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SQC

Statistical Quality Control (SQC) encompasses tools for quality assessment, divided into descriptive statistics, Statistical Process Control (SPC), and acceptance sampling. Control limits reflect natural process variability, while specification limits are externally defined, with no direct mathematical relationship between them. Defects indicate deviations from specifications, while defectives are items deemed unacceptable for use.

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sudhanshu202223
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8 views

SQC

Statistical Quality Control (SQC) encompasses tools for quality assessment, divided into descriptive statistics, Statistical Process Control (SPC), and acceptance sampling. Control limits reflect natural process variability, while specification limits are externally defined, with no direct mathematical relationship between them. Defects indicate deviations from specifications, while defectives are items deemed unacceptable for use.

Uploaded by

sudhanshu202223
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2/21/2025

WHAT IS STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL?


Statistical quality control (SQC) is the term used to describe the set of statistical
tools used by quality professionals. Statistical quality control can be divided into
three broad categories:
1. Descriptive statistics are used to describe quality characteristics and
relationships. Included are statistics such as the mean, standard deviation, range,
and a measure of the distribution of data.
2. Statistical process control (SPC) involves inspecting a random sample of the
output from a process and deciding whether the process is producing products with
characteristics that fall within a predetermined range. SPC answers the question of
whether the process is functioning properly or not.

3. Acceptance Sampling is the process of randomly inspecting a sample of goods


and deciding whether to accept the entire lot based on the results. Acceptance
sampling determines whether a batch of goods should be accepted or rejected.

• The tools in each of these categories provide different types of information for use
in analyzing quality.

• Descriptive statistics are used to describe certain quality characteristics, such as the
central tendency and variability of observed data.

• Acceptance sampling helps us decide whether desirable quality has been achieved
for a batch of products, and whether to accept or reject the items produced.
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• All three of these statistical quality control categories are helpful in measuring and
evaluating the quality of products or services.

• Variation in the production process leads to quality defects and lack of product
consistency.
Control vs. Specification Limits

• Control limits are derived from natural process variability or the natural
tolerance limits of a process.

• Specification limits are determined externally, for example by customers or


designers.

• There is no mathematical or statistical relationship between the control limits and


the specification limits.

CONTROL LIMITS SPECIFICATION LIMITS


• Voice of the process • Voice of the customer
• Calculated from Data • Defined from the customer
• Appear on control charts • Appear on histograms
• Appear to subgroups • Apply to items
• Guide for process actions • Separate good items from bad items
• What the process is doing • What we want the process do
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DEFECTS AND DEFECTIVES

Defects:

• A defect is any item or service that exhibits a departure from specifications.

• A defect does not necessarily mean that the product or service cannot be used.

• A defect indicates only that the product result is not entirely as intended. Example:
bend in a shaft

Defectives:

• A defective is an item or service that is considered completely unacceptable for use.

• Each item or service experience is either considered defective or not—there are


only two choices.
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x̄ and R charts for flow width in the hard-bake

Changing Sample Size on the x̄ and R Charts.


• We have developed x̄ and R charts assuming that the sample size n is
constant from sample to sample.
• However, there are situations in which the sample size n is not constant.
• One situation is that of variable sample size on control charts; that is,
each sample may consist of a different number of observations.
• The x̄ and R charts are generally not used in this case because they lead to a
changing center line on the R chart, which is difficult to interpret for many
users. The x̄ and s would be preferable in this case.
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• Another situation is that of making a permanent (or semi permanent)


change in the sample size because of cost or because the process has
exhibited good stability and fewer resources are being allocated for process
monitoring.
• In this case, it is easy to recompute the new control limits directly from the
old ones without collecting additional samples based on the new sample
size.

Let
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For the ̄ x chart the new control limits are

where the center line is unchanged and the factor A2 is selected for the new
sample size.

For the R chart, the new parameters are


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Control Charts for x̄ and s


Although x̄ and R charts are widely used, it is occasionally desirable to
estimate the process standard deviation directly instead of indirectly through
the use of the range R. This leads to control charts for and s, where s is the
sample standard deviation. Generally, x̄ and s charts are preferable to their
more familiar counterparts, and R charts, when either
1. The sample size n is moderately large—say, n > 10 or 12 (recall that the
range method for estimating σ loses statistical efficiency for moderate to large
samples), or
2. the sample size n is variable.
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Setting up and operating control charts for x̄ and s requires about the same
sequence of steps as those for x̄ and R charts, except that for each sample we
must calculate the sample average and the sample standard deviation s.
If σ2 is the unknown variance of a probability distribution, then an unbiased
estimator of σ2 is the sample variance
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The x̄ and s Control Charts with Variable Sample Size


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