19 30 31 32 33

GRADE - 8 Hence, , , , , are the 5 rational

30 30 30 30 30
SUBJECT – MATHS numbers between 3/5 and 4/5
Chapter 1 – Number Systems
Exercise 1.1 4. State whether the following statements
1. Is zero a rational number? Can you write are true or false. Give reasons for your
it in the form p/q where p and q are answers.
integers and q ≠ 0? (i) Every natural number is a whole
Solution: number.
A number is said to be rational if it can
be written in the form p/q , where p and q Solution:
are integers and q ≠ 0. True.Natural numbers- Numbers
Taking the case of ‘0’,Zero can be starting from 1 to infinity (without fractions
written in the form 0/1, 0/2, 0/3 … as well as or decimals)
, 0/1, 0/2, 0/3 .. i.e., Natural numbers = 1,2,3,4…
Since it satisfies the necessary Whole numbers – Numbers starting
condition, we can conclude that 0 can be from 0 to infinity (without fractions or
written in the p/q form, where q can either decimals)
be positive or negative number. i.e., Whole numbers = 0,1,2,3…
Hence, 0 is a rational number. Every natural number is a whole
number; however, every whole number is
2. Find six rational numbers between 3 and not a natural number.
4. (ii) Every integer is a whole number.
Solution: Solution:
There are infinite rational numbers False. Integers- Integers are set of
between 3 and 4. we will multiply both the numbers that contain positive, negative and
numbers, 3 and 4, with 6+1 = 7 (or any 0; excluding fractional and decimal
number greater than 6) numbers.
7 21 7 28
i.e., 3 × ( ) = and, 4 × ( ) = . i.e., integers= {…-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4…}
7 7 7 7
21 28 Whole numbers- Numbers starting
The numbers in between and will
7 7 from 0 to infinity (without fractions or
be rational and will fall between 3 and 4. decimals)
22 23 24 25 26 27
Hence, , , , , , are the 6 rational i.e., Whole numbers= 0,1,2,3….
7 7 7 7 7 7
numbers between 3 and 4. Hence, we can say that integers
include whole numbers as well as negative
𝟑
3. Find five rational numbers between and numbers.
𝟓
𝟒
. Every whole number is an integer;
𝟓 however, every integer is not a whole
Solution: number.
There are infinite rational numbers
𝟑 𝟒
between and . (iii) Every rational number is a whole
𝟓 𝟓
𝟑 𝟒 number.
we will multiply both the numbers and
𝟓 𝟓 Solution:
with 5+1=6 (or any number greater than 5) False.Rational numbers- All numbers
𝟑 6 18 𝟒 6 24
i.e., ( ) × ( ) = and, × = in the form p/q, where p and q are integers
𝟓 6 30 𝟓 6 30
18 24 and q≠0.
The numbers in between and
30 30
will be rational and will fall between 3/5 and
4/5.
 24
i.e., Rational numbers = 0, , 2, 9/-3, - The statement that every point on the
30
22 number line is of the form √m, where m is a
…
7 natural number is false.
Whole numbers- Numbers starting
from 0 to infinity (without fractions or (iii) Every real number is an irrational
decimals) number.
i.e., Whole numbers= 0,1,2,3…. Solution:
Hence, we can say that integers False.The statement is false. Real
include whole numbers as well as negative numbers include both irrational and rational
numbers. numbers. Therefore, every real number
All whole numbers are rational, cannot be an irrational number.
however, all rational numbers are not whole Real numbers – The collection of both
numbers. rational and irrational numbers are known
as real numbers.
Exercise 1.2 i.e., Real numbers = √2, √5, , 0.102…
1. State whether the following statements Irrational Numbers – A number is said to be
are true or false. Justify your answers. irrational, if it cannot be written in the p/q,
(i) Every irrational number is a real number. where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
Solution: i.e., Irrational numbers = π, e, √3,
True.Irrational Numbers – A number 5+√2, 6.23146…. , 0.101001001000….
is said to be irrational, if it cannot be written Every irrational number is a real
in the p/q, where p and q are integers and q number, however, every real number is not
≠ 0. irrational.
i.e., Irrational numbers = π, e, √3,
5+√2, 6.23146…. , 0.101001001000…. 2. Are the square roots of all positive
integers irrational? If not, give an example
Real numbers – The collection of both of the square root of a number that is a
rational and irrational numbers are known rational number.
as real numbers. Solution:
i.e., Real numbers = √2, √5, , 0.102… No, the square roots of all positive
Every irrational number is a real integers are not irrational.
number, however, every real number is not
an irrational number. For example,√4 = 2 is rational.√9 = 3 is
rational.
(ii) Every point on the number line is of the Hence, the square roots of positive
form √m where m is a natural number. integers 4 and 9 are not irrational. ( 2 and 3,
Solution: respectively).
False.The statement is false since as
per the rule, a negative number cannot be 3. Show how √5 can be represented on the
expressed as square roots. number line.
E.g., √9 =3 is a natural number. Solution:
But √2 = 1.414 is not a natural number. Step 1: Let line AB be of 2 unit on a number
there are negative numbers on the line.
number line, but when we take the root of a Step 2: At B, draw a perpendicular line BC of
negative number it becomes a complex length 1 unit.
number and not a natural number. Step 3: Join CA
E.g., √-7 = 7i, where i = √-1 Step 4: Now, ABC is a right angled triangle.
Applying Pythagoras theorem,
 AB2+BC2 = CA2
22+12 = CA2 = 5
⇒ CA = √5 . Thus, CA is a line of length √5
unit.
Step 5: Taking CA as a radius and A as a
center draw anarc touching the number line.
The point at which number line get
intersected by arc is at √5 distance from 0
because it is a radius of the circle whose
center was A.
Thus, √5 is represented on the
number line as shown in the figure.
Step 1: Mark a point O on the paper. Here,
O will be the center of the square root
spiral.
Step 2: From O, draw a straight line, OA, of
1cm horizontally.
Step 3: From A, draw a perpendicular line,
AB, of 1 cm.
4. Classroom activity (Constructing the Step 4: Join OB. Here, OB will be of √2
‘square root Step 5: Now, from B, draw a perpendicular
spiral’) : Take a line of 1 cm and mark the end point C.
large sheet of Step 6: Join OC. Here, OC will be of √3
paper and Step 7: Repeat the steps to draw √4, √5,
construct the √6….
‘square root
spiral’ in the Exercise 1.3
following fashion. Start with a point O and 1. Write the following in decimal form and
draw a line segment OP1 of unit length. say what kind of decimal expansion each
Draw a line segment P1P2 perpendicular to has :
OP1 of unit length (see Fig. 1.9). Now draw 36
(i)
a line segment P2P3 perpendicular to OP2. 100
Then draw a line segment Solution:
P3P4 perpendicular to OP3. Continuing in
Fig. 1.9 :
Constructing this manner, you can get the
line segment Pn-1Pn by square root spiral
drawing a line segment of unit length
perpendicular to OPn-1. In this manner, you
= 0.36 (Terminating)
will have created the points P2, P3,….,Pn,…
., and joined them to create a beautiful 1
(ii)
spiral depicting √2, √3, √4, … 11
Solution:
Solution:
 𝟏
2. You know that = 0.142857. Can you
𝟕
𝟐
predict 6what the decimal expansions of ,
𝟕
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔
, , , are, without actually doing the long
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
Solution: division? If so, how?[Hint: Study the
remainders while finding the value of 1/7
carefully.]
Solution:
= 4.125 (Terminating)

3
(iv)
13
Solution: 3. Express the following in the form p/q,
where p and q are integers and q ≠0.
(i)
Solution:

Assume that x = 0.666…

Then,10x = 6.666…
10x = 6 + x
9x = 6
𝟐
x=
𝟑
2
(v) ̅
(ii)0.4𝟕
11
Solution: Solution:
0.4𝟕̅ =0.4777…..
Assume that x = 0.777…
Then, 10x = 7.777…
10x = 7 + x
10x-x=7
9x=7
7
x=
9
329
(vi)
400
Solution:
Solution:

= 0.8225 (Terminating) Assume that x = 0.001001…

Then, 1000x = 1.001001…
1000x = 1 + x
1000x-x=1
999x = 1
x = 1/999
4. Express 0.99999…. in the form p/q . Are
you surprised by your answer? With your
teacher and classmates discuss why the
answer makes sense.
Solution:
Assume that x = 0.9999…..Eq(a)
Multiplying both sides by 10,

10x = 9.9999…. Eq. (b)

Eq.(b) – Eq.(a), we get
10x–x = 9.9999…..-0.9999…
9x = 9
x=1
The difference between 1 and 0.999999 is
0.000001 which is negligible.
Hence, we can conclude that, 0.999 is
too much near 1, therefore, 1 as the answer
can be justified.

