Unit-3 Engineering Materials 3.

Unit

3 Engineering Materials

Part-A
Short Questions with Solutions
Q1. Define monomer and polymer with examples.
Answer :
Monomer
A monomer is a small molecule that undergoes polymerization to produce polymer. It has low molecular weight.
Examples
Ethene, styrene, etc.
Polymer
A polymer is a large molecule that is formed by repeated linking of small molecules (i.e., monomers) using covalent
bonds. It has high molecular weight.
Examples
Polythene, polystyrene, etc.
Q2. Explain the functionality of monomer.
Answer :
Functionality is defined as the number of active bonding sites that a monomer holds.
Example, when ethylene double bond is broken, two new active single bounds are formed as shown in figure below.

Figure
Thus, the functionality of ethylene is 2.
Based on the functionality, polymer structures contain bifunctional monomer or trifunctional monomers or Network/3-
dimensional polymers.
Q3. What is meant by degree of polymerization?
Answer :
The number of repeating units present in a polymer chain is known as the “degree of polymerization”. There may be many
number of monomer molecules that are linked together in a single polymer molecule.

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3.2 Chemistry
No M
Degree of polymerization = =
N Mo
Where,
No - Number of monomer molecules before polymerization
N - Number of molecules after polymerization
M - Molecular weight of polymer
Mo - Molecular weight of monomer.
Number of repeated units estimate the length of the polymer chain.
Q4. Write short notes on thermoplastics.
Answer :
The plastic material that becomes soft when heated and hard when cooled is termed as thermoplastic. These materials are
heated below their decomposition temperature to give them new shape and dimension.
Example
Cellulose acetate, nylon, polyethylene etc.
In thermoplastics, the polymers are linearly arranged and held together by weak Vander Wall forces as shown in figure.
–M–M–M–M–
Where,
M - Monomer.
Q5. Explain about thermosetting plastics.
Answer :
The plastic materials that become hard on heating and cannot be softened again, even on applying heat are termed as
thermosetting plastics. These plastics cannot be reshaped, once they are moulded into a required shape.
Example
Bakelite, silicones and polyester.
In thermosetting plastics, the polymers are arranged in the form of cross links and held together by strong covalent bonds
as shown below.
| | |
− M − M −M −
| | |
− M − M −M −
| | |

Where,
M - Monomer.
Q6. Give one example each for addition and condensation polymers.
June/July-17, Q7
OR
Define addition and condensation polymers with suitable examples.
Answer :
(i) Addition Polymers
Polymers containing same composition of repeat unit and monomers can be defined as addition polymers.
Examples
Polystyrene, Polythelene, Teflon etc.
(ii) Condensation Polymers
Polymers in which the atoms of repeat unit are less when compared to that of corresponding monomers can be defined as
condensation polymers.
Examples
Nylon, Polyesters, Phenol-farmaldehyde resin etc.
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Unit-3 Engineering Materials 3.3
Q7. What is co-polymerization?
Answer :
Copolymerization is defined as a process in which two or more different monomer species undergo combined polymeriza-
tion to produce polymers.
The polymers which exhibit the phenomenon of copolymerization are called as copolymers. These are high molecular
weight compounds.
Example

H H H H H H H H H H H H
| | | | | | Copolymerization | | | | | |
nx C = C − C = C +n C = C C − C =C − C −C − C
| | | | | | | |
H H H H H xH
n
Butadiene Styrene Polybutadine-co-styrene
Q8. PVC is soft and flexible, whereas bakelite is hard and brittle. Explain.
Answer :
PVC is soft and flexible. Its softness is obtained by adding plasticizers like dioctyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate and tricresyl
phosphate. Due to its softness and flexibility, it is used for coating of wires, electrical insulation, making tubes etc.
But, during moulding of novolac, hexamethylene tetramine is added, which provides formaldehyde. This formaldehyde
converts the soluble and fusible novolac into hard and brittle bakelite of cross-linked structure.
Q9. Write the structure of bakelite.
Answer :
The structure of bakelite is illustrated in figure below.
OH OH OH OH OH

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

OH OH OH OH OH

Figure : Structure of Bakelite

Q10. Give the reaction for the preparation of Nylon 6.6 from its monomers.
Answer : May/June-18, Q7

The condensation polymerization of adipic acid with hexamethylene diamine gives Nylon 6:6.
The following equation describes its preparation by condensation polymerization.

