Unit 1

Android and Its

Tools
 Introduction To Android

 Open-source software package and Linux-based

operating system developed primarily for smartphones
and tablets.

 It is developed by Google and later the OHA (Open

Handset Alliance). Java language is mainly used to
write the android code even though other languages can
be used.

 The goal of android project is to create a successful real-

world product that improves the mobile experience for
end users.
October 2003, Andy Android 2.2, also known as Froyo,
Rubin founded Android on May 20, 2010
Incorporation
Gingerbread, Android version 2.3.3
was launched by Google in February
Google acquired it 2011
in August 2005
Android 3.0: Honeycomb was
released in February 2011
23rd September 2008, Google
launched Android 1.0 (API 1), Android Ice Cream Sandwich,
HTC Dream Smartphone Android 4.0, was released
on October 19, 2011
Android 1.5 was launched
in late April 2009: Cupcake Android Jelly Bean was released
History of Android in 2012 in three versions: 4.1, 4.2,
Samsung Galaxy phone
series. and 4.3

Android 1.6 (Donut) was Android KitKat, version 4.4, was

released by Google in Sept 2009. released in July 2014

Android Eclair (Android 2.0 and 2.1) Android Lollipop, version 5.0, was
released in October 2009. released on November 12, 2014
Android Marshmallow, The Android 12.0, Snow Cone,
version 6.0, was released was launched by Google in
on October 5, 2015 October 2021

The Android 7.0, Nougat The Android 13.0, Tiramisu, was

was launched by Google in launched by Google in August
August 2016 2022

The Android 8.0, Oreo was The Android 14.0, Upside Down
launched by Google in Cake, was launched by Google
August 2017 in October 2023.

The Android 9.0, Pie was The Android 15.0, Vanilla Ice
launched by Google in Cream, was launched by Google
August 2018 History of Android in September 2024.

The Android 10.0, Quince The Android 16.0, Baklava, was

Tart, was launched by launched by Google in 18
Google in Sept. 2019 December 2024 and it is under
DP2.
The Android 11.0, Red Velvet
Cake, was launched by
Google in Sept. 2020
 Open Handset Alliance (OHA)
The Open Handset Alliance (OHA) is a group of 84
companies that work together to develop open standards for
mobile devices and the Android operating system led by
Google.
Its member firms included HTC, Sony,
Dell, Intel, Motorola, Qualcomm, Texas Instruments, Samsung
Electronics, LG Electronics, T-Mobile, Vodafone, Nvidia,
and Wind River Systems.

The OHA was established on November 5, 2007, Goal: To create a better,

with 34 members, including mobile handset less expensive, and
richer mobile
makers, application developers, some mobile experience for
consumers
network operators and chip makers.
 Android Ecosystem

Android ecosystem refers to the inter-dependence

between the demand and supply of users,
equipment makers, and software developers.
 Android Ecosystem
Google
 Google developed android and provided a platform for development.

OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers)

 They Manufacture hardware equipment on which android OS and android apps work.

 Equipment makers not only work on mobile devices but also on smartwatches, Smart TV, speakers,
Tablets, etc.

Freelance Developers
 Candidates having related skill sets individually develops applications and deploy them on Play-store
which contributes to the android ecosystem.

 They also sell applications to companies who require certain application with relevant features.
 Android Ecosystem
Application Development Companies
 Contributes by providing service-based apps to product companies and also provides employment.

 The role of developers in the Android ecosystem is to develop apps, add additional features to an
existing application, fix different types of bugs.

 Provide user facility to simplify their work in their routine.

Android User
 Android user who purchases the handset and applications are the major contributors to the
ecosystem.

 There are 2.8 billion android users all over the world. Android is less expensive and easy for the user
to use.
 Need of Android
Open Source
 The Android OS is an open-source platform based on the
Linux kernel and multiple open-source libraries.

 In this way developers are free to contribute or extend the

platform as necessary for building mobile apps which run on
Android devices.

Reduced cost of development

 The development tools like Android studio, Android SDK,

JDK, and Eclipse IDE etc. are free to download for the
android mobile application development.
 Need of Android
Multi-Platform Support
 In market, there are a wide range of hardware devices powered by the Android OS, including many
different phones and tablet.