5. What can the maximum number of digits

be in the repeating block of digits in the
𝟏
decimal expansion of ? Perform the
𝟏𝟕
division to check your answer.
1
Solution:
17
Dividing 1 by 17: There are 16 digits in the repeating
1
block of the decimal expansion of .
17

6. Look at several examples of rational

numbers in the form p/q (q ≠ 0), where p
and q are integers with no common factors
other than 1 and having terminating
decimal representations (expansions). Can
you guess what property q must satisfy?
Solution:
We observe that when q is 2, 4, 5, 8,
10… Then the decimal expansion is
terminating. For example:
1
= 0. 5, denominator q = 21
2
7
= 0. 875, denominator q =23
8
4
= 0. 8, denominator q = 51
5
We can observe that the terminating
decimal may be obtained in the situation
where prime factorization of the
denominator of the given fractions has the
power of only 2 or only 5 or both.
7. Write three numbers whose decimal Since the number,0.3796, is
expansions are non-terminating non- terminating, it is a rational number.
recurring.
Solution: (iv) 7.478478
We know that all irrational numbers are Solution:
non-terminating non-recurring. three The number,7.478478, is non-
numbers with decimal expansions that are terminating but recurring, it is a rational
non-terminating non-recurring are: number.

(v) 1.101001000100001…
1. √3 = 1.732050807568
Solution:
2. √26 =5.099019513592 Since the
3. √101 = 10.04987562112 number,1.101001000100001…, is non-
terminating non-repeating (non-recurring),
8. Find three different irrational numbers
it is an irrational number.
between the rational numbers 5/7 and
9/11. Exercise 1.4
Solution: 1. Classify the following numbers as
rational or irrational:
(i) 2 –√𝟓
Solution:
Three different irrational numbers are: We know that, √𝟓 = 2.2360679…
Here, 2.2360679…is non-terminating and
1. 0.73073007300073000073… non-recurring.
2. 0.75075007300075000075… Now, substituting the value of √5 in 2
3. 0.76076007600076000076… √5, we get,2-√5 = 2-2.2360679… = -
0.2360679
9. Classify the following numbers as Since the number, – 0.2360679…, is
rational or irrational according to their non-terminating non-recurring, 2 –√√5 is an
type: irrational number.
(i)√𝟐𝟑
(ii) (3 +√𝟐𝟑)- √𝟐𝟑
Solution:
Solution:
√23 = 4.79583152331…
(3 +√23) –√23= 3+√23–√23
Since the number is non-terminating
=3
and non-recurring therefore, it is an 3
irrational number. =
1
3
Since the number is in p/q form,
1
(ii) √𝟐𝟐𝟓
(3 +√𝟐𝟑)- √𝟐𝟑 is rational.
Solution:
15
√𝟐𝟐𝟓= 15 = 1 𝟐√𝟕
(iii)
Since the number can be represented 𝟕√𝟕
in p/q form, it is a rational number. Solution:
𝟐√𝟕 𝟐 𝐗√𝟕
=
(iii) 0.3796 𝟕√𝟕 𝟕𝐗√𝟕
Solution: 𝟐 𝐗√𝟕 𝟐 𝟐
Hence, = ×1 =
𝟕𝐗√𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
 𝟐
Since the number, is in p/q form,
𝟐 𝐗√𝟕
is 3. Recall, π is defined as the ratio of the
𝟕 𝟕𝐗√𝟕 circumference (say c) of a circle to its
rational. diameter, (say d). That is, π =c/d. This
𝟏 seems to contradict the fact that π is
(iv)
√𝟐 irrational. How will you resolve this
Solution: contradiction?
Multiplying and dividing numerator Solution:
and denominator by √2 we get, There is no contradiction. When we
𝟏 √𝟐 √𝟐 measure a value with a scale, we only obtain
𝑿 = ( since √𝟐×√𝟐= 2)
√𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐
an approximate value. We never obtain an
We know that, √2 = 1.4142…
√𝟐 1.4142
exact value. Therefore, we may not realize
Then, = = 0.7071.. whether c or d is irrational. The value of π is
𝟐2
22
Since the number , 0.7071..is non- almost equal to or 3.142857…
7
terminating non-recurring, 1/√2 is an
irrational number. 4. Represent (√𝟗. 𝟑) on the number line.
Solution:
(v) 2
Step 1: Draw a 9.3 units long line segment,
Solution:
AB. Extend AB to C such that BC=1 unit.
We know that, the value of = 3.1415
Step 2: Now, AC = 10.3 units. Let the centre
Hence, 2 = 2×3.1415.. = 6.2830…
of AC be O.
ince the number, 6.2830…, is non-
Step 3: Draw a semi-circle of radius OC with
terminating non-recurring, 2 is an irrational
centre O.
number.
Step 4: Draw a BD perpendicular to AC at
2. Simplify each of the following point B intersecting the semicircle at D. Join
expressions: OD.
(i) (3+√𝟑)(2+√𝟐) Step 5: OBD, obtained, is a right angled
Solution: triangle.
Here, OD 10.3/2 (radius of semi-
(3+√3)(2+√2) 10.3
Opening the brackets, we get, circle), OC = , BC = 1
2
(3×2)+(3×√2)+( √3×2)+( √3×√2) OB = OC – BC
10.3 8.3
= 6+3√2+2√3+√6 ⟹ ( )-1 =
2 2
Using Pythagoras theorem,We get,
(ii) (3+√𝟑)(3-√𝟑) OD2=BD2+OB2
Solution: 10.3
⟹ ( )2 = BD2+( )2
8.3
2 2
(3+√3)(3-√3) = 32-(√3)2 = 9-3 2 = 10.3 2 8.3 2
=6 ⟹ BD ( ) -( )
2 2
10.3 8.3 10.3 8.3
⟹ (BD)2 = ( )-( )( )+( )
2 2 2 2
(iii) (√5+√2)2
⟹ BD2 = 9.3
Solution:
⟹ BD = √9.3
(√5+√2)2 = √52+(2×√5×√2)+ √22 Thus, the length of BD is √9.3.
= 5+2×√10+2 = 7+2√10 Step 6: Taking BD as radius and B as centre
draw an arc which touches the line segment.
(iv) (√𝟓-√𝟐)(√5+√𝟐)
The point where it touches the line segment
Solution:
is at a distance of √9.3 from O as shown in
(√5-√2)( √5+√2) = (√52-√22) = 5-2 = 3 the figure.
 𝟏 √𝟕+𝟐 √𝟕+𝟐
× =
√𝟕−𝟐 √𝟕+𝟐 (√𝟕+𝟐)(√𝟕−𝟐)
√𝟕+𝟐
= 𝟐 [denominator is obtained by the
√𝟕 −𝟐𝟐
property, (a+b)(a-b) = a2-b2]
√𝟕+𝟐 √𝟕+𝟐
= =
𝟕−𝟒 𝟑

Exercise 1.5
1. Find:
5. Rationalize the denominators of the 𝟏

following: (i)𝟔𝟒𝟐
𝟏 Solution:
(i) 𝟏 𝟏
√𝟕
Solution: 64𝟐 = (8 × 8)𝟐
𝟏
Multiply and divide by √7 = (82)½
√𝟕
√𝟕 1 2
(1×√7)/( √7×√7) = = 81 [⸪2× = =1]
𝟕 2 2
=8
𝟏
(ii) 𝟏
√𝟕−√𝟔
Solution: (ii)𝟑𝟐𝟓
𝟏 Solution:
Multiply and divide by √𝟕 + √𝟔 1 1 5𝑋1
√𝟕−√𝟔
𝟏 √𝟕+√𝟔 √𝟕+√𝟔 325 = (25 )5= (2) 5
× = 1
√𝟕−√𝟔 √𝟕+√𝟔 (√𝟕−√𝟔)(√𝟕+√𝟔) = 21 [⸪5× = 1]
5
√𝟕+√𝟔
= 𝟐 𝟐 [denominator is obtained by =2
√𝟕 −√𝟔
the property, (a+b)(a-b) = a2-b2] 𝟏