Figure
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3.4 Chemistry
Q11. What are elastomers? Give examples. Q14. W h a t a r e c o n d u c t i n g p o l y m e r s ? G i v e
Answer : examples.
Elastomer is vulcanizable rubber like polymer that can be May/June-18, Q8

stretched atleast twice its length. As soon as the force is released, OR

synthetic rubber retains its original length and dimensions. It is What is conducting polymer? Give two
also called as synthetic rubber or artificial rubber. The molecules examples.
arranged in this polymer are in the form of zig-zag or spring
Answer : June-14,Q8
shaped chain.
Examples Conducting Polymers

Silicone rubber, Polysulfide rubber, Buna-S rubber, The polymers which conduct electricity are known
Buna-N rubber, Butyl rubber, GR-N rubber, Chloro sulphorated as conducting polymers. There are four different types of
polyethylene rubber etc. conducting polymers. They are,
(i) Intrinsically conducting polymer
Q12. Give one example each for natural and synthetic
polymers. (ii) Doped conducting polymer
(iii) Extrinsically conducting polymer
Dec.-16, Q8
(iv) Coordination conducting polymer.
OR Examples
Differentiate between natural and synthetic Polyacetylene, Polypyrrole, Polythiophene, Polyaniline,
polymers. Polysulphur nitride etc.
Answer : Q15. Mention the applications of polyacetylene.
Natural Polymer Synthetic Polymer Answer :
1. Based on origin, 1. They are man made Applications of Polyacetylene
polymers may be polymers.
1. Polyacetylene is used as passive and active electrode in
natural polymers.
electronic devices.
2. Natural polymers 2. They are prepared
occur in nature, they from natural 2. It is used in high power density rechargeable batteries.
cannot be prepared. polymers. 3. It is used in the fabrication of (p-n junction) diodes.
3. Examples are starch, 3. Examples are
cellulose, proteins, polyethylene, 4. It has a potential application in solar energy conversion.
nucleic acids, polypropylene 5. It is used in non-linear optics and micro electronics.
natural rubber etc. polystyrene, PVC,
bakelite, nylon etc. Q16. What are biodegradable polymers?
Q13. What are inorganic polymers? Answer :
Answer : Biodegradable plastic components are obtained from
Inorganic polymers are giant molecules containing renewable raw materials and abundant agricultural/animal
atoms (except carbon) linked by covalent bonds. resources such as cellulose, starch, collagen, casein etc. These
Examples plastics decompose in natural environment over a period of
time if exposed to sun and air. Large scale use of these would
help in preserving nonrenewable resources like petroleum,
natural gas and coal and contribute to the problem of waste
management. Biodegradation of plastics can be achieved by
enabling microorganisms in the environment to metabolize the
molecular structure of plastic films to produce an inert humus
like material that is less harmful to the environment.

Polysulphur nitride – (SN)n etc.

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Unit-3 Engineering Materials 3.5

Part-b
ESSAY Questions with Solutions

3.1 Polymers

3.1.1 Basics of Terms Polymers: Monomer and its Functionality, Polymers and Degree of
Polymerization. Classification of Polymers – Thermoplastics & Thermosetting Resins

Q17. Give the classification of polymers.

Answer :
Classification of Polymers
Polymers can be classified as,
(i) Natural and synthetic polymers
(ii) Addition and condensation polymers
(iii) Organic and inorganic polymers
(iv) Thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers
(i) Natural and Synthetic Polymers
Natural polymers available naturally in animals and plants.
Example : Starch, cellulose, proteins, nucleic acids etc.
Synthetic polymers are man - made polymers.
Example : Polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, bakelite etc
(ii) Addition and Condensation Polymers
For answer refer Unit - IV, Q4
(iii) Organic and Inorganic Polymers
Polymers whose back bone structure is made of carbon atoms are called as Organic polymers.
Polymers having back bone structure of non-metals are called as Inorganic polymers.
(iv) Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers
The plastic material that becomes soft when heated and hard when cooled is termed as thermoplastic.
Example : Cellulose acetate, nylon, polyethylene etc.
The plastic material that becomes hard on heating and cannot be softed again, even on applying heat is termed as
thermosetting plastics.
Example: Bakelite, silicones, polyester etc.
Q18. Differentiate between thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers. (June/July-17, Q14(b) | Dec.-16, Q14(b))

OR
Write the differences between thermoplastics and thermosetting resins. April-16,Q17(a)

OR

Give the differences between thermosets and thermoplastics. June-14,Q14(a)

OR

Differentiate between thermoplastics and thermosetting resins. June-13,Q7

OR

Bring out the differences between thermoplastics and thermosetting resins. Jan-13, Q14(a)
Answer :
The differences between thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics are,

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3.6 Chemistry

Thermoplastics Thermosetting Plastics

1. Thermoplastics are defined as the plastics which 1. Thermosetting plastics are defined as the plastics
becomes soft, when heated and hard when cooled. which becomes hard on heating and cannot be
softened by applying heat.
Example: Polyethylene, Nylon etc. Example: Bakelite, Polyester etc.
2. These are processed by addition polymerization. 2. These are processed by condensation polymerization
3. They are long chain linear polymers. 3. They are branched or cross-linked polymers.
4. Chemical changes does not occur on repeated heating 4. Chemical changes occur on heating.
and cooling.
5. These plastics undergo purely physical process. 5. These plastics undergo physical as well as chemical
process.
6. Waste thermoplastics can be recovered. 6. Waste thermosetting plastics cannot be recovered.
7. These plastics can be processed by heating. 7. These plastics cannot be processed by heating.
8. Plasticity of these plastics is reversible. 8. Plasticity of these plastics is irreversible.
9. These are soft, weak and less brittle. 9. These are hard, strong and more brittle.
10. Polymers of these plastics are linearly linked in shape. 10. Polymers of these plastics are cross linked in shape.
11. Molecular weight of the polymers is less. 11. Molecular weight of the polymers is high.
12. The neighbouring chains in the polymer are held 12. The neighbouring chains in the polymer are held
together by weak Vander-Walls forces. together by strong covalent bonds.
13. These are soluble in organic solvents. 13. These are insoluble in organic solvents.

