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CHAPTER 1
THE FAMILY IN PERSPECTIVE

FRANCIS ANTHONY B. CASTILLO

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MODULE 1
THE FAMILY IN PERSPECTIVE
Family is a fundamental social institution that plays a critical role in shaping individuals and
communities. Families come in many different forms and configurations, but at their core, they are groups of
individuals who are bound together by emotional ties, shared experiences, and a sense of mutual responsibility.
From a sociological perspective, families are the primary means by which society reproduces itself, both
biologically and culturally. Families provide essential emotional and social support, transmit values and
beliefs, and serve as the primary source of identity formation for individuals. Understanding the dynamics of
family life and the different stages of the family life cycle can shed light on the complex ways in which
family’s function, evolve, and adapt over time.

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:

1. define what is a family.
2. identify the different types of family.
3. describe the relationship of family to society, culture, and
values.
4. discuss Social and Cultural Changes faced by Families.
5. understand the Composition of the Family.
6. enumerate the Family Life Cycle Stages.
7. recognize the Roles and Responsibilities of Family Members.
8. Appreciate the Filipino Values that influences Filipino Families.

WHAT IS IT?

DEFINITION OF FAMILY

A family can be defined as a social unit that consists of individuals who are related to each other by
blood, marriage, adoption, or other forms of legal or social ties. It is a basic unit of society and is usually
composed of parents and their children, although it can also include grandparents, siblings, and other relatives.
The family is responsible for providing emotional support, nurturing, and guidance to its members, as well as
ensuring their basic needs are met, such as food, shelter, and clothing. Family structures can vary widely
across cultures and over time, but the concept of family remains a fundamental aspect of human society.

Family is defined as “a group of two or more persons related by birth, marriage, adoption, or choice
who have emotional ties and responsibilities to each other” (Lamanna & Riedmann, 2016). Family structures
can vary widely across cultures and over time, but the concept of family remains a fundamental aspect of
human society.

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The definition of family in the Filipino culture is characterized by strong family ties and a sense of
closeness and unity among family members. In the Philippines, family is considered the most important social
unit, and it includes not only the nuclear family but also extended family members such as grandparents, aunts,
uncles, and cousins.

Filipinos value respect for elders and the practice of filial piety, which involves honoring and taking
care of parents and elderly relatives. Family gatherings and celebrations, such as birthdays, weddings, and
holidays, are important occasions for Filipinos to come together and strengthen their bonds.

Overall, the Filipino concept of family emphasizes the importance of intergenerational relationships,
mutual support, and a shared sense of identity and belonging.

WHAT IS IT?
COMPOSITION OF FAMILY

Family members are the individuals who are related to each other by blood, marriage, or adoption.
Here are some common family members and their roles in a family:

1. Parents: Parents are the primary caregivers of children and are responsible for providing for
their physical, emotional, and social needs. They are typically the heads of the household.

2. Children: Children are the offspring of parents and depend on them for care and support. They
may also have responsibilities within the household, such as chores and homework.

3. Grandparents: Grandparents are the parents of a child's parents. They may live with or near the
family and play an important role in the upbringing of their grandchildren.

4. Siblings: Siblings are brothers and sisters who share one or both parents. They may have a
close relationship and may also experience sibling rivalry.

5. Spouse: A spouse is a person who is married to another person. They share a life together and
may have children and other family members.

6. In-laws: In-laws are the family members of a spouse, such as a mother-in-law, father-in-law,
sister-in-law, or brother-in-law.

7. Extended family: Extended family members may include aunts, uncles, cousins, and other
relatives who are not part of the immediate family but may play a role in family life.

Each family is unique, and the roles and relationships of family members may vary depending on
cultural, social, and economic factors.

WHAT IS IT?
IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY
Family is the primary source of socialization, providing a context for the development of our identity,
values, and beliefs. It is also where we learn the skills necessary to succeed in life, such as communication,
problem-solving, and decision-making. (Andersen, 2010).
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Family provides a sense of emotional support, comfort, and love that is essential for mental and
emotional well-being. They offer a safe space to express emotions and seek comfort in times of distress.
Family is where individuals learn and develop social skills, values, and cultural beliefs. Children learn to
communicate, form relationships, and understand social norms and expectations through interactions within
the family.