√𝟕+√𝟔 √𝟕+√𝟔 (iii)(𝟏𝟐𝟓 )𝟑

= = Solution:
𝟕−𝟔 𝟏
1
= √𝟕 + √𝟔
(125 = (5×5×5)1/3
)3

𝟏 = (53)⅓
(iii) 1 3
√𝟓+√𝟐
= 51 (3× = = 1)
Solution: 3 3
𝟏 =5
Multiply and divide by√𝟓 − √𝟐
√𝟓+√𝟐
𝟏 √𝟓−√𝟐 √𝟓−√𝟐 2. Find:
× = 𝟑
√𝟓+√𝟐 √𝟓−√𝟐 (√𝟓+√𝟐)(√𝟓−√𝟐)
√𝟓−√𝟐 (i) 𝟗𝟐
= 𝟐 𝟐 [denominator is obtained by the Solution:
√𝟓 −√𝟐 3 3
property, (a+b)(a-b) = a2-b2] 92 = (3 × 3)2
√𝟓−√𝟐 3
= = (32 )2
5−2
√𝟓−√𝟐 3
= = 33 [⸪2× = 3]
3 2
=27
𝟏 𝟐
(iv) (ii) 𝟑𝟐𝟓
√𝟕−𝟐
Solution: Solution:
𝟏 2 2
Multiply and divide 325 = (2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2)5
√𝟕−𝟐
2
by (√𝟕 + 𝟐) = (25 )5
 2
= 22 [⸪5× = 2] 1. Which of the following expressions are
5
=4 polynomials in one variable, and which are
not? State reasons for your answer.
𝟑
(i) 4x2–3x+7
(iii)𝟏𝟔𝟒
Solution:
Solution:
3 3 The equation 4x2–3x+7 can be written
164 = (2 × 2 × 2 × 2)4 as 4x2–3x1+7x0
3
= (24 )4 Since x is the only variable in the given
3
= 23 [⸪4× = 3] equation and the powers of x (i.e. 2, 1 and 0)
4 are whole numbers, the expression 4x2–
=8
3x+7 is a polynomial in one variable.
−𝟏
(iv) 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟑 (ii) y2+√𝟐
−𝟏 −1
𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟑 = (5 × 5 × 5) 3 Solution:
−1
−1 The equation y2+√𝟐can be written as
= (53 ) 3 = 5-1 [⸪3× = -1]
1
3 y2+√𝟐y0
= Since y is the only variable in the given
5
equation and the powers of y (i.e., 2 and 0)
3. Simplify:
𝟐 𝟏 are whole numbers, the expression y2+√𝟐 is
(i) 𝟐𝟑 ×𝟐𝟓 a polynomial in one variable.
Solution:
2 1 2 1
(iii) 3√𝒕+t√𝟐
23 ×25 = 23+5 [⸪Since, am×an=am+n]
13 Solution:
=2 15

The equation 3√𝒕+t√𝟐 can be written

𝟏𝟑 1/2
(ii) ( )7 as 3t +√𝟐t. Though t is the only variable in
𝟑 1
Solution: the given equation, the power of t (i.e., ) is
2
𝟏𝟑 not a whole number. Hence, we can say that
( )7= (3-3)7 [⸪Since,(am)n = am x n]
𝟑
= 3-21 the expression 3√𝒕+t√𝟐 is not a polynomial
in one variable.
𝟏
𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝟐
(iii) 𝟏 (iv) y+
𝟏𝟏𝟒 𝒚
Solution: Solution:
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏𝟏𝟐 ( − )
1 1 1
𝟏 𝟏 2−1 The equation y+ can be written as
𝟏 = 11
2 4 = 114 [⸪ – = =¼ ] 𝒚
𝟐 𝟒 4 -1
𝟏𝟏𝟒 y+2y
𝟏 𝟏 Though y is the only variable in the
(iv) 𝟕𝟐 ×𝟖𝟐 given equation, the power of y (i.e., -1) is
Solution: not a whole number. Hence, we can say that
𝟏 𝟏 1
𝟐
𝟕 ×𝟖 = (7𝑋8) [⸪Since, (am×bm = (a×b)m]
𝟐 𝟐 2 the expression y+ is not a polynomial in one
𝒚
1
= 56 2 variable.

Lesson-2 Polynomials (v) x10+y3+t50

Exercise 2.1 Solution:
Here, in the equation x10+y3+t50
 Though the powers, 10, 3, 50, are 4. Write the degree of each of the following
whole numbers, there are 3 variables used polynomials:
in the expression.x10+y3+t50. Hence, it (i) 5x3+4x2+7x
is not a polynomial in one variable. Solution:
The highest power of the variable in a
2. Write the coefficients of x2 in each of the polynomial is the degree of the polynomial.
following: The powers of the variable x are: 3, 2,
(i) 2+x2+x 1
Solution: The degree of 5x3+4x2+7x is 3, as 3 is
The equation 2+x2+x can be written as the highest power of x in the equation.
2+(1)x2+x.
the coefficient of x2 in 2+x2+x is 1. (ii) 4–y2
Solution:
(ii) 2–x2+x3 The power of the variable y is 2
Solution: The degree of 4–y2 is 2, as 2 is the
The equation 2–x2+x3 can be written highest power of y in the equation.
as 2+(–1)x2+x3
Hence, the coefficient of x2 in 2–x2+x3 is - (iii) 5t–√𝟕
1. Solution:
𝝅 The power of the variable t is: 1
(iii) ( )x2+x The degree of 5t–√7 is 1, as 1 is the
𝟐
Solution: highest power of y in the equation.
𝝅
The equation ( )x2 +x can be written
𝟐
𝝅 2
(iv) 3
as ( )x + x
𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
Solution:
Hence, the coefficient of x2 in ( )x2 +x is . The power of the variable here is: 0
𝟐 𝟐
Hence, the degree of 3 is 0.
(iii) √𝟐x-1
Solution: 5. Classify the following as linear, quadratic
The equation √𝟐x-1 can be written as and cubic polynomials:
Solution:
0x +√𝟐x-1 [Since 0x2 is 0]
2
Linear polynomial: A polynomial of degree
Hence, the coefficient of x2 in √𝟐x-1 is 0. one is called a linear polynomial.
Quadratic polynomial: A polynomial of
3. Give one example each of a binomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial.
degree 35, and of a monomial of degree Cubic polynomial: A polynomial of degree
100. three is called a cubic polynomial.
Solution: (i) x2+x
Binomial of degree 35: A polynomial having
two terms and the highest degree 35 is Solution:
called a binomial of degree 35. The degree is 2.Hence, x2+x is a
For example, 3x35+5 quadratic polynomial
Monomial of degree 100: A polynomial
(ii) x–x3
having one term and the highest degree 100
Solution:
is called a monomial of degree 100.
The degree is 3.Hence, x–x3 is a cubic
For example, 4x100
polynomial

(iii) y+y2+4
Solution: (i) p(y)=y2−y+1
The degree is 2.Hence, y+y2+4 is a Solution:
quadratic polynomial p(y) = y2–y+1
∴ p(0) = (0)2−(0)+1 = 1
(iv) 1+x p(1) = (1)2–(1)+1 = 1
Solution: p(2) = (2)2–(2)+1 = 3
The degree is 1.Hence, 1+x is a linear
polynomial. (ii) p(t)=2+t+2t2−t3
Solution:
(v) 3t p(t) = 2+t+2t2−t3
Solution: ∴ p(0) = 2+0+2(0)2–(0)3 = 2
The degree is 1.Hence, 3t is a linear p(1) = 2+1+2(1)2–(1)3=2+1+2–1 = 4
polynomial. p(2) = 2+2+2(2)2–(2)3=2+2+8–8 = 4
(vi) r2 (iii) p(x)=x3
Solution: Solution:
The degree is 2.Hence, r2is a quadratic p(x) = x3
polynomial. ∴ p(0) = (0)3 = 0
(vii) 7x3 p(1) = (1)3 = 1
Solution: p(2) = (2)3 = 8
The degree is 3.Hence, 7x3 is a cubic (iv) P(x) = (x−1)(x+1)
polynomial. Solution:
Exercise 2.2 p(x) = (x–1)(x+1)
1. Find the value of the polynomial ∴ p(0) = (0–1)(0+1) = (−1)(1) = –1
f(x)=5x−4x2+3. p(1) = (1–1)(1+1) = 0(2) = 0
(i) x = 0 (ii) x = – 1 (iii) x = 2 p(2) = (2–1)(2+1) = 1(3) = 3
Solution: 3. Verify whether the following are zeroes
Let f(x) = 5x−4x2+3 of the polynomial indicated against them.
(i) When x = 0
−1
f(0) = 5(0)-4(0)2+3 (i) p(x)=3x+1, x =
3
=3 Solution:
−1
(ii) When x = -1 For, x = , p(x) = 3x+1
3
f(x) = 5x−4x2+3 −1 −1
∴ p( ) = 3( )+1 = −1+1 = 0
3 3
f(−1) = 5(−1)−4(−1)2+3 −1
= −5–4+3 ∴ is a zero of p(x).
3
= −6 𝟒
(ii) p(x) = 5x–π, x =
𝟓
(iii) When x = 2 Solution:
f(x) = 5x−4x2+3 𝟒
For, x = , p(x) = 5x–π
f(2) = 5(2)−4(2)2+3 𝟒
𝟓
𝟒
∴ p( ) = 5( )- π = 4-π
𝟓 𝟓
= 10–16+3 𝟒
∴ is not a zero of p(x).
= −3 𝟓