3.1.2 Types of Polymerization (i) Addition (ii) Condensation (iii) Co-polymerization. Mechanism of
Free Radical Polymerization
Q19. What is polymerization? Explain the different types of polymerization with examples.
Answer :
Polymerization
Polymerization is a process of combining or linking monomers to produce polymers.
Example

H H H H H H
| | | | | |
n C = C …. − C − C − C − C − ….
| | | | | |
H H H H H H

Ethene (Monomer) Polyethene (Polymer)

Types of Polymerization
Basically there are three types of polymerizations. They are,
1. Addition polymerization
2. Condensation polymerization
3. Copolymerization.
1. Addition Polymerization
Addition polymerization can be defined as a process in which multiple molecules of monomer, having one or more double
bonds combine to form polymers without losing any molecule. It is also called as chain-growth polymerization as the monomer
molecules continuously add up to form polymers.
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Unit-3 Engineering Materials 3.7
Example
H H H H Addition H H
| | rearrangement | | polymerization | |
n C =C …
n C C… C C

|
|

|
|
| | (Heat, light, | | | |
H H catalyst, pressure) H H H H n
Ethene Bi-functional molecules Polythene
Bifunctional molecules are formed by intermolecular arrangement of the double bonds between the monomer molecules.
The double covalent bonds between the monomers can be broken by applying light, heat, catalyst or pressure.
2. Condensation Polymerization
Condensation polymerization can be defined as a process in which multiple monomers of polar group combine to form
high molecular weight polymers by loosing molecules like water, HCl etc. It is also called as step-growth polymerization as the
monomer molecules add up in stepwise manner to form polymers.
Example
H H H OH H OH Condensation H H
| | | | | | polymerization | |
n N C N + C C C N C N C C C
| | | || | || – 2nH2 O | | | || | ||
H H 6H O H O H H 6 H O H 4 O
4 n
Diamine Diacid Polyamide
(Nylon 6:6)

In condensation polymerization when the monomers contain three functional groups, then the polymer is in cross linked
structure.
3. Copolymerization
Copolymerization is defined as a process in which two or more different monomer species undergo combined polymeriza-
tion to produce polymers.
The polymers which exhibit the phenomenon of copolymerization are called as copolymers. These are high molecular
weight compounds.
Example

H H H H H H H H H H H H
| | | | | | Copolymerization | | | | | |
nx C = C − C = C +n C = C C − C =C − C −C − C
| | | | | | | |
H H H H H xH
n
Butadiene Styrene Polybutadine-co-styrene

Q20. Distinguish between addition and condensation polymerization.

Answer :
Differences between Addition and Condensation Polymerization
S.No Addition Polymerization S. No Condensation Polymerization
1. Addition polymerization is defined as a process 1. Condensation polymerization is defined as a process in
in which two or more molecules of same which two or more monomers are combined to produce a
monomer are combined to produce a polymer high molecular weight polymer by removing the simple
without removing the molecules. molecules.
Example: Polymerization of ethylene to give Example: Formation of phenol formaldehyde.
polyethylene.

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3.8 Chemistry

S.No Addition Polymerization S. No Condensation Polymerization

2. This polymerization is applicable to the 2. This polymerization is applicable to the monomers,
monomers, which contain double bonds. which contain reactive functional groups.
3. In this process, monomers are added to the 3. In this process, the reaction takes place in step wise
growing chain. manner of adding monomers.
4. It is also called as chain-growth polymerization. 4. It is also called as step-growth polymerization.
5. The rate of overall reaction is fast. 5. The rate of overall reaction is slow.
6. Free radical initiators i.e., lewis acids and bases 6. Mineral acids and bases are used as catalysts.
are used as catalysts.
7. This process involves a free radical or cationic or 7. This process involves the condensation reactions like
anionic mechanisms. ether formation, esterification etc.
8. Dead polymers are formed at the end of the 8. Active polymers are formed since the terminal end of
reaction. the chain is active.
9. High molecular mass polymer is formed only 9. Polymer molecular mass rises steadily throughout the
once. reaction.
10. Mostly thermoplastics are formed by this 10. Thermosetting plastics are formed by this process.
process.
11. Example: Polyethylene, Poly Vinyl Chloride 11. Example: Bakelite, Silicones.
(PVC).
Q21. Explain the mechanism of addition polymerization.
Answer :
Mechanism of Addition Polymerization
Addition polymerization can be carried out by using any of the following mechanisms,
1. Free radical polymerization mechanism
2. Cationic mechanism of polymerization
3. Anionic mechanism of polymerization
4. Co-ordination polymerization.
Free Radical Polymerization Mechanism
Free radical polymerization mechanism involves the formation of free radicals as the active centres which is illustrated
in three steps.
(i) Initiation Step
In the initiation step, an initiator undergoes homolytic dissociation and produces two highly reactive unpaired
electrons called as initiator fragments or free radicals,

i.e.,
These unpaired electrons are highly reactive. They react with the monomer molecule to produce chain initiating
species.