Family provides a sense of identity and belonging. One's family background, traditions, and values
shape their sense of self and place in the world. Family members offer practical support, such as financial
assistance, childcare, and caregiving for elderly or sick members. This support system can help individuals
overcome challenges and achieve their goals. Family helps individuals develop a moral and ethical compass
by teaching values and principles that guide their behavior and decision-making.

Overall, family is a source of love, guidance, and support that contributes to the physical, emotional,
and social well-being of individuals. It provides a foundation for personal growth and development, and a
sense of continuity and belonging across generations.

WHAT IS IT?
IMPORTANCE OF THE FAMILY
IN FILIPINO CULTURE
Family is highly valued by Filipinos, and it is the cornerstone of Filipino society. Family ties are very
strong, and Filipinos are known for their close-knit family relationships. This emphasis on family is deeply
rooted in Filipino culture and is reflected in various aspects of their lives.

One of the reasons why family is so important to Filipinos is because of their collectivist culture.
Filipinos value communal living and prioritize the needs of the group over individual needs. This means that
family members are expected to support each other and to make sacrifices for the greater good of the family.

Filipinos also place a high value on respect for elders. Older family members are often held in high
regard, and their opinions and decisions are given great weight. This respect for elders is closely tied to the
concept of "utang na loob" or indebtedness, where younger family members feel a sense of obligation to repay
the care and support given to them by their elders. Another factor that contributes to the importance of family
in Filipino culture is the influence of religion. The Philippines is a predominantly Catholic country, and
Catholicism places a great emphasis on the importance of family and community. This religious influence is
reflected in the strong emphasis on family values and the importance placed on family relationships.

Overall, family is an integral part of Filipino culture and is highly valued by Filipinos. Family members
are expected to support and care for each other, and the bonds between family members are considered to be
some of the strongest relationships that a person can have.

WHAT IS IT? ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

OF FAMILY MEMBERS

The roles and responsibilities of family members can vary widely depending on cultural, social, and
economic factors, as well as the structure and dynamics of the family itself.

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Parents are typically responsible for the physical, emotional, and social well-being of their children.
This includes providing food, shelter, clothing, and medical care, as well as emotional support, guidance, and
discipline. Parents may also be responsible for educating their children and preparing them for adulthood.

Children are typically responsible for learning and following family rules and expectations, as well as
participating in family activities and contributing to household tasks. As children grow older, they may assume
greater responsibility for their own well-being, including managing their own finances and making decisions
about their education and career paths.

Siblings may have a variety of roles and responsibilities within the family, depending on factors such
as birth order, age, and gender. Siblings may be responsible for supporting and caring for each other, sharing
resources and responsibilities, and resolving conflicts.

Extended family members may play a variety of roles within the family, depending on their
relationship to the core family unit. For example, grandparents may be responsible for providing childcare or
financial support, while aunts, uncles, and cousins may provide emotional support and participate in family
events and activities.

The roles and responsibilities of family members are shaped by a variety of factors, including cultural
norms, social expectations, and the unique needs and circumstances of each family. While these roles and
responsibilities can sometimes be challenging, they can also provide a sense of belonging, purpose, and
fulfillment within the family unit.

WHAT I KNOW?

What is your role and responsibilities as a member of your family? And how could you help your
family and society?
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WHAT IS IT?
TYPES OF FAMILY
Family is a fundamental social institution that plays a significant role in shaping individuals and
society. Families come in various forms and structures, reflecting the diverse cultural, social, and economic
contexts in which they exist. Understanding the different types of family can help us appreciate the
complexities of human relationships and the diversity of family structures that exist in our world today. In this
context, let's explore some of the most common types of families that exist today.

1. The nuclear family

A nuclear family is a family structure that consists of parents and their children living together in one
household. This family type typically includes a married or cohabitating couple and their biological or adopted
children. The nuclear family is often considered the traditional family structure in many cultures.