2. Find p(0), p(1) and p(2) for each of the (iii) p(x) = x2−1, x = 1, −1
following polynomials: Solution:
For, x = 1, −1;
p(x) = x2−1 p(x) = x+5
∴ p(1)=12−1=1−1 = 0
p(−1)=(-1)2−1 = 1−1 = 0 ⇒ x+5 = 0
∴ 1, −1 are zeros of p(x). ⇒ x = −5
∴ -5 is a zero polynomial of the polynomial
(iv) p(x) = (x+1)(x–2), x =−1, 2 p(x).
Solution:
For, x = −1,2; (ii) p(x) = x–5
p(x) = (x+1)(x–2) Solution:
∴ p(−1) = (−1+1)(−1–2) p(x) = x−5
= (0)(−3) = 0 ⇒ x−5 = 0
p(2) = (2+1)(2–2) = (3)(0) = 0 ⇒x=5
∴ −1, 2 are zeros of p(x). ∴ 5 is a zero polynomial of the polynomial
p(x).
(v) p(x) = x2, x = 0
Solution: (iii) p(x) = 2x+5
For, x = 0 p(x) = x2 Solution:
p(0) = 02 = 0 p(x) = 2x+5
∴ 0 is a zero of p(x). ⇒ 2x+5 = 0
⇒ 2x = −5
𝒎 5
(vi) p(x) = lx+m, x = − ⇒x=-
𝒍 2
Solution: 5
𝒎
∴x = - is a zero polynomial of the polynomial
2
For, x = − ; p(x) = lx+m p(x).
𝒍
𝒎 𝒎
∴ p(− )= l(− )+m = −m+m = 0
𝒍 𝒍
(iv) p(x) = 3x–2
∴ -m/l is a zero of p(x).
Solution:
(vii) p(x) = 3x2−1, x =
−𝟏 𝟐
, , p(x) = 3x–2
√𝟑 √𝟑 ⇒ 3x−2 = 0
Solution:
−𝟏 𝟐
⇒ 3x = 2
For, x = , ; p(x) = 3x2−1 ⇒x = 2/3
√𝟑 √𝟑
−𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 ∴ x = 2/3 is a zero polynomial of the
∴ p( ) = 3( )2-1 = 3( )-1 = 1-1 = 0
√𝟑 √𝟑 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 2 𝟒 polynomial p(x).
∴ p( ) = 3( ) -1 = 3( )-1 = 4−1 = 3 ≠ 0
√𝟑 √𝟑 𝟑
−𝟏 𝟐 (v) p(x) = 3x
∴ is a zero of p(x), but is not a zero of
√𝟑 √𝟑 Solution:
p(x). p(x) = 3x
𝟏 ⇒ 3x = 0
(viii) p(x) =2x+1, x = ⇒x=0
𝟐
Solution: ∴ 0 is a zero polynomial of the polynomial
𝟏
For, x = p(x) = 2x+1 p(x).
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
∴ p( ) = 2( )+1 = 1+1 = 2≠0 (vi) p(x) = ax, a≠0
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
∴ is not a zero of p(x). Solution:
𝟐
p(x) = ax
4. Find the zero of the polynomials in each ⇒ ax = 0
of the following cases: ⇒x=0
(i) p(x) = x+5 ∴ x = 0 is a zero polynomial of the
Solution: polynomial p(x).
(vii) p(x) = cx+d, c ≠ 0, c, d are real numbers. 5+2x = 0
Solution: ⇒ 2x = −5
p(x) = cx + d 𝟓
⇒x=-
𝟐
⇒ cx+d =0
−𝑑
∴ Remainder:
⇒x= 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟕𝟓 𝟏𝟓
𝑐 (- )3+3(- )2+3(- )+1 = (- )+( )-( )+1
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟖 𝟒 𝟐
∴ x = -d/c is a zero polynomial of the 𝟐𝟕
polynomial p(x). = --
𝟖

Exercise 2.3 2. Find the remainder when x3−ax2+6x−a is

1. Find the remainder when x3+3x2+3x+1 is divided by x-a.
divided by Solution:
(i) x+1
Let p(x) = x3−ax2+6x−a
Solution:
x−a = 0
x+1= 0
∴x=a
⇒x = −1
Remainder:
∴ Remainder:
p(a) = (a)3−a(a2)+6(a)−a
p(−1) = (−1)3+3(−1)2+3(−1)+1
= a3−a3+6a−a = 5a
= −1+3−3+1
=0 3. Check whether 7+3x is a factor of 3x3+7x.
𝟏 Solution:
(ii) x− 7+3x = 0
𝟐
Solution: ⇒ 3x = −7
𝟏 −𝟕
x- = 0 ⇒x=
𝟐 𝟑
𝟏
⇒x= ∴ Remainder:
𝟐 −𝟕 −𝟕 343 −49
∴ Remainder: 3( )3+7( ) = -( )+( )
𝟑 𝟑 𝟗 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (−343−(49)3)
p( ) = ( )3+3( )2+3( )+1 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 9
𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 (−343−147)
= ( )+( )+( )+1 =
𝟖 𝟒 𝟐 9
= 27/8 =
−490
≠0
9
(iii) x ∴ 7+3x is not a factor of 3x3+7x
Solution:
x=0 Exercise 2.4
∴ Remainder: 1. Determine which of the following
p(0) = (0)3+3(0)2+3(0)+1 polynomials has (x + 1) a factor:
=1 (i) x3+x2+x+1
Solution:
(iv) x+π
Let p(x) = x3+x2+x+1
Solution:
The zero of x+1 is -1. [x+1 = 0 means x = -1]
x+π = 0
p(−1) = (−1)3+(−1)2+(−1)+1
⇒ x = −π
= −1+1−1+1
∴ Remainder:
=0
p(0) = (−π)3 +3(−π)2+3(−π)+1
∴ By factor theorem, x+1 is a factor of
= −π3+3π2−3π+1
x3+x2+x+1
(v) 5+2x
(ii) x4+x3+x2+x+1
Solution:
Solution: p(x) = x3+3x2+3x+1, g(x) = x+2
Let p(x)= x4+x3+x2+x+1 g(x) = 0
The zero of x+1 is -1. [x+1= 0 means x = -1] ⇒ x+2 = 0
p(−1) = (−1)4+(−1)3+(−1)2+(−1)+1 ⇒ x = −2
= 1−1+1−1+1 ∴ Zero of g(x) is -2.
=1≠0 Now,
∴ By factor theorem, x+1 is not a factor of p(−2) = (−2)3+3(−2)2+3(−2)+1
x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = −8+12−6+1
= −1 ≠ 0
(iii) x4+3x3+3x2+x+1 ∴ By factor theorem, g(x) is not a factor of
Solution: p(x).
Let p(x)= x4+3x3+3x2+x+1
The zero of x+1 is -1. (iii) p(x)=x3–4x2+x+6, g(x) = x–3
p(−1)=(−1)4+3(−1)3+3(−1)2+(−1)+1 Solution:
=1−3+3−1+1 p(x) = x3–4x2+x+6, g(x) = x -3
=1 ≠ 0 g(x) = 0
∴ By factor theorem, x+1 is not a factor of ⇒ x−3 = 0
x4+3x3+3x2+x+1 ⇒x=3
∴ Zero of g(x) is 3.
(iv) x3 – x2– (2+√𝟐)x +√𝟐 Now,
Solution:
Let p(x) = x3–x2–(2+√𝟐)x +√𝟐 p(3) = (3)3−4(3)2+(3)+6
The zero of x+1 is -1. = 27−36+3+6
p(−1) = (-1)3–(-1)2–(2+√𝟐)(-1) + √𝟐= =0
∴ By factor theorem, g(x) is a factor of p(x).
−1−1+2+√𝟐+√𝟐
= 2√𝟐≠ 0 3. Find the value of k, if x–1 is a factor
∴ By factor theorem, x+1 is not a of p(x) in each of the following cases:
factor of x3–x2–(2+√𝟐)x +√𝟐 (i) p(x) = x2+x+k
Solution:
2. Use the Factor Theorem to determine If x-1 is a factor of p(x), then p(1) = 0
whether g(x) is a factor of p(x) in each of By Factor Theorem
the following cases: ⇒ (1)2+(1)+k = 0
(i) p(x) = 2x3+x2–2x–1, g(x) = x+1 ⇒ 1+1+k = 0
Solution: ⇒ 2+k = 0
p(x) = 2x3+x2–2x–1, g(x) = x+1 ⇒ k = −2
g(x) = 0
⇒ x+1 = 0 (ii) p(x) = 2x2+kx+√2
⇒ x = −1 Solution:
∴ Zero of g(x) is -1. If x-1 is a factor of p(x), then p(1) = 0
Now, ⇒ 2(1)2+k(1)+√2 = 0
p(−1) = 2(−1)3+(−1)2–2(−1)–1 ⇒ 2+k+√2 = 0
= −2+1+2−1 ⇒ k = −(2+√2)
=0
∴ By factor theorem, g(x) is a factor of p(x). (iii) p(x) = kx2–√2x+1
Solution:
(ii) p(x)=x3+3x2+3x+1, g(x) = x+2 If x-1 is a factor of p(x), then p(1)=0
Solution: By Factor Theorem
⇒ k(1)2-√2(1)+1=0 (iv) 3x2–x–4
⇒ k = √2-1 Solution:
Using the splitting the middle term
(iv) p(x)=kx2–3x+k method,
Solution: We have to find a number whose sum
If x-1 is a factor of p(x), then p(1) = 0 = -1 and product = 3×-4 = -12
By Factor Theorem We get -4 and 3 as the numbers [-4+3
⇒ k(1)2–3(1)+k = 0 = -1 and -4×3 = -12]
⇒ k−3+k = 0 3x2–x–4 = 3x2–4x+3x–4
⇒ 2k−3 = 0 = x(3x–4)+1(3x–4)
3
⇒ k= = (3x–4)(x+1)
2