R* + M M1 *
(Free radical) (Monomer molecule) (Chain initiating species)
Example
Azo – bis – isobutyronitrile (AIBN)

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Unit-3 Engineering Materials 3.9
(ii) Chain Propagation Step
In this step, the monomer molecules add up continuously with the chain initiating species in large number to keep
producing new free radicals. This process continues until all the monomers are consumed or it is terminated. Hence,
the growth of the chain initiating species increases.
i.e.,
M 1* + M → M 2*
M 2* + M → M 3*

In general, M n* + M → M n*+1
Example
CH2 = CH RCH2 – CH RCH2 CH RCH2 CH

R* + … etc.

(iii) Termination Step
In this step, chain propagation is stopped to isolate medium chain polymers from long chain polymers. This termination
can be done by either ‘coupling mode’ or ‘disproportionation mode’.
(a) Coupling Mode
In this mode two growing radical chains are combined to form a saturated macromolecule
* *
i.e., M n + M m → M n + m
Example
H H H H
Coupling
CH2 C* + *C CH2 CH2 C C CH2

Y Y Y Y

(b) Disproportionation Mode

In this mode a hydrogen atom is transferred from one growing chain to another chain. This stops the reaction as the
first growing chain is left with zero unpaired electrons.
* *
i.e., M n + M n → M n + M n
Example
H H H H H
Disproportionation
CH2 C* + *C CH2 CH2 CH + C C

Y Y Y Y
2. Cationic Mechanism of Polymerization
In cationic polymerization, strong photonic acid is used as initiator and water, methanol acts as co-catalysts.
Example
Styrene, iso butylene etc.
This mechanism involves formation of carbonium ion which is illustrated in the following steps,
(i) Initiation Step
This step involves the formation of carbonium ion active centre i.e.,

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3.10 Chemistry
Example

(ii) Propagation Step
In this step, the regenerated carbonium ions react with monomer molecules

Example

(iii) Termination Step

In this step, the cationic polymerization gets terminated when a carbonium ion of growing polymer colloids with
another ion.

Example

3. Anionic Mechanism of Polymerization

In anionic polymerization, anion reacts with the λ-electron pair of monomer.
Example
Methylmethacrylate, α-methyl acrylonitrile etc.
In this mechanism, electropositive initiators polymerize the monomers containing electro negative substituents which is
illustrated in the following steps,
(i) Initiation Step
In this step, an anion produced by initiator combines with the monomer molecule and produces carbanion active
centre.

Example

K NH2 K+ + NH2–
(Radical)

-
−
NH 2 + H2 C = CH H2 N CH2 CH:

CN CN
(Carbanion)

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Unit-3 Engineering Materials 3.11
(ii) Propagation Step
The carbanion attacks the second monomer molecule and moves the λ-electron pair in opposite direction to the end
of the molecule. This increases the growth of chain,

Example

(iii) Termination Step
In this step, the anionic polymerization gets terminated by adding impurities or by consuming all the monomers,

Example

4. Co-ordination Polymerization
In co-ordination polymerization, stereospecific polymerization can be carried out by the combination of a transition halide
and organo-metallic compounds. The mechanism of co-ordination polymerization is illustrated in following steps,
(i) Initiation Step
In this step, the monomer combines with a complex catalyst to produce an active centre i.e., co-ordinate polymer.

Where,
X – Catalyst, R – Radical
(ii) Propagation Step
The produced active centre continuously reacts with the monomers to increase the growth of chain.

(iii) Termination Step
The chain growth can be terminated by adding an active hydrogen compound.

Q22. Write the structure of four addition polymers and four condensation polymers with their respective
monomers.
Answer :
Addition Polymers
1. Polyethylene
The structure and monomer of polyethylene are shown below,

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3.12 Chemistry

H H
H H
Structure: C C
Monomer: C = C
H H
n H H

(Polyethylene) (Ethylene)
2. Poly Vinyl Chloride
The structure and monomer of polyvinyl chloride are shown below,

H Cl
H Cl
Structure: C C
Monomer: C = C
H H
n H H

(Poly Vinyl Chloride) (Vinyl Chloride)
3. Poly Propylene
The structure and monomer of polypropylene are shown below,

H CH3
H CH3
C C
Structure: Monomer: C = C
H H
n H H

(Polypropylene) (Propylene)
4. Polystyrene
The structure and monomer of polystyrene are shown below,