For example, a nuclear family may consist of a mother, father, and their two children living together
under one roof. This family structure is prevalent in many parts of the world, particularly in Western societies,
where it is often considered the norm.

The nuclear family is characterized by close-knit relationships among family members, with a strong
emphasis on parental responsibility for child-rearing and the provision of emotional and financial support to
children.

2. The single parent family

A single-parent family is a family structure that consists of one parent raising one or more children
without the presence or support of a partner. This family type can arise from various circumstances, such as
divorce, separation, the death of a spouse, or choice.

For example, a single-parent family may consist of a mother or father raising their child or children on
their own. In such families, the single parent is solely responsible for providing emotional, financial, and
practical support to their children.

Single-parent families can face unique challenges, such as financial strain, lack of emotional support,
and difficulty balancing work and family responsibilities. However, single parents can also demonstrate
resilience and resourcefulness in raising their children, and may often rely on extended family, friends, or
community support.

Single-parent families have become more prevalent in recent times due to the rise in divorce rates, the
increasing number of children born to unmarried parents, and changing social norms. Despite the challenges
they face, single-parent families remain an important family structure that contributes to the diversity of
families and the resilience of individuals and communities.

3. The extended family

An extended family is a family structure that includes relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as
grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and in-laws. In an extended family, members often live in proximity or
share resources and responsibilities.
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For example, an extended family may include a grandparent living with their adult child and their
spouse, along with their grandchildren. Alternatively, it may consist of siblings and their respective families
living together or nearby and supporting each other.

Extended families often provide emotional and practical support to their members, especially during
times of need or crisis. They may also share resources such as housing, food, and finances. The
intergenerational relationships in extended families can provide opportunities for cultural transmission,
mentoring, and socialization.

Extended families are common in many cultures, particularly in collectivist societies, where family
relationships are highly valued and often prioritized over individual needs. However, the prevalence of
extended families has declined in some parts of the world due to factors such as urbanization, migration, and
changing social norms. Despite this, extended families continue to play an important role in the social and
cultural fabric of many societies, and their significance cannot be overstated.

4. The childless family

A childless family is a family structure that does not include any children. This can occur due to
personal choice, infertility, or other circumstances.

For example, a childless family may consist of a married or cohabitating couple without any children.
They may have made a conscious decision not to have children or may be unable to conceive due to medical
reasons.

Childless families may face social stigma or pressure to have children, particularly in cultures where
parenthood is highly valued. However, childless families can also enjoy certain benefits, such as greater
freedom and flexibility, and may be able to focus more on their careers or personal interests. Childless families
are becoming more common in modern times due to changing social and economic factors, such as delayed
parenthood, increased career opportunities for women, and greater access to birth control and family planning
options.

Despite their lack of children, childless families can still maintain close relationships with their
extended families, friends, and communities, and can provide support to those around them in various ways.

5. The blended family

A blended family is a family structure that includes children from previous relationships or marriages
of one or both parents, who have come together to form a new family unit. In a blended family, parents may
bring in children from previous marriages or relationships, stepchildren, or adopted children.

For example, a blended family may consist of a couple who have married or cohabitated, with each
bringing in their own children from previous relationships. In this family structure, stepsiblings and half-
siblings may be living together and sharing resources and responsibilities.

Blended families can face unique challenges such as establishing new family roles and relationships,
addressing conflicts among siblings or between parents and stepchildren, and dealing with potential loyalty

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conflicts. However, with time, patience, and effort, blended families can also provide opportunities for growth,
learning, and the development of new family relationships.

Blended families are becoming increasingly common in modern times due to factors such as higher
divorce rates, remarriage, and increased acceptance of alternative family structures. Despite their unique
challenges, blended families can provide love, support, and stability to children and adults alike, and can
contribute to the diversity and richness of family life.

6. Grandparent family

A grandparent family is a family structure in which grandparents take on the primary responsibility
for raising their grandchildren, either due to the death, absence, or inability of the parents to care for their
children. Grandparent families are also referred to as "skipped-generation families" because they skip the
generation of the parents.

