Statistics and Probability

COURSE MATERIAL NO. 6

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 WHAT WILL YOU
LEARN? HYPOTHESIS
This module has been designed to
help students….
 Test means for small
TESTING:
ONE-SAMPLE
sample, using t-test.
 Apply the t-test in real-
life problems.
 Determine the conclusion
based on the statistical
test. T-TEST

https://opentextbc.ca/researchmethods/chapter/understanding-null-hypothesis-testing/

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 Pre-Activity WHATS’ INSIDE
THIS MODULE?
Materials:
Paper
Ballpen or Pencil
Calculator (or MS Excel)
2 Learning Outcomes

Mobile phone of Computer (with internet access)

CDs of different songs
3 Pre-Activity

Instructions:
4 One Sample t-test

1. Choose 20 songs of your choice. You can look at the Steps in Conducting
internet or if you have CDs with different songs. 8 Hypothesis Testing
2. List the number of minutes and seconds of each songs.
3. Convert the time into seconds (the number of minutes 9 One Sample z-test
will be multiplied to 60 seconds, and add the remaining
seconds. Exercise 6.1
10
4. Compute for the mean of the time of all 20 songs.
One Sample t-test
5. Compute the variance and standard deviation. (Unknown Sample
6. Use the data as an example for this course material. 12 Mean and Standard
Answer the question: Is there enough evidence to claim Deviation
that the average number of seconds each songs is less
than 240 seconds? Use 𝛼 = 0.01.
18 Lesson Summary

20 Worksheet

21 Lesson Summary

22 References

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 FOCUS One sample z-test is a statistical tool that is used to test if
QUESTIONS there exist a significant difference between the population
mean, and the hypothesized mean (sample mean). The
sample size should be 30 or larger.

 What is the difference in If the sample size is less than 30, what test should we used
one sample z-test and one to test the significant of the mean?
sample t-test?
 What are the advantages One Sample t-test
and disadvantages in using
one sample t-test? We collect a random sample from the population and then
 Why do we need to compare the sample mean with the population mean to make
compute for the degree of a statistical decision as to whether the population mean and
he hypothesized mean (sample mean) is significantly
freedom?
different or not.

Assumptions in One Sample t-test

1. Subjects are randomly selected.
2. Population is normally distributed.
3. Cases of the samples should be independent to each other.
4. Sample size should be less than 30.

Steps in Conducting a One Sample t-test

1. State the null and alternative hypothesis.

H 0 :   ( specific value usually the population mean)

H1 :   or  or  ( same value with the null hypothesis )

2. Determine if the given problem is a two-tailed test or one-

tailed test (right-tailed or left-tailed).

If "  " is used in H1 , then it is a two  tailed test

If "  " is used in H1 , then it is a right  tailed test
If "  " is used in H1 , then it is a left  tailed test

3. Set the level of significance 𝛼.

The common level of significance is 0.05, 0.10, or 0.01.

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 4. Compute for the degrees of freedom.

𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1
where 𝑛 is the sample size.

Then, determine the critical value.

5. Solve for the computed value (test value).

The formula for the computed value is

X 
tcomp 
s
n

where
tcomp  computed value
X  sample mean (observed mean)
  population mean (hypothesized mean)
s  sample standard deviation
n  sample size

6. Compare the critical value and the computed value to

determine the statistical decision.

7. Make a statistical decision.

If |𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 | < |𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 | , then do not reject 𝐻0 .

If |𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 | ≥ |𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 |, then reject 𝐻0 .

8. State the conclusion.

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 Examples:

a. A survey of the Office of the Mayor of Quezon City finds that

the average commute time from Quezon City Memorial Circle
to SM Fairview is 35 minutes. A group of employees of SM
Fairview thinks that the commute time is greater and wants
to prove it. They randomly selected 28 employees and finds
that the average commute time is 43 minutes with a standard
deviation of 5 minutes. At 𝛼 = 0.05, are they correct?

Solution:

X  43minutes   35minutes
Given:
s  12 minutes n  28

Step 1: State the null and alternative hypothesis. Also, identify

the claim of the researcher.

H 0 :   35minutes
H1 :   35minutes (claim)

Step 2: Determine the test to be used.

It is a right-tailed test since 𝐻1 uses the symbol “>”.

Step 3: Set the level of significance.

𝛼 = 0.05

Step 4: Compute for the degrees of freedom.

