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 9
Energy in Nonisolated Systems
1. (a) Assuming we can ignore drag and gravitational force due to other objects such as
the Sun and the Moon, then the Earth and satellite are an isolated system.

(b) It seems we must include the Earth’s atmosphere because of the drag (and lift) on the
plane. So the system must include the atmosphere, the Earth, and the plane.

(c) Because of rolling friction and drag, we should include the Earth, the truck, the road,
and the surrounding air.

(d) The person jumps because of the force exerted by the floor, so the system consists of
the person, the Earth, and the floor.

2. There are only two forces applied to the object (paratrooper with parachute) – gravity
and drag. Because we approximate the speed to be constant, they are equal. We estimate
the mass of the paratrooper plus gear to be 100 kg and the distance 3000 ft as 1000 m.

FD = mg ≈ (100 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 ) ≈1000 N

Using Eq. 9.1, taking the drag force in the upward (positive) direction and the
displacement downward,

W = Fy Δy ≈ (1000 N)(−1000 m) ≈ −106 J

3. When the rider goes around the circle the instantaneous displacement is always
perpendicular to the centripetal force and therefore the work done by this force is zero.

9-1
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 9 – Energy in Nonisolated Systems 9-2

4. (a)

Figure P9.4ANS

(b) The puck’s displacement is to the right in the positive x direction. The normal force
and gravity do not do work on the puck because they are perpendicular to the
displacement. The player does positive work on the puck. Apply equation 9.1.

W = Fx Δx
WP = FP Δx = ( 47.4 N ) ( 0.25 m ) = 12 J

(c) For a particle, we can apply the work-kinetic energy theorem to find the puck’s speed.
Solve Equation 9.2 for speed. The puck is initially at rest, so it has no kinetic energy.

Wtot = ΔK
1 2
WP = mv
2
2WP 2 ( 47.4 N ) ( 0.25 m )
v= = = 3.4 m/s
m 2.0 kg

(d) We convert 100 mph to 45 m/s. We find the speed of the puck here is well below the
maximum speed.

5. Assuming there is essentially no friction between the ice and the puck so that the puck
does not lose energy after leaving the player’s stick, then the work done by the coach
must equal the change in the puck’s kinetic energy. The final kinetic energy is zero, so
the change in kinetic energy is negative and equal (in value) to the amount of work done
by the player in Problem 4:
WC = −12 J

2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 9 – Energy in Nonisolated Systems 9-3

6. (a) Since the applied force is horizontal, it is in the direction of the displacement, and
the angle between them is θ = 0°. The work done by this force is then (Eq. 6.1)

WF = FxΔx

WF 5250 J
F= = = 350 N
Δx 15.0 m

(b) If the applied force is greater than 350 N, the crate would accelerate in the direction
of the force, so its speed would increase with time.

(c) If the applied force is less than 350 N, the crate would decelerate and eventually come
to rest.

7. To find the work performed by Kerry, use Eq. 9.6. The angle between the displacement
of the sled and his applied force is 30.0°.

W = ( 615 N ) ( 30.0 m ) cos ( 30.0°) = 1.60 × 104 J

8. In each case the system consists of the trailer, which we model as a particle. We may
apply the work-kinetic energy theorem: Wtot = ΔK .

(a) Gravity and the normal force don’t do work because they are perpendicular to the
displacement. Since rolling friction is negligible, the only force that does work on the
trailer is the truck. The trailer’s speed is constant, so the initial kinetic energy equals the
final kinetic energy. The work done is zero.

Wtot = ΔK = K f − Ki = 0

(b) We follow the same procedure as in part (a), but the trailer’s speed increases, so the
work done is positive.

1 1
Wtot = ΔK = K f − K i = mv 2f − 0 = (537 kg ) ( 24.7 m/s ) = 1.64 × 105 J
2

2 2

(c) Now gravity does work on the trailer so that the total work done is the sum of the
work done by the truck and by gravity. The total work must be zero because as in (a) the

2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 9 – Energy in Nonisolated Systems 9-4

trailer’s kinetic energy does not change. The work done by gravity comes from Equation
9.7, where the angle is between gravity and the displacement.