4. Factorise: 5. Factorise:
(i) 12x2–7x+1 (i) x3–2x2–x+2
Solution: Solution:
Using the splitting the middle term method, Let p(x) = x3–2x2–x+2
We have to find a number whose sum = -7 Factors of 2 are ±1 and ± 2
and product =1×12 = 12 Now,p(x) = x3–2x2–x+2
We get -3 and -4 as the numbers [-3+-4=-7 p(−1) = (−1)3–2(−1)2–(−1)+2
and -3×-4 = 12] = −1−2+1+2
12x2–7x+1= 12x2-4x-3x+1 =0
= 4x(3x-1)-1(3x-1) Therefore, (x+1) is the factor of p(x)
= (4x-1)(3x-1)
Now, Dividend = Divisor × Quotient +
2
(ii) 2x +7x+3 Remainder
Solution:
Using the splitting the middle term method,
We have to find a number whose sum
= 7 and product = 2×3 = 6
We get 6 and 1 as the numbers [6+1 =
7 and 6×1 = 6]
2x2+7x+3 = 2x2+6x+1x+3
= 2x (x+3)+1(x+3)
= (2x+1)(x+3)

(iii) 6x2+5x-6
Solution:
Using the splitting the middle term method,
We have to find a number whose sum (x+1)(x2–3x+2) = (x+1)(x2–x–2x+2)
= 5 and product = 6×-6 = -36 = (x+1)(x(x−1)−2(x−1))
We get -4 and 9 as the numbers [-4+9 = (x+1)(x−1)(x-2)
= 5 and -4×9 = -36]
6x2+5x-6 = 6x2+9x–4x–6 (ii) x3–3x2–9x–5
Solution:
= 3x(2x+3)–2(2x+3) Let p(x) = x3–3x2–9x–5
Factors of 5 are ±1 and ±5
= (2x+3)(3x–2) By the trial method, we find that
p(5) = 0
So, (x-5) is factor of p(x) (iv) 2y3+y2–2y–1
Now,p(x) = x3–3x2–9x–5 Solution:
p(5) = (5)3–3(5)2–9(5)–5 Let p(y) = 2y3+y2–2y–1
= 125−75−45−5 Factors = 2×(−1)= -2 are ±1 and ±2
=0 By the trial method, we find that
Therefore, (x-5) is the factor of p(x) p(1) = 0
So, (y-1) is factor of p(y)
Now,p(y) = 2y3+y2–2y–1
p(1) = 2(1)3+(1)2–2(1)–1
= 2+1−2
=0
Therefore, (y-1) is the factor of p(y)

Now, Dividend = Divisor × Quotient +

Remainder
(x−5)(x2+2x+1) = (x−5)(x2+x+x+1)
= (x−5)(x(x+1)+1(x+1))
= (x−5)(x+1)(x+1)

(iii) x3+13x2+32x+20 Now, Dividend = Divisor × Quotient +

Solution: Remainder
Let p(x) = x3+13x2+32x+20 (y−1)(2y2+3y+1) = (y−1)(2y2+2y+y+1)
Factors of 20 are ±1, ±2, ±4, ±5, ±10 and ±20 = (y−1)(2y(y+1)+1(y+1))
By the trial method, we find that = (y−1)(2y+1)(y+1)
p(-1) = 0
So, (x+1) is factor of p(x) Exercise 2.5
1. Use suitable identities to find the
Now, p(x)= x3+13x2+32x+20 following products:
p(-1) = (−1)3+13(−1)2+32(−1)+20 (i) (x+4)(x +10)
= −1+13−32+20
=0 Solution:
Therefore, (x+1) is the factor of p(x) Using the identity, (x+a)(x+b) =
x 2+(a+b)x+ab
[Here, a = 4 and b = 10]
We get,(x+4)(x+10) = x2+(4+10)x+(4×10)
= x2+14x+40

(ii) (x+8)(x –10)

Solution:
Using the identity, (x+a)(x+b) =
x 2+(a+b)x+ab
Now, Dividend = Divisor ×
[Here, a = 8 and b = −10]
Quotient +Remainder
We get,(x+8)(x−10) =
(x+1)(x2+12x+20) = (x+1)(x2+2x+10x+20)
x2+(8+(−10))x+(8×(−10))
= (x+1)x(x+2)+10(x+2)
= x2+(8−10)x–80
= (x+1)(x+2)(x+10)
= x2−2x−80
(iii) (3x+4)(3x–5) Here, a = 100 b=4
Solution: We get, 104×96 = (100+4)×(100–4)
Using the identity, (x+a)(x+b) = = (100)2–(4)2
x 2+(a+b)x+ab = 10000–16
[Here, x = 3x, a = 4 and b = −5] = 9984
We get,(3x+4)(3x−5) =
(3x)2+[4+(−5)]3x+4×(−5) 3. Factorise the following using appropriate
= 9x2+3x(4–5)–20 identities:
= 9x2–3x–20 (i) 9x2+6xy+y2
Solution:
(iv) (y2+3/2)(y2-3/2) 9x2+6xy+y2 = (3x)2+(2×3x×y)+y2
Solution: Using identity, x2+2xy+y2 = (x+y)2
Using the identity, (x+y)(x–y) = x2–y 2 Here, x = 3x y = y
[Here, x = y2and y = 3/2] 9x2+6xy+y2 = (3x)2+(2×3x×y)+y2
We get,(y2+3/2)(y2–3/2) = (y2)2–(3/2)2 = (3x+y)2
= y4–9/4 = (3x+y)(3x+y)