H
H
C C
Structure: Monomer: C = C
H H
n H H

(Polystyrene) or (Poly Vinyl Benzene) (Styrene) or (Vinyl Benzene)
Condensation Polymers
1. Nylon 6 : 6 (Polyhexamethylene Adipamide)
The structure and monomer of nylon 6:6 are shown below,

H H O O
Structure: H
N (CH2 )6 N C (CH2 )4 C n

(Polyhexamethylene adipamide) or (Nylon 6:6)

Monomers: HOOC (CH2)4 COOH + H2 N (CH2)6 NH2
(By elimination of H2O molecule).
(Hexa methylene adipamide)

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Unit-3 Engineering Materials 3.13
2. Urea Formaldehyde
The structure and monomer of urea formaldehyde are shown below,

N CH2 N CH2 N CH2

Structure: O=C + O=C + O=C
N CH2 N CH2 N CH2

(Urea formaldehyde)

H
N CH2 OH
O=C
NH2

(Monomethylol Urea)
Monomer:

H
N CH2 OH
O=C
N CH2 OH
H

(Dimethylol Urea)
3. Decoran (or) Terylene
The structure and monomer of terylene are shown below,

Structure: HOCH CH C COCH2 CH2 O H

2 2

O O
n

(Diglycol terephthalate) or (Terylene)

Monomer: HOCH2 CH2 O C COCH2CH2OH

O O

(Terephthalic acid)
4. Kevlar
The structure and monomer of Kevlar are shown below,

O O H H
Structure:
C C N N
n

Monomers: n ClOC COCl + n H2 N NH2

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3.14 Chemistry

3.1.3 Preparation, Properties and Uses of the Following Polymers: Plastics – pvc and Bakelite,
Fibers – Nylon 6:6 and Kevlar, Elastomers – Buna – S, Butyl and Silicon Rubbers

Q23. What are plastics? List out their properties.

Answer :
Plastics are the materials that show the property of plasticity and can be moulded into any desired shape and dimensions
by the application of heat and pressure. Plastics having variety of properties that are used in present applications. The properties
are low thermal and electrical conductivity that are easy to fabricate, and has low specific gravity etc. They can be fabricated
in large number of colours and it can be used for decorative purposes. They can also be used to produce complicated shapes
and accurate dimensions at low costs by moulding process. Plastics are generally used for making automobile parts, goggles,
telephones, electrical instruments, optical instruments, household appliances etc. They have high wear resistance properties and
can be used for making gears, bearings etc.
Example : Bakelite and Teflon.
Properties
1. High resistance to corrosion and abrasion.
2. Plastics posses good thermal and electrical insulation properties.
3. Plastic have good shock absorption capacity.
4. Low thermal coefficient of expansion.
5. Light in weight and easily workable.
6. Good dimensional stability.
7. Good strength and excellent in finish.
8. Fabrication and Maintenance cost is low.
Q24. Describe the preparation, properties and uses of PVC.
Answer :
Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) is a thermoplastic. It is obtained by addition polymerization of vinyl chloride in the presence
of small quantities of hydrogen peroxide at a given pressure.

Vinyl Chloride Poly Vinyl Chloride

Properties
1. It is colourless, odourless, non-inflammable.
2. It is tasteless and chemically inert powder.
3. It is resistant to light, atmospheric oxygen, alkalies and inorganic acids.
4. Pure PVC is brittle in nature.
5. Pure PVC possess high softening point, greater stiffness and rigidity.
6. It has good electrical properties.
7. It is abrasion resistant and impermeable to gases.
Uses
1. It is used for tank-linings, light fitting, safety helmets etc.
2. It is used for making sheets to protect the appliances.
3. It is used for tyres, oil pipes, hot and cold water pipes, motor cycle mud guard and processing vessels.
4. It is used for household applications like bottles, refrigerator components etc.
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Unit-3 Engineering Materials 3.15
Q25. Write the preparation, properties and engineering applications of Bakelite.
Answer : Dec.-16,Q14(a)

Bakelite is one of the most important thermosetting resins named after an American chemist Bakeland. It is also called
as phenol-formaldehyde resin. Bakelite is prepared by condensation polymerization of phenol and formaldehyde, in presence
of acidic or basic catalyst. In condensation polymerization, the monomers, ortho ‘o’ and para ‘p’ positions of hydroxyl methyl
phenols are formed which then reacts to form novolac.
During polymerization process, hexamethylene tetramine (CH2)6N4 are added in the alkalinic conditions to the phenol
and formaldehyde. This makes the novolac as hard and infusible polymer.
OH OH OH OH OH