Wtot = WT + Wg = 0
WT = −Wg
WT = −Wg = −mgΔr cos ( 90° + 12.5°)

( )
WT = − (537 kg ) ( 9.81 m/s ) 2.30 × 103 m cos (102.5°) = 2.62 × 106 J

9. Both objects require forces that point to the west. Assuming the objects are restricted
to move in the east–west direction, the first object must have negative work performed on
it to bring it to a stop, and the same amount of positive work to give it the same final
speed to the West. Thus, the net amount of work on the first object is 0. The second
object requires a positive amount of work to attain the same speed to the west, since it
starts from rest. Thus, the second object requires a greater net amount of work.

10. (a) The system is the survivor, so there are two external forces (weight and rope
tension) acting on the system. We use Equation 9.6, with the same displacement of 12 m.
First, we calculate the weight of the survivor and the tension in the rope.

Fg = mg = (65.0 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )

FT = (1.15) Fg = (1.15)( 638 N )

The work can now be calculated for each. The displacement is parallel to the tension
force, so the work is positive. The displacement is antiparallel to the gravity force, so the
work is negative.

Wg = Fg Δr cos θ
Wg = Fg Δr cos180° = − Fg Δr = −(65.0 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 )(12.0 m) = −7.65 ×103 N ⋅ m

WT = FT Δr cos θ = FT Δr cos 0° = FT Δr = (1.15)( 638 N ) (12.0 m) = +8.80 ×103 N ⋅ m

2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 9 – Energy in Nonisolated Systems 9-5

Figure P9.10ANS

(b) We could calculate a net force and acceleration, but we can now also use energy
conservation to relate the net work on the survivor to the change in kinetic energy (Eq.
9.5). The total work is the sum of each of the contributions from part (a).

Wtot = Wg + Wh = −7.65 × 103 N ⋅ m + 8.80 × 103 N ⋅ m = 1.15 × 103 N ⋅ m

The initial velocity (and kinetic) energy are zero.

Wtot = ΔK = K f − 0 = 1.15 × 103 N ⋅ m

1 2
Kf = mv
2

v=
2K
=
2 1.15 × 103 N ⋅ m(= 5.95 m/s
)
m 65.0 kg


11. Taking the dot product of the two vectors A = 7.12iˆ + 2.00 ĵ − 3.90 k̂ and

B = 4.10iˆ − 11.00 ĵ using Eq. 9.10,

 
A i B = ( 7.12 ) ( 4.10 ) + ( 2.00 ) ( −11.00 ) + ( −3.90 ) ( 0 ) = 7.19

2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 9 – Energy in Nonisolated Systems 9-6

12. Given the force in component form and a single component of the displacement, it is
possible to use Eq. 9.17 in order to solve for the unknown displacement in the y direction.

W = Fx Δx + Fy Δy
10,125 J = ( 512 N )( 25.0 m ) + ( −134 N )( Δy )
(134 N )( Δy ) = 12,800 J − 10,125 J
Δy = 20.0 m

 
13. Use the fact that A makes an angle θ A and vector B makes an angle θ B with the x
axis to find the angle ϕ between the two vectors and substitute into Equation 9.7.

ϕ = θ A + θB
D = ABcosϕ = ABcos(θ A + θ B )

A trigonometric identity (Appendix A) enables us to expand the cosine term.

D = AB(cosθ A cosθ B − sin θ A sin θ B )
D = Acosθ A Bcosθ B + ( Asin θ A ) (− Bsin θ B )

Use Figure 9.7 to identify the scalar components.

D = Ax Bx + Ay By

14. (a) Each vector makes the same angle α with the x axis. This can be seen from the
fact that the components of both vectors involve this single angle. So the angle between
them is zero and the vectors are parallel.

(b)

Figure P9.14ANS

2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 9 – Energy in Nonisolated Systems 9-7

15. (a) Each vector makes the same angle 15° with the x axis. This can be seen from the
fact that the components of both vectors involve this single angle. The angle between
them is zero, and the vectors are parallel.

