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Heat Transfer_Radiation_Lecture- Assignment-MKM (1)

The document discusses heat transfer by radiation, detailing concepts such as electromagnetic waves, black bodies, and the Stefan-Boltzmann law. It explains the principles of absorptivity, reflectivity, and transmissivity, as well as the view factor for radiation heat transfer between surfaces. Additionally, it includes problems and assignments related to calculating radiation energy and heat transfer rates in various scenarios.

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9 views

Heat Transfer_Radiation_Lecture- Assignment-MKM (1)

The document discusses heat transfer by radiation, detailing concepts such as electromagnetic waves, black bodies, and the Stefan-Boltzmann law. It explains the principles of absorptivity, reflectivity, and transmissivity, as well as the view factor for radiation heat transfer between surfaces. Additionally, it includes problems and assignments related to calculating radiation energy and heat transfer rates in various scenarios.

Uploaded by

Snehasis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Heat Transfer by Radiation

Dr. M K Mandal
Chemical Engg. Dept
NIT Durgapur
[email protected]
Radiation
• Energy transferred in the form of rays or waves or particles
• Objects tend to absorb electromagnetic waves from their
surroundings
• The radiation energy received by a body is called incident
radiation energy
 The radiation energy is distributed as follows:
 Some of the radiation energy may be absorbed by body
 Some of the radiation energy may be reflected by body
 The remaining radiation energy may be transmitted by body
 An ideal absorber is called a blackbody, an ideal reflector is called
a white body
 Objects tend to radiate electromagnetic waves as efficiently as
they absorb them
Solar Radiation

How much of the sun’s radiation do we actually receive?


Electromagnetic Waves
 Electromagnetic radiation covers a wide range of wavelength, from 10-10
µm for cosmic rays to 1010 µm for electrical power waves.
 Thermal radiation wave is a narrow band on the electromagnetic wave
spectrum.
Electromagnetic Waves

 Include visible light, infrared light and microwaves


 Can travel through space
 The sun is our major source

 Electromagnetic waves are characterized by their


frequency ν (Hz) and wavelength λ (µm), where:

 where c is the speed of light in that medium

 Each photon is considered to have energy of:

 where h = 6.625 x 10-34 J.s is the Planck’s constant


Black body

• A blackbody is defined as a perfect emitter and absorber of


radiation.

• Black body absorbs all the radiation heat energy received by it.

• So absorptivity of a black body (α)= 1 [β = 0, γ = 0]

• The perfect black body does not exit in nature. But it may be
conceived of as a spherical cavity of very small dia.
Stefan–Boltzmann law
• Stefan–Boltzmann law, statement that the total radiant heat energy emitted from
a surface is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
• The maximum heat flux, E (W / m2), at which radiation may be emitted from a
blackbody surface is given by Stefan Boltzmann Law:

• if E is the radiant heat energy emitted from a unit area in one second and T is the
absolute temperature (in degrees Kelvin),
q  T 4
E=
A
 σ: Stefan–Boltzmann constant = 5.6704 × 10−8 watt per metre2∙K4.
• This law applies only to blackbodies, theoretical surfaces that absorb all incident
heat radiation.
Eb

Ts
Emissivity (ε)
• To account for a body's outgoing radiation (or its emissive power, defined
as the heat flux per unit time), one makes a comparison to a perfect body
who emits as much thermal radiation as possible.
• Such an object is known as a blackbody, and the ratio of the actual emissive
power E to the emissive power of a blackbody is defined as the surface
emissivity

• The emissivity depends on the wavelength of the radiation, the surface


temperature, surface finish (polished, oxidized, clean, dirty, new,
weathered, etc..) and angle of emission.
 For a real surface:
E      Ts4

 For a surface with absorptivity α, the incident radiation (G,


W/m2) or surface irradiation from the surroundings that is
absorbed by the surface is given by:
G
Gabs    G

where
Gabs
G = incident radiation (W / m2)
T = absolute temperature (K)
ε = surface emissivity (0 ≤ ε ≤ 1)
α = surface absorptivity (0 ≤ α ≤ 1)

For a gray surface α = ε


Radiation
• When radiant energy is incident on a transparent surface, it can be
absorbed, reflected, or transmitted through the material
Let
 Qi = incident radiation energy.
 Qa = radiation energy absorbed by body.
 Qr = radiation energy reflected by body. γ
 Qt = radiation energy transmitted by the body.
β
Qi = Qa + Qr + Qt

 Dividing both sides of the above eqn by Qi, we get

(Qa/Qi) + (Qr/Qi) + (Qt/Qi) = 1


+β+γ=1

 The term Qa/Qi is called absorptivity ()


 The term Qr/Qi is called reflectivity of the body (β)
 The term Qt/Qi is called transmissivity of the body (γ)
Thermal Radiation heat transfer

 The surface may be subjected to radiation from its


surroundings which is in general treated as a gray surface.