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

OH OH OH
OH OH
Bakelite
Figure: Bakelite
Uses
1. Bakelite is used for manufacturing of bearings, which are used in rolling mills and paper industry.
2. It is used as adhesive or binder for grinding wheels.
3. It is used as constituent in paint and varnish manufacturing process.
4. Bakelite is used for making heater handles, switchboards, switches etc.
5. It is also used in making moulded parts like telephone cabinets etc.
Q26. What are fibers? List out their properties.
Answer :
Polymer Fibers
Polymer fiber is a subset of man-made fiber, which is prepared by using synthetic chemicals. These synthetic polymer
fibers are formed with regular structures in order to tightly pack the polymer chains.
Example
PET, Nylon, Fiber-reinforced Plastic (FRP ).
Characteristics of Polymer Fiber
The important characteristics of a synthetic polymer fiber are,
(i) Synthetic polymer fibers give good strength to the filaments.
(ii) Some of these polymers exhibit good resistance towards hydrocarbon solvents and moisture.
Example: Polyethylene terephthalate.
(iii) These fibers have good mechanical strength and impact resistance.
Example: Fiber-reinforced plastic.
(iv) The polymer fibers also possess good abrasion resistance and high temperature stability. The polymer fibers are used in
preparing filaments for ropes, bristles for toothbrushes, films and tyre-cords.
Example: Nylon 6:6.

Q27. Explain the preparation, properties and applications of Nylon-6, 6.

Answer : June/July-17, Q14(a)

Preparation of Nylon 6:6

For answer refer Unit-3, Q10.

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3.16 Chemistry
Properties of Nylon
1. These are horn like projection, whitish and translucent polymers.
2. They possess high melting point of 160 to 240ºC.
3. Possess good abrasion-resistance and high temperature stability.
4. They are soluble in phenol and formic acid.
5. These are insoluble in organic solvents such as methylated spirit, benzene and acetone.
Uses
1. Nylon 6:6 is used for making socks, ladies hoses, carpets, undergarments, dresses, etc.
2. These are used for making filaments for ropes, bristles for toothbrushes, films and tyre-cords, etc.
Q28. Explain the method of preparation, properties and applications of kevlar.
Answer :
Kevlar is also known as aramid polymer (or) aromatic poly amide.
Preparation
Terephthalic acid dichloride and 1, 4 – diamino benzene are subjected to the condensation polymerization and produce
kevlar.

Cl Cl

Properties
1. Kevlar is a very stiff or rigid polymer.
2. It is very strong due to stronger inter molecular forces between neighbouring chains.
3. It possesses high heat stability.
Applications
1. Kevlar is a well-known component of personal armor, such as combat helmets, ballistic face masks and ballistic vests.
2. Kevlar is used to manufacture gloves, sleeves, jackets, chaps and other articles of clothing designed to protect users
from cuts, abrasions and heat.
3. Kevlar is very popular material used for racing canoes.
4. Kevlar is used as an inner lining for some bicycle tires to prevent punctures.
5. Kevlar has also been found to have useful acoustic properties for loudspeaker cones, specifically for bass and midrange
drive units.
6. Kevlar is also used as a material on marching snare drums. It allows an extremely high amount of tension, resulting in a
cleaner sound.
7. Kevlar is used in the wood wind reeds of fibracell.
Q29. What are elastomers? List out their properties.
Answer :
Elastomers
For answer refer Unit-3, Q11.
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Unit-3 Engineering Materials 3.17
Properties of Elastomers
1. Rapid extensibility to great elongations.
2. Resistance to water, bases and dilute acids.
3. High resiliency.
4. Resistance to abrasion.
5. Low thermal and electrical conductivity.
6. High strength and stiffness.
Q30. Write the preparation and properties of Buna - S rubber.
Answer : Jan.-16, Q13(a)(ii)

Buna-S rubber is also called as styrene rubber or GR-S rubber. It is obtained by copolymerization of 75% by weight of
butadiene and 25% by weight of styrene in the presence of a catalyst, cumene hydro peroxide.

Properties
1. It has high load-bearing capacity and resilience.
2. It has low oxidation resistance i.e., readily oxidizes in the presence of traces of ozone.
3. It has high abrasion resistance.
4. It requires less sulphur during vulcanization.
5. When placed in oil and solvents, Buna-s-rubber swells.
Applications
1. It is used for the manufacture of gaskets, wires, cable insulations.
2. It is used to prepare floor tiles, motor tyres, foot wear components, shoe soles etc.
3. It is used as tank-lining, adhesive, carpet backing etc.
Q31. Write the preparation, properties and uses of,
(i) Bakelite
(ii) Buna-S
Answer : May/June-18, Q13(a)
(i) Bakelite
For answer refer Unit-3, Q25.
(ii) Buna-S
For answer refer Unit-3, Q30.
Q32. Explain the properties and applications of Butyl rubber.
Answer :
Butyl rubber is also called as GR-I rubber. It is obtained by copolymerization of isobutene and small amounts of isoprene
(5%). The resultant rubber is vulcanized.

