arm z 650
Mu2 = Ast fy z 55.2045

Moment of resistance of doubly reinforced

beam section = Mu lim + Mu2 739.49 kNm

Q7 Design a reinforced concrete beam of span 8 m which is being subjected to a live load of
30 kN/m. Overall depth of the beam is limited to 650 mm. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415
steel.
Solution:
Step-1: Loads
Let overall depth of beam, D= 650 mm
and width of beam, B= 300 mm
Self-weight of beam, =25(0.3) (0.65) =4.875kN/m
Live load= 30 kN/m (Given)
Total load= 34.875 kN/m
Factored loadw= 1.5×34.875= 52.3125 kN/m
Step-2: Calculate design moment and design shear
Design moment
Mu= Wl²/8= (52.3125×8²/8)=418.5 kNm
Design shear force
Vu=Wl/2= 52.3125×8/2=209.25kN
Step-3: Calculate limiting MOR for singly reinforced beam section
For Fe 415, limiting moment of resistance
Let effective cover
Mulim = 0.138 fckxbd²
Effective depth of beam =50mm
d = 650-50 mm =600 mm
Mulim = 0.138(20) (300)(600)2
=298.08 kNm<M(=418.5 kNm)
Thus doubly reinforced beam section is required.
Step-4 : Calculate amount of compression reinforcement required.
∆Mu = Mu- Mulim
= 418.5-298.08 kNm =120.42 kNm
fsc= (0.0035(Xulim-d')/Xulim) xEs
=0.0035(0.48x600-50)x2×105/0.48×600 N/mm
=578.47 N/mm²
fsc> 0.87fy =0.87(415) = 361.05 N/mm2
Asc= Mu-Mulim/fsc(d-d')
120.42x10^6/ 361.05(600-50) =606.413 mm²
Provide 2-20 dia bars on compression side so that
Asc provided = 628.3 mm² > 606.413 mm²
Step-5: Calculate amount of tension reinforcement required
Ast2= Area of tension steel to balance Asc
=fscAsc/0.87fy=606.413 mm²
Ast1= Astlim = 0.362fckbXulim/ 0.87fy
= 0.362(20) (300)(0.48×600)/0.87(415)= 1732.5 mm2

Alternatively
Pt, lim = 41.61(fck/fy)xulim/d = 0.9625%
Astlim= 0.9625
×300×600/100= 1732.5 mm²
Ast= Ast1+ Ast2 = 1732.5+606.413 mm2
= 2338.913 mm2= 2339 mm2
Provide 5-25 bars so that
Ast provided =
5×π/4×25²=2454.4 mm² > 2339 mm²
Pt provided = 1.3636%
Step-6: Design of shear reinforcement
Nominal shear stress
τv=209.25×1000/300×600 = 1.1625 N/mm²
For M 20 concrete and 1.3636% Pt, design shear strength of concrete as per table 19 of IS:
456-2000
(τc)=0.7 N/mm²<τv (= 1.1625 N/mm2)
Shear reinforcement is required.
Vus =(τv-τc) bd
= (1.1625-0.7)300 ×600N= 83.25 kN
Using 2-legged 8 mm dia. stirrups,
Asv = 2×π/4x8²=100.53 mm²
Sv=0.87fyAsvd/Vus = 0.87 (415) ×100.53 (600)/ (83.25) ×1000 =261.6 mm c/c
Maximum spacing of stirrups
0.75d =0.75(600) mm=450 mm c/c
300 mm
(whichever is less)
Provided 2-legged 8 mm diameter stirrups @ 250 c/c near the supports and spacing can be
increased gradually towards the mid span of beam.

Step-7: Deflection control

(l/d)actual = 8000/600 = 13.33
(l/d)maximum= (l/d)basic ktkc
Asc= 628.3 mm²
Pc= 628.3/(300×600) ×100=0.35%
kt=0.9
kc=1.1
(l/d) maximum = 20×0.9x1.1
=19.8> 13.33 （OK)