For example, a grandparent family may consist of grandparents who have taken custody of their
grandchildren due to the death of the parents or because of the parents' inability to provide adequate care.
Grandparent families can also be formed through adoption or fostering of grandchildren.

Grandparent families can face unique challenges such as financial strain, health issues, and difficulties
balancing the needs of both the grandchildren and the grandparents. However, grandparent families can also
provide a stable and loving environment for children who may have experienced trauma or instability.

Grandparent families are becoming increasingly common in modern times due to factors such as the
opioid epidemic, the rise in parental incarceration, and the increasing number of grandparents who are taking
on primary caregiving responsibilities. Despite the challenges they face, grandparent families are an important
family structure that provides support and stability to children and their grandparents.

WHAT I KNOW?

What type of Family do you have? And what are your challenges that you have faced in your family?
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WHAT IS IT? RELATIONSHIP OF FAMILY TO
SOCIETY, CULTURE ANDVALUES

Family serves as a key institution in society, as it provides a social structure that supports the needs of
individuals and the wider community. Family serves four primary functions in society: socialization,
stabilization of adult personalities, regulation of sexual behavior, and provision of economic support. (Parsons,
Talcott. The Social System. The Free Press, 1951.)

Family plays a critical role in shaping cultural meaning and values, particularly through the ways in
which families structure and transmit knowledge and practices from one generation to the next. Families are
not simply passive receivers of culture, but actively shape and interpret cultural meanings through their
relationships and interactions. (Geertz, Clifford. "From the Native's Point of View: On the Nature of
Anthropological Understanding." Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. 28, no. 1,
1974, pp. 26–45.)

Family is central to the development and maintenance of social values, particularly through its role in
providing emotional and moral support to individuals. Family provides a sense of solidarity and connection,
which in turn supports the development of shared values and social norms. (Durkheim, Émile. The Division
of Labor in Society. Free Press, 1933.)
Family is an important building block of society, as it provides the foundation for the development of
social structures, relationships, and institutions. Families serve as the basic unit of society, and the quality and
stability of families can have a significant impact on the health and well-being of society as a whole.

In culture, Family plays a critical role in the transmission and preservation of cultural values, beliefs,
and traditions. Families serve as the primary agents of socialization for children, and through family
interactions and experiences, children learn about their cultural heritage, customs, and practices. Families can
also shape culture by passing on cultural practices and values to younger generations and reinforcing cultural
norms and expectations.

Towards values, families are closely linked to values, as it provides a context for the development and
reinforcement of individual and collective values. Families can shape the values of their members through
their interactions, relationships, and experiences. For example, families can instill values such as respect,
kindness, honesty, and responsibility through modeling and reinforcement.

In addition to these broad relationships, family can also have a more specific impact on society, culture,
and values depending on the specific family structure, dynamics, and experiences. For example, families from
different cultural backgrounds may have different values and practices related to gender roles, child-rearing,
and social expectations. Similarly, families with unique experiences, such as those impacted by poverty,
trauma, or conflict, may have different perspectives and priorities related to society, culture, and values.

WHAT IS IT? SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CHANGES

FACED BY FAMILIES

Families have experienced numerous social and cultural changes over the past few decades. Some of the
significant changes are:

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1. Family structure: The traditional nuclear family structure of a married couple with children has become
less prevalent, and a variety of family structures, such as single-parent households, blended families,
and same-sex families, have become more common.

2. Gender roles: Gender roles have become more fluid, and there is a greater acceptance of non-traditional
gender roles within families. Men and women are taking on different roles and responsibilities within
the family, and there is a growing awareness of the need for gender equality.

3. Technology: Technology has changed the way families communicate and interact with each other.
Social media, smartphones, and other devices have made it easier to stay connected, but they have also
created new challenges for families, such as cyberbullying and screen addiction.

4. Work-life balance: The demands of work have increased, leading to a growing need for work-life
balance. This has led to more flexible work arrangements, such as telecommuting, and a greater focus
on family time.

5. Cultural diversity: Families are becoming more diverse, with greater numbers of immigrants and
people from different cultural backgrounds. This has led to a greater appreciation of cultural diversity
within families and society as a whole.