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3.18 Chemistry
Properties
1. It has good electrical insulation properties.
2. It is soluble in hydrogen solvents.
3. It is highly resistant to ageing, chemicals, polar solvents, heat etc.
4. It provides low permeability to gases and air.
5. Due to very low unsaturation, it cannot be hardened.
Applications
1. It is used for manufacturing automobile parts and tubes.
2. It is used for insulation of wires and cables.
3. It is used in making hoses, conveyor, belts etc.
Q33. Write preparation, properties and uses of
(i) PVC and
(ii) Butyl rubber. June-13, Q14(a)

Answer :
(i) PVC
For answer refer Unit-3, Q24.
(ii) Butyl Rubber
For answer refer Unit-3, Q32.
Q34. Write a note on silicone rubber.
Answer :
Silicone rubbers are produced by polymerization of dimethyl silicone hydroxide. Silicone rubbers are obtained by mixing
or milling together high molecular weight linear dimethyl silicone polymers with an inorganic fillers like finely divided silicone
dioxide, TiO2, ZnO, Iron oxide etc., and a vulcanizing agent such as benzoyl peroxide. Peroxide causes the formation of dimethyl
bridge of cross-link between methyl groups of adjacent chains. These rubbers have good resistance to prolonged exposure to
sunlight, boiling water, dilute acids, weathering, most common oils and alkalies. These rubbers remain flexible even at minimum
temperatures like – 90°C and maximum temperature of 260°C and used in fighter aircrafts.

Q35. Why are silicones called inorganic polymers? Discuss the synthesis of linear chain silicones.
Answer :
Silicones contain a network or chain (i.e., backbone chain) of alternate silicone and oxygen atoms based on the repeating
unit –– (R2SiO)n.

Silicons are considered as organic polymers as the backbone chain does not contain carbon atoms.
When different organic groups of atoms get attached to the backbone, different kinds of silicones are formed. For example,
if –– CH3 (methyl) groups attach to the silicon atoms, the polymer is called polydimethyl siloxane.
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Unit-3 Engineering Materials 3.19
Synthesis of Linear Chain Silicones
Methyl chloride reacts with silicon to produce dimethyl-silicon dichloride. This reaction product is distilled and then
polymerized using hydrolysis carefully.
Reactions

3.2 Conducting polymers

3.2.1 Introduction, Classification and Mechanism of Conduction in Poly-acetylene, Applications of

Conducting Polymers
Q36. What are conducting polymers? Discuss the applications of conducting polymers. June/July-15, Q13(b)
OR
Write the applications of conducting polymers. Dec.-16, Q7
(Refer Only Applications)
OR
Discuss the applications of conducting polymers. Jan-16, Q13(b)
(Refer Only Applications)
OR
Write any three applications of conducting polymers. June-13, Q17(c)
(Refer Only Applications)
OR
Write a short note on applications of conducting polymers. Jan-13, Q8
(Refer Only Applications)
Answer :
Conducing Polymers
For answer refer Unit-4, Q9.
Applications
1. Conducting polymers are used in the manufacture of analytical sensors. These sensors are used for pH, NH3 (ammonia)
and sulphur dioxide.
2. In the preparation of ion exchangers for the balanced control release of drugs especially in cancer therapy.
3. They are also used in optical filters and batteries.
4. They are used as electro chromic materials which change their colour reversibly in the electrochemical processes.
Q37. Write a note extrinsic conducting polymers. May/June-18, Q17(a)

OR
Write a note on intrinsic conducting polymers. June/July-17, Q17(a)
OR
Discuss the classification of conducting polymers. May/June-12, Q14(b)
Answer :
Classification of Conducting Polymers
(a) Intrinsically Conducting Polymer (ICP)
Intrinsically conducting polymers contain conjugated p-electron in its backbone or associated group that increases the
conductivity of the polymer. Conjugate p-electrons are excited in the presence of electric field, and are transported to the
solid polymer. The orbitals over lap over the entire backbone to form valence and conduction bands in polymer molecule.
Therefore, electrical conduction occurs only after thermal activation of electrons. This allows to attain enough energy to
jump the gap and reach lower levels of conduction band.
Examples: Polyacetylene polymers, poly p-phenylene, polyquinoline, poly-m-phenylene sulphide etc.,
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3.20 Chemistry
(b) Doping Conducting Polymer
Doping conducting polymers are produced when charge transfer substance is applied to a polymer in a gas or liquid. These
can be oxidized or reduced easily due to their low ionization, conductivity and high electron affinity. Its conductivity can
be increased by producing positive or negative charges on its backbone using oxidation or reduction techniques. Doping
is of two types. They are,
(i) p-doping
(ii) n-doping.
(i) p-doping
p-doping is a process in which an intrinsically conducting polymer is treated with Lewis acid. The polymer undergoes
oxidation process, leaving a positive charge on the backbone of the polymer. Some of the p-dopants are Br2, Ar, F5, I2 etc.
Example
(CH)y + 2FeCl3 (CH)y + FeCl −4 + FeCl2
2(CH)y + 3I2 2(CH)y + I3−
(ii) n-doping
n-doping is a process in which an intrinsically conducting polymer is treated with Lewis base. The polymer undergoes
reduction process, leaving negative charge on the backbone of the polymer. Some of the n-dopants are Ca, Na, Li, FeCl3
etc.,
Example
(CH)y + Na+ (C10H8)– Na⊕ (CH)Θy + C10H8
(c) Extrinsically Conducting Polymers
In extrinsically conducting polymers, conductivity occurs due to an externally added substance. These are of two types.
(i) Conductive element filled polymer
(ii) Blended conducting polymer.
(i) Conductive Element Filled Polymer
Conductive element filled polymer is a polymer or resin that is filled with a conducting material like metal oxides, carbon
black, metal oxides, metallic fibres etc. The polymer binds the conducting elements together in the solid. These polymers
are low in cost, light in weight, strong, mechanically durable easily processable into varied forms and shapes. They have
a good bulk conductivity.
(ii) Blended Conducting Polymer
Blended conducting polymer is formed when a conventional polymer is blended with conduction polymer by a physical
or chemical change. These polymers have better mechanical, physical and chemical properties. They are easy to process.
(d) Coordination Conducting Polymer
Coordination conducting polymer is an inorganic complex polymer which is formed when a metal atom combines with a
polydentate ligand. These polymers show corrosion characteristics inspite of possessing a low degree of polymerization.
These are being used widely due to their light weight, good mechanical properties and easy to process capability.
Q38. Explain the preparation of polyacetylene.
Answer :
Polyacetylene is prepared by polymerization of acetylene with Ziegler catalysts. It is in cis form and can be changed to
stable transform by increasing temperature. This is an insoluble, infusible polymer which becomes brittle when exposed to air.