(b)

Figure P9.15ANS

16. In each case we apply Equation 9.8, D = AB cos ϕ .

Case 1: The angle is 26.5°. D = ( 6.00 ) ( 3.00 ) cos 26.5° = 16.1

Case 2: The angle is 26.5° + 90°. D = ( 6.00 ) ( 3.00 ) cos116.5° = −8.03

Case 3: The vectors are antiparallel, so the angle is 180°.
D = ( 6.00 ) ( 3.00 ) cos180° = −18.0

17. We first sketch the problem to specify our coordinate system and indicate the relevant
components of the vectors. We choose the x direction to align with the ramp. We will
also need the force on the cart (its weight):

(
w = mg = (1.30 kg ) 9.81 m/s 2 = 12.8 N )

(a) We are asked first to use Equation 9.15. The displacement is Δr = −2.4 iˆ m , therefore
we need the component of the force along the x direction. We find the x component of the
weight using trigonometry and our sketch.

W = F Δr
F = Fg ,x = −wsin15° − (12.8 N ) sin15° = 3.31 N

2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 9 – Energy in Nonisolated Systems 9-8

We can now calculate the work,

W = F Δr = (−3.31 N)(−2.4 m) = 7.9 J

Figure P9.17ANS

(b) Here, we are asked to use Equation 9.16. Using the figure, we determine the
downward component of the displacement, which points in the same direction as the
weight force, and calculate the work.

W = FΔr
Δr = Δr cos75° = ( −2.4 m ) cos75° = −0.62 m

W = Fg Δr = ( −12.8 N ) ( −0.62 m ) = 7.9 J

(c) Finally, we use Equation 9.17. We know the x components of displacement and
weight from part (a). The displacement has no y component, and we can determine the y
component of the weight.

W = Fx Δx + Fy Δy + Fz Δz

2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 9 – Energy in Nonisolated Systems 9-9

Fx = −3.31 N
Fy = wsin(255°) = (12.8 N)sin(255°) = −12.4 N
Δx = −2.4 m
Δy = 0

W = Fx Δx + Fy Δy = ( −3.31 N )( −2.4 m ) + ( −12.4 N )( 0 ) = 7.9 J

The work is the same in each case, as we should expect.


18. We start with a general expression for the vector A = Ax iˆ + Ay ĵ + Az k̂ and compute
the desired quantity.

 
A⋅ A = Ax Ax + Ay Ay + Az Az = Ax2 + Ay2 + Az2 = A2

In the last step, we used Eq. 3.11, A = Ax2 + Ay2 + Az2 .


19. We start with general expression for the vectors A = Ax iˆ + Ay ĵ + Az k̂ and

B = Bx iˆ + By ĵ + Bz k̂ and calculate both dot products (Eq. 9.11).

 
A i B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz
   
B i A = Bx Ax + By Ay + Bz Az = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz = A i B

In the last step, we use the fact that multiplication is commutative.


20. We start with general expression for the vectors A = Ax iˆ + Ay ĵ + Az k̂ ,
 
B = Bx iˆ + By ĵ + Bz k̂ and C = Cx iˆ + C y ĵ + Cz k̂ and calculate both sides of the expression.
 
To calculate the left-hand side, first add B and C ,

 
( )
B + C = ( Bx + Cx ) iˆ + By + C y ĵ + ( Bz + Cz ) k̂

Then, carry out the dot product (Eq. 9.11) and use the fact that multiplication is
commutative.

2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 9 – Energy in Nonisolated Systems 9-10
  
Ai (B + C ) = A (B + C ) + A (B + C ) + A (B + C )
x x x y y y z z z
  
Ai (B + C ) = A B + A C + A B + A C + A B + A C
x x x x y y y y z z z z
(1)

Now, for the right-hand side, take both dot products and add.

   
(
A i B + A i C = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz + Ax Cx + Ay C y + Az Cz
   
) ( )
A i B + A i C = Ax Bx + Ax Cx + Ay By + Ay C y + Az Bz + Az Cz (2)

Comparing equations 1 and 2, we have found the desired result.

 
21. Equation 9.8 involves the magnitudes A and B, and the angle ϕ between A and B ,
which we must determine from the figure. We calculate the magnitudes of the vectors
with the Pythagorean theorem.