6. Aging: As the population ages, families are facing new challenges related to elder care and
intergenerational relationships. There is a growing need for support and resources to help families
navigate these challenges.

These social and cultural changes have both positive and negative impacts on families. While they
provide opportunities for growth and diversity, they also bring new challenges and pressures that families
must navigate.

WHAT I KNOW?

In your family what are the traditions that were taught to you by your family members that
symbolizes how you act now? Explain.
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WHAT IS IT?
FAMILY LIFE CYCLE
The family life cycle is a concept that refers to the stages that a typical family experiences as it develops
and evolves over time. This life cycle is a sequence of various stages, each with its unique characteristics,
challenges, and opportunities. The stages of the family life cycle help to explain the changes and developments
that occur in families as they progress through their lifespan.

The family life cycle can be divided into several stages, which include formation, childbearing,
parenting, launching, empty nest, and aging. Each stage of the family life cycle involves different tasks, goals,
and challenges, which the family must navigate to move successfully to the next stage. The following is an
overview of each stage of the family life cycle:

1. Formation

The formation stage involves the beginning of a family unit. This may occur through marriage or
cohabitation, and the primary goal is to establish a stable relationship between the couple. During this stage,
the family may face challenges such as adjusting to new roles, routines, and expectations.

During this stage, the couple may also make decisions about their future together, such as whether to
have children, where to live, and how to manage their finances. This stage sets the foundation for the rest of
the family life cycle and can have a significant impact on the family's future development.

2. Childbearing

The childbearing stage is marked by the birth and upbringing of children. This stage is characterized
by significant changes in the family's roles, routines, and dynamics. During this stage, the family may face
challenges such as the physical demands of pregnancy, the transition to parenthood, and the need to balance
work and family responsibilities.

During this stage, the family must learn to adjust to the demands of parenthood, including sleepless
nights, feeding schedules, and the need to provide emotional and physical care for their child. The family must
also learn to balance their work and family responsibilities, as well as manage the financial costs of raising a
child. This stage is critical for the child's development, as the family plays a significant role in shaping the
child's personality, values, and beliefs. This stage sets the stage for the parenting stage of the family life cycle,
where the family will continue to raise and guide their children through their adolescence and into adulthood.

3. Parenting

The parenting stage involves raising children through their adolescence and preparing them for
adulthood. This stage can be marked by the challenges of adolescence and the transition to adulthood. During
this stage, the family must balance the needs of their children with their own needs and goals.

During this stage, the family must guide their children through the challenges of adolescence and
prepare them for adulthood. The family must balance their own needs and goals with the needs of their
children. This can involve supporting their children through academic and social challenges, providing
emotional support, and helping them develop a sense of responsibility and independence. This stage can be
marked by the challenges of balancing work and family responsibilities, as well as adjusting to the changing
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needs of their growing children. The family must also navigate the transition to adulthood, which can be
marked by the child's departure from the family home and the establishment of their own independent life.
This stage sets the stage for the launching stage of the family life cycle, where the family will continue to
support their children through their transition to adulthood.

4. Launching

The launching stage is characterized by the children leaving the family home and establishing
themselves as independent adults. This stage can be a difficult time of adjustment for parents who may
experience a sense of loss or loneliness. The family must adjust to the absence of their children and redefine
their roles and relationships.

During this stage, the family must adapt to the changing dynamics of their relationship with their adult
children. The family must learn to let go and allow their children to make their own decisions, while continuing
to offer guidance and support. The family may also need to adjust to the changing needs of their own lives,
such as retirement or changes in health. This stage can be marked by the challenges of adjusting to an empty
nest, as well as the joys and opportunities of pursuing new interests and relationships. This stage sets the stage
for the aging stage of the family life cycle, where the family will continue to navigate the challenges of aging
and may also experience the joy of becoming grandparents.

5. Empty Nest

The empty nest stage is marked by the departure of all children from the home, leaving the couple alone
together. This stage can be a time of renewal and reconnection. The couple may have more time to focus on
their relationship, hobbies, and goals.