Where T0 is the temperature of the surface, T is the temperature of surroundings and


is emissivity, coefficient defining how efficiently surface emits energy relative to the
blackbody.

qsur’’
qs’’
T0
View Factor (Fij): Radiation Heat Transfer Between Black
Surfaces of Arbitrary Geometry
 View factor (or shape factor, Fij) is a purely geometrical parameter that
accounts for the effects of orientation on radiation between surfaces

 General expression for energy interchange between two surfaces at different


temperatures. This is given by the radiation shape factor or view factor, Fij

• F12 - = fraction of energy leaving 1 which reaches 2


• F21 - = fraction of energy leaving 2 which reaches 1

 For body 1, we know that Eb is the emissive power of a


black body, so the energy leaving body 1 is Eb1 A1.
 The energy leaving body 1 and arriving (and being absorbed)
at body 2 is Eb1 A1 F12.
 The energy leaving body 2 and being absorbed at body 1 is
Eb2 A2 F2-1.
Note the following:
 The view factor ranges between zero and one
 Fij = 0 indicates that two surfaces do not see each
other directly
 Fij = 1 indicates that the surface j completely
surrounds surface i
 Fii is the fraction of radiation leaving surface i
that strikes itself directly.
 Fii = 0 for plane or convex surfaces, and ≠ 0
for concave surfaces

 The Reciprocity Rule:


The view factor Fij is not equal to Fji unless the areas of the two surfaces are equal.
Ai Fij =Aj Fji

 The Summation Rule:

 The Symmetry Rule:


Two (or more) surfaces that possess symmetry about a third surface will have identical
view factors from that surface.
F12 = F13 = F14 = F15
Problem

Determine the view factors F12 and F21 for the following geometries:

1) Sphere of diameter D inside a cubical box of length L = D


2) Diagonal partition within a long square duct.
3) End and side of a circular tube of equal length and diameter, L = D
Solution

3) Circular tube: r2 / L = 0.5 and L / r1 = 2, F13 ≈ 0.17


Radiation Heat Transfer Between Planar Surfaces

 Final expression for heat transfer between gray, planar, surfaces:


 The net energy interchange from body 1 to body 2 is

 Concentric cylinders or concentric spheres

 The net heat transfer from surface 1 to surface 2 is

 We know that F1-2 = 1, i.e. that all of the energy emitted by 1 gets to 2. Thus
Problem

The vertical side of an electronics box is 40 x 30 cm with the 40 cm side vertical.


What is the maximum radiation energy that could be dissipated by this side if its
temperature is not to exceed 60 °C in an environment of 40 °C, and its emissivity
is 0.8?

Solution:
The maximum radiation energy dissipates from this side of the electronic box is:
Problem

The filament of a 75 W light bulb may be considered as a black body radiating


into a black enclosure at 70 °C. the filament diameter is 0.10 mm and length is
5 cm. considering the radiation, determine the filament temperature .
Problem:
An instrumentation package
has a spherical outer surface
of diameter D = 100 mm and
emissivity  = 0.25. The
package is placed in a large
space simulation chamber
whose walls are maintained
at 77 K. If the operation of
the electronic components is
restricted to the temperature
range of 40  T  85°C, what
is the range of acceptable
power dissipation for the
package?

ME 327(1) – Introduction 20 of 27
Assignment
1. A square chips of width L = 15 mm on a side are mounted to a substrate that is installed
in an enclosure whose walls and air are maintained at a temperature of T∞ = Tsurr = 25
°C. The chips have an emissivity of ε = 0.60 and a maximum allowable temperature of Ts
= 85 °C.

(a) If heat is rejected from the chips by radiation and natural convection, what is the
maximum operating power of each chip? The convection coefficient depends on the chip-
to-air temperature difference and may be approximated as h =C (Ts - T∞) 0.25, Where C
= 4.2 W/m2. K 5/4.
(b) If a fan is used to maintain air flow through the enclosure and heat transfer is by
forced convection, with h = 250 W/m2. K, what is the maximum operating power?

(Answer: a- 0.2232 W; b- 3.44 W)


Assignment

2. Two large parallel planes with emissivities of 0.3 and 0.5 are maintained at
temperatures of 527 °C and 127 °C respectively. A radiation shield having
emissivities of 0.05 on both sides is placed between them. Calculate (i) Heat
transfer rate between them without shield. (ii) Heat transfer rate between them
with shield.
Answer: i. 5024.5 W/m2 ii. 859.5 W/m2
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