A = Ax2 + Ay2 = 2.02 + 5.02 = 29 = 5.4

B = Bx2 + By2 = (−4.0)2 + (−3.0)2 = 5.0

We use trigonometry to find the angles θ A and θ B , and then find their difference to
get ϕ .

⎛ 5.0 ⎞
θ A = tan −1 ⎜ = 68.2°
⎝ 2.0 ⎟⎠
⎛ −3.0 ⎞
θ B = tan −1 ⎜ + 180° = 217°
⎝ −4.0 ⎟⎠
ϕ = θ B − θ A = 217° − 68.2° = 149°

Using, Eq. 9.8,

D = ABcosθ = 5.0 29 cos149° = −23

 
22. Equation 9.10 requires the scalar components of A and B , which we read off the
figure.

2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 9 – Energy in Nonisolated Systems 9-11

Ax = 2.0 and Ay = 5.0

Bx = −4.0 and By = −3.0

D = Ax Bx + Ay By = (2.0)(−4.0) + (5.0)(−3.0) = −23

23. Since we have our displacement in unit-vector notation, we can use the dot product
formula for work given in Equation 9.17. First, we determine the components of the
force.

Fx = F cosθ = ( 4.75 N ) cos60°

Fy = F sin θ = ( 4.75 N ) sin 60°
Fz = 0

Reading off the components of the displacement vector:

Δx = 4.2, Δy = −2.1, Δz = 1.6

We can now insert these values into the formula for work.

W = Fx Δx + Fy Δy + Fz Δz

( ) (
W = ( 4.75 N ) cos60° ( 4.2 m ) + ( 4.75 N ) sin60° ( −2.1 m ) + ( 0 ) (1.6 m ) )
W = 1.3 J

24. Work done is the area under the force versus position curve between the initial and
final positions. If the force and displacement are parallel, the work done is positive. If
they are antiparallel, the work done is negative. The relative directions of the force and
displacement are also shown for each case. The total work in each case is:

W1 = +30 J
W2 = +25 J
W3 = −250 J

2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 9 – Energy in Nonisolated Systems 9-12

Figure P9.24ANS

25. We do not know the magnitude of the force acting on the object in this problem.
Although we could take the derivative to find the velocity and then the acceleration,
calculate the force, and integrate over distance to find the work, we can take an easier
path and use the work-energy theorem (Eq. 9.5). We do need the initial and final speeds,
so we do have to take one derivative of the formula for position.

dx
v= = 5.0 + 4.0t
dt

Now, determine the speeds at the initial and final times.

vi = 5.0 + 4.0(2.0 s) = 13 m/s

v f = 5.0 + 4.0(7.0 s) = 33 m/s

Finally, use the work-energy theorem.

1 1 1
W = ΔK = mv f 2 − mvi 2 = (5.8 kg ) ⎡(33 m/s ) − (13 m/s ) ⎤ = 2.7 ×103 J
2 2

2 2 2 ⎣ ⎦

26. In all three cases, the work equals the area under the force versus position curve,
which is equivalent to the integral of force over distance.

2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 9 – Energy in Nonisolated Systems 9-13

(a) This is the area of a rectangle. It is positive because the force and displacement are
both positive. (Or, graphically, the rectangle is above the x axis.)

Wa = (15.0 N ) (5.00 m ) = 75.0 J

(b) This is the area of a triangle. It is negative because the force is in the opposite
direction as the displacement (graphically, the triangle is below the x axis).

1
Wb =
2
( −15.0 N )(10.0 m ) = −75.0 J

(c) This is the sum of the work found in parts (a) and (b), or the area of the rectangle plus
the area of the triangle.

Wc = Wa + Wb = 75.0 N ⋅ m − 75.0 N ⋅ m = 0

27. According to the work-kinetic energy theorem for a particle, the change in kinetic
energy equals the total work done found in Problem 26.

(a) ΔKa = Wa = 75.0 J

(b) ΔKb = Wb = −75.0 J

(c) ΔKc = Wc = 0

2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 9 – Energy in Nonisolated Systems 9-14

28. (a) The plot is made from Hooke’s law: Fx = −kx = − (345 N/m ) x .

12750

7750

2750
F (N)

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10

-2250 0 10 20 30 40 50

-7250

-12250

-17250
x (m)

Figure P9.28ANS

(b) The area under the curve (the triangle) is equal to the work done.