During this stage, the family must adapt to the changes in their daily routine and the absence of their
children from the household. The couple may experience a range of emotions, including sadness, loneliness,
and a sense of loss. However, this stage can also be marked by the opportunity to pursue new interests and
hobbies, travel, and enjoy more time together as a couple. The family may also need to adjust to new roles
and responsibilities, such as caring for aging parents or grandchildren. This stage sets the stage for the
retirement stage of the family life cycle, where the couple will continue to navigate the challenges of aging
and may also experience the joy of becoming grandparents or great-grandparents.

6. Aging

The aging stage involves the aging of the couple and the potential onset of health issues and retirement. It
can also involve a shift in family roles as adult children become caregivers for their aging parents. The family
must adjust to the changing needs of its members and support each other through the challenges of aging.

During this stage, the family must adjust to the physical and emotional challenges of aging, such as
declining health and the loss of loved ones. The couple may also need to adjust to changes in their financial
situation, as they transition to living on a fixed income. The family may also need to provide support for aging
parents, as well as manage their own health and well-being. This stage can be marked by the opportunity to
pursue new interests and hobbies, travel, and enjoy time with friends and family. The family may also
experience the joy of becoming grandparents or great-grandparents. This stage sets the stage for the final stage
of the family life cycle, which is the retirement and death stage, where the family will continue to navigate
the challenges of aging and eventually face the end of life.
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In summary, the family life cycle is a framework that helps to explain the developmental stages that
families typically experience. Each stage of the family life cycle presents unique challenges and opportunities
for growth and development. Understanding the family life cycle can help families prepare for and navigate
the challenges and transitions of life, as well as identify potential sources of stress or conflict.

WHAT I KNOW?

How does understanding Family Life Cycle help you in your future life? Explain.
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WHAT HAVE I LEARNED?

ASSESSMENT TIME
NAME:
YEAR AND SECTION:
SCORE:

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST

1. James has a family, the members include him, his wife and his two children, what type of Family does
James belong to?
a. Extended Family
b. Nuclear Family
c. Blended Family
d. Childless Family
2. Jon who is now 20 years of age was raised by his parent’s peers after they passed away. What type of
Family did Jon have after his parents passed away.
a. Step Family
b. Blended Family
c. Single Parent Family
d. Childless Family
3. Dianne had 3 children before her husband Jon passed away. She is now raising her kids on her own
independently. What type of Family does Dianne have now?
a. Step Family
b. Blended Family
c. Extended Family
d. Single Parent Family
4. Because of financial issues, Roy’s parents were forced to migrate abroad to look for work and leave
Roy to his antecedents to live with. What type of Family does Roy have now?
a. Grandparent Family
b. Step Family
c. Blended Family
d. Extended Family
5. In the Family Life Cycle this is the stage where the family may be adjusting due to physical and
emotional problems such as, health failures and loss of family members. What stage of family life
cycle is this?
a. Empty Nest
b. Aging
c. Formation
d. Launching
6. During this stage the family members will be preparing the adolescent member of the family for his/her
adulthood. The adult family members may also experience some challenges from their adolescent
member transitioning to being an adult member of the family.
a. Childbearing
b. Parenting
c. Formation
d. Launching

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7. This is one of the social and environmental challenges faced by families where cultural diversity is
being accepted and welcomed that leads to greater appreciation of other cultures within the family.
a. Work-Life-Balance
b. Aging
c. Cultural Diversity
d. Gender Roles
8. Cyberbullying and Screen Addiction is one of the negative effects of this social and environmental
challenges faced within a family. This leads to lack of interaction, time and communication within a
family.
a. Technology
b. Cultural Diversity
c. Work-Lie-Balance
d. Gender Roles
9. Cohabitation and marriage may occur during this stage where couples may decide to start molding a
family. Couples may start having challenges of accepting new roles and responsibilities.
a. Empty Nest
b. Aging
c. Formation
d. Launching
10. They are the center and primary caregivers of adolescents that is responsible for providing emotional,
physical and social needs.
a. Grandparents
b. Extended Family
c. Parents
d. Children

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