Multi-Carrier Support
 World wide a large number of telecom carriers like Airtel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular, AT and T Mobility,
BSNL etc. are supporting Android powered phones

Open Distribution Model

 Android Market place (Google Play store) has very few restrictions on the content or functionality of an
android app.

 So the developer can distribute theirs app through Google Play store, Amazon App Store etc.
 Need of Android
Multi-tasking
 Multi-tasking is available on virtually all smartphone platforms but hardly does any operating system do
it better than android.

 Some manufacturers, e.g. Samsung allows for multi-window tasking. This allows users to view multiple
apps at the same time

Variety
 Android has provided a medium that has allowed smartphone manufacturers like Samsung, HTC, ZTE,
Sony and Motorola to allow their imagination run wild.

 On Android platform, there is something for everyone regardless of taste or budget.

 Need of Android

Widgets
 Widget is another thing that is working absolutely well on Android devices. It has worked so
excellently.

Google Integration
 Google, the current owners of Android, are highly smart in business.

 Android devices work seamlessly with all of Google's products; Google Docs, Gmail, YouTube,
Google Music, Google Maps, Google Chrome, Google+ etc.

 Google is regarded as the king of the web. This is a major attraction for most people, as having an
android device gives them instant access to all of this important software.
Features of Android
 Customization  Beautiful UI
 Open Source  Near Field Communication
 Multi tasking  Privacy
 Security  Storage
 Integration with Google Services  Media Support
 Improved Accessibility  Multi Touch
 Support for HDR Images  Video Calling
 Multi Language Support  Voice Based Features
 Widgets  Quick Notification System
 Features of Android
Customization
 Android allows to customize their home screen with widgets, wallpapers and icons.

Open Source

 Its source code is freely available for modification and distribution.

Multitasking
 It supports multicore processor, which provides faster performance and multitasking capabilities.
 Features of Android
Security
 Android has built security feature called as Google Play Protect which scans apps for malware and
other threats.

 It also supports biometric authentication methods such as fingerprint recognition, facial recognition
and iris recognition.

Integration with Google’s services

 Android devices work seamlessly with all of Google's products; Google Docs, Gmail, YouTube,
Google Music, Google Maps, Google Chrome, Google+ etc.
 Features of Android

Improved Accessibility

 It provides wide range of accessibility settings including text-to-speech, screen readers and closed
captions.

 Android Talk Back which provides voice feedback for visually impaired users.

 Google Assistant: Which allows users to perform their tasks using voice commands.

Support for HDR Images

 Android supports High Dynamic Range images which retain more information from sensor and
result in greater contrast and vibrant colors.
 Features of Android
Multilanguage Support
 Android supports more than 100+ languages.

Widget
 It let you display just about any feature on the home screen such as Weather app, music widgets or
Analog clock etc.

Near Field Communication (NFC)

 It is a short range wireless technology allows you to share small payloads of data between android
powered devices.
 Features of Android

Privacy
 Secure Boot, ensures that the device boots up with a trusted OS.
 Permission System, Allows user to control which permissions are granted for each app.
 App Lock, Incognito mode, Google Play Protect, Run time permissions, Permission Revocation.

Storage
 SQLite, a lightweight relational database is used for data storage purposes.

Media Support

 Android supports following image, audio, video media formats,

AAC, WebM, H.263, MPEG-4, AMR, MP3, MIDI, FLAC, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP, WebP etc.
 Features of Android
Multi Touch
 Android supports multi touch.

Video Calling
 Video calling through Google Talk is available in Android 2.3.4 and later, Skype 2.1 offers video
calling in Android 2.3.

Voice Based Features

 Google search through voice has been available since initial release.

 Voice Actions for calling, texting, navigations are supported from android 2.2 onwards.
 Tools and Software Required for Developing an
Android Application
 Following are Tools and software required to begin with Android development :

1. Windows, Linux (any recent Linux distribution) and Mac OS X (10.4.9

or later)

2. Android Studio or Eclipse

3. Android SDK

4. Java
 Tools and Software

1. Windows/Linux/Mac powered PC

Windows

 Microsoft® Windows® 7/8/10 (32 or 64-bit)

 4 GB RAM minimum, 8 GB RAM recommended;

 2 GB of available disk space minimum, 4 GB Recommended (500 MB for IDE + 1.5 GB for Android SDK and
emulator system image)

 1280 X 800 minimum screen resolution

 Tools and Software

2. IDE (Eclipse or Android Studio)

 Eclipse is quite reputed and trusted IDE. And a lot of people use it for Android development
too.