2. Evaluate the following products without (ii) 4y2−4y+1

multiplying directly: Solution:
(i) 103×107 4y2−4y+1 = (2y)2–(2×2y×1)+1
Solution: Using identity, x2 – 2xy + y2 = (x – y)2
103×107= (100+3)×(100+7) Here, x = 2y
Using identity, [(x+a)(x+b) = x2+(a+b)x+ab y=1
Here, x = 100 4y2−4y+1 = (2y)2–(2×2y×1)+12
a=3 = (2y–1)2
b=7 = (2y–1)(2y–1)
We get, 103×107 = (100+3)×(100+7)
= (100)2+(3+7)100+(3×7) (iii) x2–y2/100
= 10000+1000+21 Solution:
= 11021 x2–y2/100 = x2–(y/10)2
Using identity, x2-y2 = (x-y)(x+y)
(ii) 95×96 Here, x = x y = y/10
Solution: x2–y2/100 = x2–(y/10)2
95×96 = (100-5)×(100-4) = (x–y/10)(x+y/10)
Using identity, [(x-a)(x-b) = x2-(a+b)x+ab
Here, x = 100 4. Expand each of the following using
a = -5 suitable identities:
b = -4 Solution:
We get, 95×96 = (100-5)×(100-4) (i) (x+2y+4z)2
Using identity, (x+y+z)2 =
= (100)2+100(-5+(-4))+(-5×-4) x2+y2+z2+2xy+2yz+2zx
= 10000-900+20 Here, x = x
= 9120 y = 2y
z = 4z
(iii) 104×96
Solution: (x+2y+4z)2 =
104×96 = (100+4)×(100–4) x2+(2y)2+(4z)2+(2×x×2y)+(2×2y×4z)+(2×4z×x)
Using identity, [(a+b)(a-b)= a2-b2] = x2+4y2+16z2+4xy+16yz+8xz
(ii) (2x−y+z)2 5. Factorise:
Using identity, (x+y+z)2 = Solution:
x2+y2+z2+2xy+2yz+2zx (i) 4x2+9y2+16z2+12xy–24yz–16xz
Here, x = 2x y = −y z = z Using identity, (x+y+z)2 =
(2x−y+z)2 = x2+y2+z2+2xy+2yz+2zx
(2x)2+(−y)2+z2+(2×2x×−y)+(2×−y×z)+(2×z×2x)
= 4x2+y2+z2–4xy–2yz+4xz We can say that, x2+y2+z2+2xy+2yz+2zx =
(x+y+z)2
(iii) (−2x+3y+2z)2 4x2+9y2+16z2+12xy–24yz–16xz =
Solution: (2x)2+(3y)2+(−4z)2+(2×2x×3y)+(2×3y×−4z)+(2
Using identity, (x+y+z)2 = ×−4z×2x)
x2+y2+z2+2xy+2yz+2zx = (2x+3y–4z)2
Here, x = −2x y = 3y z = 2z = (2x+3y–4z)(2x+3y–4z)
2
(−2x+3y+2z) =
(−2x)2+(3y)2+(2z)2+(2×−2x×3y)+(2×3y×2z)+(2 (ii) 2x2+y2+8z2–2√2xy+4√2yz–8xz
×2z×−2x) Using identity, (x +y+z)2 =
= 4x2+9y2+4z2–12xy+12yz–8xz x2+y2+z2+2xy+2yz+2zx
We can say that, x2+y2+z2+2xy+2yz+2zx =
(iv) (3a –7b–c)2 (x+y+z)2
Solution: 2x2+y2+8z2–2√2xy+4√2yz–8xz
Using identity (x+y+z)2 = = (-√2x)2+(y)2+(2√2z)2+(2×-
x2+y2+z2+2xy+2yz+2zx √2x×y)+(2×y×2√2z)+(2×2√2×−√2x)
Here, x = 3a y = – 7b z=–c = (−√2x+y+2√2z)2
(3a –7b– c) = (3a) +(– 7b)2+(– c)2+(2×3a ×–
2 2
= (−√2x+y+2√2z)(−√2x+y+2√2z)
7b)+(2×– 7b ×– c)+(2×– c ×3a)
= 9a2 + 49b2 + c2– 42ab+14bc–6ca 6. Write the following cubes in expanded
form:
(v) (–2x+5y–3z)2 Solution:
Solution: (i) (2x+1)3
Using identity, (x+y+z)2 = Using identity,(x+y)3 = x3+y3+3xy(x+y)
x2+y2+z2+2xy+2yz+2zx (2x+1)3= (2x)3+13+(3×2x×1)(2x+1)
Here, x = –2x y = 5y z = – 3z = 8x3+1+6x(2x+1)
(–2x+5y–3z) = (–2x) +(5y) +(–3z)2+(2×–2x ×
2 2 2
= 8x3+12x2+6x+1
5y)+(2× 5y×– 3z)+(2×–3z ×–2x)
= 4x2+25y2 +9z2– 20xy–30yz+12zx (ii) (2a−3b)3
Using identity,(x–y)3 = x3–y3–3xy(x–y)
(vi) ((1/4)a-(1/2)b+1)2 (2a−3b)3 = (2a)3−(3b)3–(3×2a×3b)(2a–3b)
Solution: = 8a3–27b3–18ab(2a–3b)
Using identity, (x+y+z)2 = = 8a3–27b3–36a2b+54ab2
x2+y2+z2+2xy+2yz+2zx
Here, x = (1/4)a (iii) ((3/2)x+1)3
y = (-1/2)b Using identity,(x+y)3 = x3+y3+3xy(x+y)
z=1 ((3/2)x+1)3=((3/2)x)3+13+(3×(3/2)x×1)((3/2)x
+1)
 The expression, 8a3+b3+12a2b+6ab2 can be
written as (2a)3+b3+3(2a)2b+3(2a)(b)2
8a3+b3+12a2b+6ab2 =
(2a)3+b3+3(2a)2b+3(2a)(b)2
= (2a+b)3
(iv) (x−(2/3)y)3 = (2a+b)(2a+b)(2a+b)
Using identity, (x –y)3 = x3–y3–3xy(x–y) Here, the identity, (x +y)3 = x3+y3+3xy(x+y) is
used.