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Unit-3 Engineering Materials 3.21
Doping of polyacetylene will increase its conductivity to a great extent. Example: p-doping agents like AgF5, I2, Br2 or
HClO4 increase the conductivity of polyacetylene. When its film is exposed to dry ammonia it forms a polymer with a conductivity
of 103 S/cm.
Q39. Explain the mechanism of conduction in polyacetylene.
Answer : April-16, Q6

Polyacetylene is a conjugated polymer with the simplest chemical structure. When polyacetylene is treated with Ziegler-
Matta catalysts a high temperature and stability oriented polyacetylene is obtained. This is an insoluble, infusible and brittle
(when exposed to air) polymer whose conductivity can be increased by doping.
Conduction in Polyacetylene
The chemical structure of polyacetylene is given below.

(CH2)n is a semiconducting polyacetylene with a carbon-carbon backbone structure as shown in figure.

The localized electrons in ‘s’ bonds which form the backbone of the polymer chain are responsible for medical properties,
whereas the delocalized electrons in the p-bonds along the chain are responsible for electrical and optical properties. The s bonds
totally fill the low lying energy bonds that have a higher energy gap than p-bond electrons. Before the passage of current, the
electrons can flow along the molecule and remove or insert one or more electrons into it. When an electric field is applied the
electrons with p-bonds move with the molecular chain. The conductivity of the polymer is limited due to the electron jump from
one molecule to another. Therefore, the chains are to be packed in an ordered row.

3.3 biodegradable polymers

3.3.1 Introduction, Preparation, Properties and Applications of Polylactic Acid

Q40. Explain the term biodegradable polymers with its applications and properties.
Answer :
Biodegradable
For answer refer Unit-3, Q16.
Biodegradation occurs in two ways i.e., aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without O2). It can be measured either
through the amount of O2 consumed by aerobic microbes or amount of CO2 produced by them or through the amount of methane
or alloy produced by anaerobic microbes.
Types of Biodegradable
Based on polymers there are two types of biodegradable plastics. They are,
1. Hydro-biodegradable Plastics (HBP)
HBP undergoes chemical degradation through hydrolysis more quickly. It is highly expensive as it is made with current
plastic processing unit.
2. Oxo-biodegradable Plastics (OBP)
OBP undergoes chemical degradation through oxidation very slowly. It is less expensive as it is made from corn, wheat,
sugarcane and fossils.
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3.22 Chemistry
Properties
(a) Biodegradable polymers are non-toxic.
(b) They possess control rate of degradation.
(c) They have good mechanical integrity until degradation.
Applications
(a) Biopolymers are mainly used in medical devices.
(b) They find vast acceptance in drug delivery systems.
(c) Dental devices and orthopedic fixation devices are made using biodegradable polymers.
(d) They are used in tissue engineering, sutures and controlled drug release.
Q41. Explain the preparation, properties and uses of Polylactic acid.
Answer :
Preparation
The microbiological synthesis of lactic acid and then undergoing polycondensation by evaporating water produces polylactic
acid.

Polylactic acid can also be obtained by polymerization of cyclic dimer of lactic acid.
Properties
1. It is a biodegradable thermoplastic aliphatic polyester.
2. It provides good tensile strength.
3. It is brittle
4. It is a low impact resistance material
5. It has low melt viscosity.
Uses
1. It is used in biomedical materials and environment friendly materials.
2. It is used in food packaging, feminine hygiene products.
3. It is used in disposable table ware etc.

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