1
W= (35.0 m )( −12250 N ) = −2.14 ×105 J
2

(c) Since the force varies (according to Hooke’s law), we need to integrate.

xf x f =35.0 x f =35.0

W= ∫ F dx = ∫ ( −kx ) dx = − (345 N/m ) ∫

xi
x
xi =0 xi =0
x dx

2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 9 – Energy in Nonisolated Systems 9-15

1 ⎛ 345 N/m ⎞ 2
W = − ( 345 N/m ) x 2 ( )
xf
= −⎜ ⎟ x f − xi
2

2 xi
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 345 N/m ⎞
W = −⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠
(
⎟ ( 35.0 m ) − 0 = −2.11×10 J
2 5
)
The result is consistent with part (b), as expected.

29. The force varies with position, so we must integrate using Equation 9.21.

rf  
( )
rf
W = ∫ F i d r = ∫ Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz
ri ri

We need to determine the initial and final positions of the object in order to evaluate the
integral. Let’s set the origin at the initial point of the path.

xi = 0; yi = 0
x f = r cos θ = ( 550.0 m ) cos ( 67.5° ) = 210.5 m
y f = r sin θ = ( 550.0 m ) sin ( 67.5° ) = 508.1 m

Now, express the integral that we need to evaluate.

x=210.5; y=508.1

( 4x dx − 6 y dy ) = 43 x
210.5 508.1
W= ∫ − 3 y2
2 3
0 0
x=0; y=0

4
⎡(210.5)3 − 0 ⎤ − 3 ⎡(508.1) − 0 ⎤ N ⋅ m = 1.166 × 107 J
2
W=
3⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

 
30. In each case, the work is found using the integral of F i dr along the path (Equation
9.21).

rf  
( )
rf
W = ∫ F i d r = ∫ Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz
ri ri


(a) The work done along path 1, we first need to integrate along dr = dx iˆ from (0,0) to

(7,0) and then along dr = dy ĵ from (7,0) to (7,4):

x=7; y=0 x=7; y=4

W1 = ∫
x=0; y=0
(3y 2
)( )
iˆ + x ĵ i dx iˆ + ∫
x=7; y=0
(3y 2
)( )
iˆ + x ĵ i dy ĵ

2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 9 – Energy in Nonisolated Systems 9-16

Performing the dot products, we get

x=7; y=0 x=7; y=4

2
W1 = ∫ 3y dx + ∫ x dy
x=0; y=0 x=7; y=0

Along the first part of this path, y = 0 therefore the first integral equals zero. For the
second integral, x is constant and can be pulled out of the integral, and we can evaluate
dy.

x=7; y=4 x=7; y=4

W1 = 0 + ∫ x dy = xy = 28 J
x=7; y=0
x=7; y=0


(b) The work done along path 2 is along dr = dy ĵ from (0,0) to (0,4) and then along

dr = dx iˆ from (0,4) to (7,4):

x=0; y=4 x=7; y=4

W2 = ∫
x=0; y=0
(3y 2
)( )
iˆ + x ĵ i dy ĵ + ∫
x=0; y=4
(3y 2
)( )
iˆ + x ĵ i dx iˆ

Performing the dot product, we get:

x=0; y=4 x=7; y=4

2
W2 = ∫ x dy + ∫ 3y dx
x=0; y=0 x=0; y=4

Along the first part of this path, x = 0. Therefore, the first integral equals zero. For the
second integral, y is constant and can be pulled out of the integral, and we can evaluate
dx.

x=7; y=4
2
W2 = 0 + 3y x = 336 J
x=0; y=4

(c) To find the work along the third path, we first write the expression for the work
integral.

rf  
( )
rf
W = ∫ F i d r = ∫ Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz
ri ri

(3y dx + x dy )
rf
W=∫ 2
(1)
ri

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Chapter 9 – Energy in Nonisolated Systems 9-17