 But now a days Android Studio is preferable, especially for a beginner.

 Tools and Software
Feature of Android Studio IDE

 Android Studio is a Google product.

 Android Studio uses Gradle Build system. Which is quite faster than Eclipse's Apache Ant.

 Android Studio's Autocomplete feature quite better than that of Eclipse .

 Designing UI has always been complex but Android Studio has completely changed this.

 The new interface design in Android Studio is faster, responds to changes more rapidly and
has more customization options than Eclipse.
 Tools and Software

3. Android SDK
The Android SDK (software development kit) is a set of development tools used to develop applications
for Android platform. The Android SDK includes the following :

 Required libraries
 Debugger
 An emulator
 Relevant documentation for the Android Application Program Interfaces (APIs)
 Sample source code
 Tutorials for the Android OS
 Tools and Software

4. Java

 Java Development Kit (JDK) for development on Android Platform.

 Android Architecture

 The Android operating system is built on top of a modified Linux kernel.

 Android operating system is a stack of software components which is roughly divided into five
sections,

1. Linux Kernel

2. Native libraries (middleware)

3. Android runtime

4. Application framework

5. Applications
Android Architecture
 Android Architecture

1. Linux Kernel
 The foundation of (heart of) the Android platform is the Linux kernel.

 Using Linux Kernel lets Android take advantage of key security features and let device manufacturers
to develop hardware drivers for well known kernel.

 Linux Kernel is responsible for device drivers, power management, memory management, device
management and resource access.

 It manage all the drivers such as display drivers, camera drivers, Bluetooth drivers, audio drivers,
memory drivers, etc. which are mainly required for the android device during the runtime.
 Android Architecture

2. Platform Libraries
 The Platform Libraries includes various C/C++ core libraries and Java based libraries to provide
support to Android Development.

 Following are the summary details of some core android libraries available for android development.

1. Media library for playing and recording an audio and video formats.

2. The Surface manager library to provide a display management.

3. SGL and OpenGL Graphics libraries for 2D and 3D graphics.

4. SQLite is for database support and FreeType for font support.

5. Web-Kit for web browser support and SSL for Internet security.
 Android Architecture

3. Android Runtime (ART)

 Device running Android Version 5.0 (API 21) or higher, each application runs in its own process
and with its own instance of ART.

 ART is written to run multiple instances of virtual machine on low memory device by executing
Dalvik Executable format (.DEX) files.

 Dalvik Executable (.dex) is the bytecode format designed specifically for Android that is optimized
for a minimal memory.
 Android Architecture

3. Android Runtime (ART)

 Dalvik is a specialized virtual machine designed specifically for Android
and optimized for battery-powered mobile devices with limited memory
and CPU.

 Android apps execute on Dalvik VM, a "clean-room" implementation of

JVM

 Dalvik optimized for efficient, faster execution and lower the batter use.

 Dalvik: register-based VM, unlike Oracle's stack-based JVM.

 Java .class bytecode translated to Dalvik EXecutable (DEX) bytecode,

which Dalvik interprets.
 Android Architecture

4. Application Framework
 The entire feature set of Android OS is available to you through APIs written in the Java
Language.

 These APIs form building blocks and you can create Android Apps by simplifying the reuse of core,
modular system components and services which includes following,

1. View System

2. Resource Manager

3. Notification Manager

4. Activity Manager

5. Content Provider
 Android Architecture

4. Application Framework

1. View System

 The rich and extensible system used to build an

App’s UI including lists, grids, text boxes, buttons
etc.

2. Resource Manager

 Provides access to non-code resources such as

localized strings, graphics and layout files.
 Android Architecture

4. Application Framework

3. Notification Manager

 It enables all apps to display custom alerts in the status bar.

4. Activity Manager

 It manages the lifecycle of apps and provides a common navigation back stack.

5. Content Provider

 It enables apps to access data from other apps, such as contacts app or share their own data.
 Android Architecture

5. Applications
 Android comes with a set of core apps for email, SMS messaging, Calendar, Internet browsing, Contacts
and more.

 Apps included with platform have no special status among the apps the user chooses to install.

 So, a third party app can become the user’s default web browser, SMS messenger or even default
keyboard.
Thank You