(ii) 8a3–b3–12a2b+6ab2
Solution:
The expression, 8a3–b3−12a2b+6ab2 can be
written as (2a)3–b3–3(2a)2b+3(2a)(b)2
7. Evaluate the following using suitable
8a3–b3−12a2b+6ab2 = (2a)3–b3–
identities:
3(2a)2b+3(2a)(b)2
Solutions:
= (2a–b)3
(i) (99)3 = (2a–b)(2a–b)(2a–b)
Solution: Here, the identity,(x–y)3 = x3–y3–3xy(x–y) is
We can write 99 as 100–1 used.
Using identity, (x –y)3 = x3–y3–3xy(x–y) (iii) 27–125a3–135a+225a2
(99)3 = (100–1)3 Solution:
= (100)3–13–(3×100×1)(100–1)
The expression, 27–125a3–135a +225a2 can
= 1000000 –1–300(100 – 1)
be written as 33–(5a)3–3(3)2(5a)+3(3)(5a)2
= 1000000–1–30000+300
27–125a3–135a+225a2 =
= 970299
33–(5a)3–3(3)2(5a)+3(3)(5a)2
(ii) (102)3 = (3–5a)3
Solution: = (3–5a)(3–5a)(3–5a)
We can write 102 as 100+2 Here, the identity, (x–y)3 = x3–y3-3xy(x–y) is
Using identity,(x+y)3 = x3+y3+3xy(x+y) used.
(100+2)3 =(100)3+23+(3×100×2)(100+2)
(iv) 64a3–27b3–144a2b+108ab2
= 1000000 + 8 + 600(100 + 2)
Solution:
= 1000000 + 8 + 60000 + 1200
The expression, 64a3–27b3–
= 1061208
144a2b+108ab2can be written as (4a)3–
(iii) (998)3 (3b)3–3(4a)2(3b)+3(4a)(3b)2
Solution: 64a3–27b3–144a2b+108ab2=
We can write 99 as 1000–2 (4a)3–(3b)3–3(4a)2(3b)+3(4a)(3b)2
Using identity,(x–y)3 = x3–y3–3xy(x–y) =(4a–3b)3
(998)3 =(1000–2)3 =(4a–3b)(4a–3b)(4a–3b)
=(1000)3–23–(3×1000×2)(1000–2) Here, the identity, (x – y)3 = x3 – y3 – 3xy(x –
= 1000000000–8–6000(1000– 2) y) is used.
= 1000000000–8- 6000000+12000
(v) 27p3– (1/216)−(9/2) p2+(1/4)p
= 994011992
Solution:
8. Factorise each of the following: The expression, 27p3–(1/216)−(9/2)
(i) 8a3+b3+12a2b+6ab2 p2+(1/4)p can be written as
Solution:
 (3p)3–(1/6)3−(9/2) p2+(1/4)p = (3p)3– We know that, x3+y3+z3–3xyz =
(1/6)3−3(3p)(1/6)(3p – 1/6) (x+y+z)(x2+y2+z2–xy –yz–zx)
Using (x – y)3 = x3 – y3 – 3xy (x – y) 27x3+y3+z3–9xyz = (3x)3+y3+z3–3(3x)(y)(z)
27p3–(1/216)−(9/2) p2+(1/4)p = (3p)3– = (3x+y+z)[(3x)2+y2+z2–3xy–yz–3xz]
(1/6)3−3(3p)(1/6)(3p – 1/6) = (3x+y+z)(9x2+y2+z2–3xy–yz–3xz)
Taking x = 3p and y = 1/6
= (3p–1/6)3 12. Verify that:
= (3p–1/6)(3p–1/6)(3p–1/6) x3+y3+z3–3xyz = (1/2) (x+y+z)[(x–y)2+(y–
z)2+(z–x)2]
9. Verify: Solution:
(i) x3+y3 = (x+y)(x2–xy+y2) x3+y3+z3−3xyz = (x+y+z)(x2+y2+z2–xy–yz–xz)
We know that, (x+y)3 = x3+y3+3xy(x+y) ⇒ x3+y3+z3–3xyz = (1/2)(x+y+z)[2(x2+y2+z2–
⇒ x3+y3 = (x+y)3–3xy(x+y) xy–yz–xz)]
⇒ x3+y3 = (x+y)[(x+y)2–3xy] = (1/2)(x+y+z)(2x2+2y2+2z2–2xy–2yz–2xz)
Taking (x+y) common ⇒ x3+y3 = = (1/2)(x+y+z)[(x2+y2−2xy)+(y2+z2–
(x+y)[(x2+y2+2xy)–3xy] 2yz)+(x2+z2–2xz)]
⇒ x3+y3 = (x+y)(x2+y2–xy) = (1/2)(x+y+z)[(x–y)2+(y–z)2+(z–x)2]

(ii) x3–y3 = (x–y)(x2+xy+y2) 13. If x+y+z = 0, show that x3+y3+z3 = 3xyz.

We know that, (x–y)3 = x3–y3–3xy(x–y) Solution:
⇒ x3−y3 = (x–y)3+3xy(x–y) x3+y3+z3-3xyz = (x +y+z)(x2+y2+z2–xy–yz–xz)
⇒ x3−y3 = (x–y)[(x–y)2+3xy] Now, according to the question, let (x+y+z)
Taking (x+y) common ⇒ x3−y3 = (x–y)[(x2+y2– = 0,
2xy)+3xy] Then, x3+y3+z3 -3xyz = (0)(x2+y2+z2–xy–yz–xz)
⇒ x3+y3 = (x–y)(x2+y2+xy) ⇒ x3+y3+z3–3xyz = 0
⇒ x3+y3+z3 = 3xyz
10. Factorise each of the following: Hence Proved
(i) 27y3+125z3 14. Without actually calculating the cubes,
The expression, 27y3+125z3 can be written find the value of each of the following:
as (3y)3+(5z)3 Solution:
27y3+125z3 = (3y)3+(5z)3 (i) (−12)3+(7)3+(5)3
We know that, x3+y3 = (x+y)(x2–xy+y2) Let a = −12 b = 7 c = 5
27y3+125z3 = (3y)3+(5z)3
= (3y+5z)[(3y)2–(3y)(5z)+(5z)2] We know that if x+y+z = 0, then
= (3y+5z)(9y2–15yz+25z2) x3+y3+z3=3xyz.
Here, −12+7+5=0
(ii) 64m3–343n3 (−12)3+(7)3+(5)3 = 3xyz
64m3–343n3 =(4m)3–(7n)3 = 3×-12×7×5
We know that, x3–y3 = (x–y)(x2+xy+y2) = -1260
64m3–343n3 = (4m)3–(7n)3
= (4m-7n)[(4m)2+(4m)(7n)+(7n)2] (ii) (28)3+(−15)3+(−13)3
= (4m-7n)(16m2+28mn+49n2) Solution:
(28)3+(−15)3+(−13)3
11. Factorise: 27x3+y3+z3–9xyz. Let a = 28 b = −15 c = −13
Solution: We know that if x+y+z = 0, then x3+y3+z3 =
27x3+y3+z3–9xyz = (3x)3+y3+z3–3(3x)(y)(z) 3xyz.
Here, x+y+z = 28–15–13 = 0
(28)3+(−15)3+(−13)3 = 3xyz [Here, 3y2+2y–5 can be written as 3y2+5y–
= 0+3(28)(−15)(−13) 3y–5 using splitting the middle term
= 16380 method.]
= 4k(3y2+5y–3y–5)
15. Give possible expressions for the length = 4k[y(3y+5)–1(3y+5)]
and breadth of each of the following = 4k(3y+5)(y–1)
rectangles, in which their areas are given: Possible expression for length = 4k
Solution: Possible expression for breadth = (3y +5)
(i) Area: 25a2–35a+12 Possible expression for height = (y -1)
Using the splitting the middle term method,
We have to find a number whose sum Chapter 3 – Coordinate Geometry
= -35 and product =25×12 = 300 Exercise 3.1
We get -15 and -20 as the numbers [- 1. How will you describe the position of a
15+-20=-35 and -15×-20 = 300] table lamp on your study table to another
25a2–35a+12 = 25a2–15a−20a+12 person?
= 5a(5a–3)–4(5a–3) Solution:
= (5a–4)(5a–3) To describe the position of the table lamp
Possible expression for length = 5a–4 on the study table, we take two lines, a
Possible expression for breadth = 5a –3 perpendicular and a horizontal line.
Considering the table as a plane (x and y
(ii) Area: 35y2+13y–12 axis) and taking perpendicular lines as the Y
Using the splitting the middle term method, axis and horizontal as the X axis,
We have to find a number whose sum respectively, take one corner of the table as
= 13 and product = 35×-12 = 420 the origin, where both X and Y axes intersect
We get -15 and 28 as the numbers [- each other. Now, the length of the table is
15+28 = 13 and -15×28=420] the Y-axis, and the breadth is the X-axis.
35y2+13y–12 = 35y2–15y+28y–12 From the origin, join the line to the table
= 5y(7y–3)+4(7y–3) lamp and mark a point. The distances of the
= (5y+4)(7y–3) point from both the X and Y axes should be
Possible expression for length = (5y+4) calculated and then should be written in
Possible expression for breadth = (7y–3) terms of coordinates.
16. What are the possible expressions for The distance of the point from the X-
the dimensions of the cuboids whose axis and the Y-axis is x and y, respectively, so
volumes are given below? the table lamp will be in (x, y) coordinates.
Solution: Here, (x, y) = (15, 25)
(i) Volume: 3x2–12x
3x2–12x= 3x(x–4) Possible expression for
length = 3

Possible expression for breadth = x

Possible expression for height = (x–4)