At first glance, this appears quite simple, but we can’t integrate ∫ x dy = xy like we
might have above because the value of x changes as we vary y (i.e., x is a function of y).
[In parts (a) and (b), on a straight horizontal or vertical line, only x or y changes.] One
approach is to parameterize both x and y as a function of another variable, say t, and write
an integral that depends only on t. We take another approach here: relate x and y to write
each integral in terms of only x or y. Constraining dr to be along the desired line, we can
relate dx and dy:
dy
tanθ =
dx
dy
dy = tanθ dx and dx = (2)
tanθ

Now, use equation (2) in (1) to express each integral in terms of only one variable.
x=7; y=4 x=7; y=4

W= ∫ 3y dx + ∫
2
x dy
x=0; y=0 x=0; y=0
y=4 x=7
dy
W = ∫ 3y + ∫ x tan θ dx
2

y=0
tan θ x=0

We can determine the tangent of the angle, which is constant (the angle is the angle of the
line with respect to the horizontal).
4.00
tanθ = = 0.570
7.00

Insert the value of the tangent and solve the integrals.

y=4 x=7
3 y3 x2
W= + 0.570
0.570 3 y=0
2 x=0

W = 112 + 14 = 126 J

(d) Since the work done is not “path-independent”, this is a non-conservative force.

Figure P9.30ANS

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Chapter 9 – Energy in Nonisolated Systems 9-18

31. After sketching the forces on the object, we can determine the length of each
extended spring in terms of the x displacement of the object.

r = x 2 + 2 (1)

We determine the work by integrating Eq. 9.21. Since the displacement is only in the x
direction, only the x component of the force factors in to the calculation of the work done.

( F dx + F dy ) = ∫ ( F dx + 0)
rf rf
W=∫ x y x
(2)
ri ri

The magnitude of the force for each spring can be determined, as well as the x
component.

F1 = k1 ( r −  ) F1x = − F1 cos θ
à (3)
F2 = k2 ( r −  ) F2 x = − F2 cos θ

We can also use trigonometry to write the cosine in terms of our integration variable x.

x x
cosθ = = (4)
r x 2 + 2

Substituting equations (1) and (4) into (3),

k1x
F1x = −k1x =
x 2 + 2
k2 x
F2 x = −k2 x =
x 2 + 2

The total force is the sum of these contributions.

(k1 + k2 )x
Fx = −(k1 + k2 )x + (5)
x 2 + 2

Finally, substituting (5) into (2) and integrating,

2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 9 – Energy in Nonisolated Systems 9-19

xdx
W = ∫ Fx dx = − ( k1 + k2 ) ∫ x dx + ( k1 + k2 )  ∫
xf xf xf

xi 0 0
x 2 + 2
1
W =−
2
( k1 + k2 ) x 2f + ( k1 + k2 ) ⎡⎢  x 2f + 2 − 2 ⎤⎥
⎣ ⎦

We can check this in two limiting cases. If there is no displacement ( x f = 0 ), we find no

work done. If the displacement is very large compared to the relaxed length of the springs
x f >>  , then the first term dominates, which is what we would expect if the springs
were horizontal.

Figure P9.31ANS

32. (a) The combined dimensions on the right must be force (same as the dimension on
the left.) So A must have the dimensions of force times length squared. The force cannot
be negative because A is positive, and r2 must be positive.

 
F =  A 
   2
 r 
 A = F ⋅ L2 or units of N ⋅ m 2
 

(b)

2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 9 – Energy in Nonisolated Systems 9-20

Figure P9.32ANS

(c) Since the force is not constant, we integrate over distance to find the work (Eq. 9.21).
The force and infinitesimal displacement are in the same direction.

rf   rf A  r f dr
W = ∫ F i d r = ∫ 2 ( r̂ i dr ) = A ∫ 2
ri ri r ri r

r f =2r0
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ A
W = A⎜ − ⎟ = − A⎜ − ⎟=
⎝ r ⎠ r =r ⎝ 2r0 r0 ⎠ 2r0
i 0

(d) The work done by the force on the particle is positive since the force and
displacement are in the same direction (positive), and energy is transferred to the particle.
Here the particle moves outward though, while in Example 9.5 the particle moves inward.
Had the particle in Example 9.5 moved outward (away from the planet), then the work
done by gravity would have been negative, since the force is inward toward the planet.
This problem looks similar to the force between two positive charges, which we will
encounter later in the book.

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