(ii) Volume:12ky2+8ky–20k
12ky2+8ky–20k = 4k(3y2+2y–5) .
12ky2+8ky–20k = 4k(3y2+2y–5)
2. (Street Plan): A city has two main roads
which cross each other at the centre of the
city. These two roads are along the North- (iii) Write the name of the point
South direction and East-West direction. All where these two lines intersect.
the other streets of the city run parallel to Solution:
these roads and are 200 m apart. There are (i) The name of horizontal and vertical
5 streets in each direction. Using 1cm = 200 lines drawn to determine the position of any
m, draw a model of the city in your point in the Cartesian plane is the x-axis and
notebook. Represent the roads/streets by the y-axis, respectively.
single lines. (ii) The name of each part of the plane
There are many cross-streets in your formed by these two lines, the x-axis and
model. A particular cross-street is made by the y-axis, is quadrants.
two streets, one running in the North- (iii) The point where these two lines
South direction and another in the East- intersect is called the origin.
West direction. Each cross street is referred
to in the following manner: If the 2nd 2. write the following.
street running in the North-South direction
and 5th in the East-West direction meet at
some crossing, then we will call this cross-
street (2, 5). Using this convention, find:
(i) how many cross-streets can be
referred to as (4, 3)?
(ii) how many cross-streets can be
referred to as (3, 4)?
Solution:
Solution:
i. The coordinates of B are (−5, 2).
ii. The coordinates of C are (5, −5).
iii. The point identified by the
coordinates (−3, −5) is E.
iv. The point identified by the
coordinates (2, −4) is G.
v. Abscissa means x coordinate of point D.
So, abscissa of point D is 6.
vi. Ordinate means y coordinate of point H.
1. Only one street can be referred to So, the ordinate of point H is -3.
as (4,3) (as clear from the figure). vii. The coordinates of point L are (0, 5).
2. Only one street can be referred to viii. The coordinates of point M are (−3, 0).
as (3,4) (as we see from the figure).
Exercise 3.2 • (– 2, 4): Second Quadrant (II-
1. Write the answer to each of the Quadrant)
following questions. (i) What is the name of • (3, – 1): Fourth Quadrant (IV-
the horizontal and vertical lines drawn to Quadrant)
determine the position of any point in the • (– 1, 0): Negative x-axis
Cartesian plane? • (1, 2): First Quadrant (I-Quadrant)
(ii) What is the name of each part of
• (– 3, – 5): Third Quadrant (III-
the plane formed by these two lines?
Quadrant)
 Chapter 4 – Linear Equations in Two The equation –2x+3y–6 = 0 can be written
Variables as,
(–2)x+3y+(– 6) = 0
Exercise 4.1
comparing (–2)x+3y+(–6) = 0 with ax+by+c =
1. The cost of a notebook is twice the cost
0
of a pen. Write a linear equation in two
We get, a = –2 b = 3 c =-6
variables to represent this statement.
(Take the cost of a notebook to be ₹ x and (iv) x = 3y
that of a pen to be ₹ y) Solution:
Solution: x = 3y
Let the cost of a notebook be = ₹ x x-3y = 0
The equation x-3y=0 can be written as,
Let the cost of a pen be = ₹ y
1x+(-3)y+(0)c = 0
According to the question,
comparing 1x+(-3)y+(0)c = 0 with ax+by+c =
The cost of a notebook is twice the cost of a
0
pen.
We get a = 1 b = -3 c =0
i.e., cost of a notebook = 2×cost of a pen
x = 2×y
x = 2y
x-2y = 0 (v) 2x = –5y
x-2y = 0 is the linear equation in two Solution:
variables 2x = –5y
2x+5y = 0
2. Express the following linear equations in The equation 2x+5y = 0 can be written as,
the form ax + by + c = 0 and indicate the 2x+5y+0 = 0
values of a, b and c in each case. comparing 2x+5y+0= 0 with ax+by+c = 0
We get a = 2 b = 5 c = 0

(vi) 3x+2 = 0
Solution:
3x+2 = 0
The equation 3x+2 = 0 can be written as,
3x+0y+2 = 0
Now comparing 3x+0+2= 0 with ax+by+c = 0
We get a = 3 b = 0 c = 2
(ii) x –(y/5)–10 = 0
Solution: (vii) y–2 = 0
The equation x –(y/5)-10 = 0 can be written Solution:
as, y–2 = 0
1x+(-1/5)y +(–10) = 0 The equation y–2 = 0 can be written as,
Now comparing x+(-1/5)y+(–10) = 0 0x+1y+(–2) = 0
with ax+by+c = 0 Now comparing 0x+1y+(–2) = 0with ax+by+c
We get,a = 1 b = -(1/5) c = -10 =0
We get a = 0 b = 1 c = –2
(iii) –2x+3y = 6
Solution: (viii) 5 = 2x
–2x+3y = 6 Solution:
–2x+3y–6 = 0 5 = 2x
2x = 5 y = 7-2
i.e., 2x–5 = 0 y=5
The equation 2x–5 = 0 can be written as, (1,5)
2x+0y–5 = 0
Now comparing 2x+0y–5 = 0 with ax+by+c = Let y = 1
0 Then,2x+y = 7
We get a = 2 b = 0 c = -5 (2x)+1 = 7
2x = 7-1
Exercise 4.2 2x = 6
1. Which one of the following options is x = 6/2
true, and why? x=3
y = 3x+5 has (3,1)

1. A unique solution Let x = 2

Then,2x+y = 7
2. Only two solutions
(2×2)+y = 7
3. Infinitely many solutions 4+y = 7
Solution: y =7-4
Let us substitute different values for x y=3
in the linear equation y = 3x+5 (2,3)
From the table, it is clear that x can The solutions are (0, 7), (1,5), (3,1), (2,3)
have infinite values, and for all the infinite
values of x, there are infinite values of y as (ii) πx+y = 9
well. Solution:
To find the four solutions of πx+y = 9,
x 0 1 2 …. 100 we substitute different values for x and y.
Let x = 0
y, where y=3x+5 5 8 11 …. 305
Then,πx+y = 9
Hence, (iii) infinitely many solutions is the (π×0)+y = 9
only option true. y=9
(0,9)
2. Write four solutions for each of the Let x = 1
following equations: Then,πx +y = 9
(i) 2x+y = 7 (π×1)+y = 9
Solution: π+y = 9
To find the four solutions of 2x+y =7, y = 9-π
we substitute different values for x and y. (1, 9-π)
Let x = 0 Then,
2x+y = 7 Let y = 0
(2×0)+y = 7 Then,πx+y = 9
y=7 πx+0 = 9
(0,7) πx = 9
x = 9/π
Let x = 1 (9/π,0)
Then,2x+y = 7
(2×1)+y = 7 Let x = -1
2+y = 7 Then,πx + y = 9
(π×-1) + y = 9 ⟹ 0 – (2×2) = 4
-π+y = 9 But, -4 ≠ 4
y = 9+π (0, 2) is not a solution of the equation x–2y =
(-1,9+π) 4
The solutions are (0,9), (1,9-π), (9/π,0), (-
1,9+π) (ii) (2, 0)
(x,y) = (2, 0)
(iii) x = 4y Here, x = 2 and y = 0
Solution: x -2y = 4
To find the four solutions of x = 4y, we ⟹ 2-(2×0) = 4
substitute different values for x and y. ⟹ 2 -0 = 4
Let x = 0 But, 2 ≠ 4
Then,x = 4y (2, 0) is not a solution of the equation x-2y =
0 = 4y 4
4y= 0
y = 0/4 (iii) (4, 0)
y=0 Solution:
(0,0) (x,y) = (4, 0)
Here, x= 4 and y=0
Let x = 1 x–2y = 4
Then,x = 4y ⟹ 4 – 2×0 = 4
1 = 4y ⟹ 4-0 = 4
4y = 1 ⟹4=4
y = 1/4 (4, 0) is a solution of the equation x–2y = 4
(1,1/4)
(iv) (√2,4√2)
Let y = 4 Solution:
Then,x = 4y (x,y) = (√2,4√2)
x= 4×4 Here, x = √2 and y = 4√2
x = 16 x –2y = 4
(16,4) ⟹ √2-(2×4√2) = 4
√2-8√2 = 4
Let y = 1 But, -7√2 ≠ 4
Then,x = 4y (√2,4√2) is not a solution of the
x = 4×1 equation x–2y = 4
x=4 (v) (1, 1)
(4,1) Solution:
The solutions are (0,0), (1,1/4), (16,4), (4,1) (x,y) = (1, 1)
3. Check which of the following are Here, x= 1 and y= 1
solutions of the equation x–2y = 4 and x –2y = 4
which are not: ⟹ 1 -(2×1) = 4
Solutions: ⟹ 1-2 = 4
(i) (0, 2) But, -1 ≠ 4
(x,y) = (0,2) (1, 1) is not a solution of the equation x–2y =
Here, x=0 and y=2 4
x–2y = 4
4. Find the value of k, if x = 2, y = 1 is a
solution of the equation 2x+3y = k.
Solution:
The given equation is 2x+3y = k
According to the question, x = 2 and y = 1
We get,
(2×2)+(3×1) = k
⟹ 4+3 = k
⟹7=k
k=7
The value of k, if x = 2, y = 1 is a solution of
the equation 2x+3y = k, is 7.