𝑑𝑓 = 28 − 1 = 27

Then, determine the critical value using the table at the last
page of this course material.

𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = 1.703

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 Step 5: Solve for the computed value.

X   43  35 8
tcomp     3.527
s 12 2.268
n 28

Step 6: Compare the critical value and the computed value.

|𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 | = 3.527 > 1.703 = |𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 |

Step 7: Make a statistical decision.

Reject the null hypothesis.

Step 8: State the conclusion.

Since we reject the null hypothesis, we accept the alternative

hypothesis. Hence, the researchers are correct that the
average commute time is greater than 35 minutes.

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 b. The average cost of tuition fee for Pre-School was
Php 12,500. A group of 25 schools had a mean of Php 13,100
and a standard deviation of Php 3,550. IS there a sufficient
evidence to say that the cost of tuition fee is different from the
national mean? Use 𝛼 = 0.01.

Solution:

X  Php 13,100   Php 12,500

Given:
s  Php 3,550 n  25

Step 1: State the null and alternative hypothesis. Also, identify

the claim of the researcher.

H 0 :   Php 12,500
H1 :   Php 12,500(claim)

Step 2: Determine the test to be used.

It is a two-tailed test since 𝐻1 uses the symbol “≠”.

Step 3: Set the level of significance.

𝛼 = 0.01

Step 4: Compute for the degrees of freedom.

𝑑𝑓 = 25 − 1 = 24

Then, determine the critical value using the table at the last
page of this course material.

𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = ±2.797

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 Step 5: Solve for the computed value.

X   13,100  12,500 600

tcomp     0.845
s 3,550 710
n 25

Step 6: Compare the critical value and the computed value.

|𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 | = 0.845 < 2.797 = |𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 |

Step 7: Make a statistical decision.

Do not reject the null hypothesis.

Step 8: State the conclusion.

Since we do not reject the null hypothesis, we accept the null

hypothesis. Hence, there is no enough evidence to support the
claim.

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 Exercise 6.1
One Sample t-test

Solve the following problems.

1. It is said that the average life span of a light bulb is 5.5

years. A researcher wants to test if it is true. He randomly
picks 27 light bulbs and finds that it has a sample mean of 4.3
years. At 𝛼 = 0.10, is there enough evidence to claim that it is
not 5.5 years?

Solution:

Null Hypothesis: _________________________

Alternative Hypothesis: _____________________

Type of test: __________________________

𝛼 = _______ df = ________________ 𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = ___________

Solve for the computed value.

𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = _________

Compare the critical value and computed value.

Statistical Decision: _____________________________________________

Conclusion: ______________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

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 2. The average usage of computers of employees of ABC
Company is 8.5 hours. A researcher claim that it is less than
the average. A random sample of 20 employees was gathered
and said to have a mean of 7.4 hours. Test if the claim is
correct at 𝛼 = 0.05.

Solution:

Null Hypothesis: _________________________

Alternative Hypothesis: _____________________

Type of test: __________________________

𝛼 = _______ df = ________________ 𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = ___________

Solve for the computed value.

𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = _________

Compare the critical value and computed value.

Statistical Decision: _____________________________________________

Conclusion: ______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

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 One Sample t-test (the sample mean and sample deviation is
unknown)

There are some problems that the sample mean and

sample standard deviation is unknown and need to be
computed. To solve the sample mean and sample standard
deviation, we use the following formulas:

X
X
n

 X  X 
2

s
n 1

where
X  sample mean
s  sample standard deviation
n  sample size

Examples:

a. The average family size of a Filipino family was reported as

4.5. A researcher wants to prove that it is true. He conducts a
survey to 8 randomly chosen families and the result is given
by the following numbers: 4, 6, 8, 3, 5, 7, 8, and 4. Is there
enough evidence to prove that the researcher is correct? Use
𝛼 = 0.01 as a level of significance.

Given:   4.5 n8

Step 1: State the null and alternative hypothesis. Also, identify

the claim of the researcher.

H 0 :   4.5 family members (claim)

H1 :   4.5 family members

Step 2: Determine the test to be used.

It is a two-tailed test since 𝐻1 uses the symbol “≠”.

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 Step 3: Set the level of significance.

𝛼 = 0.01

Step 4: Compute for the degrees of freedom.

𝑑𝑓 = 8 − 1 = 7

Then, determine the critical value using the table at the last
page of this course material.

𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = ±3.499

Step 5: First, compute for the sample mean and sample

standard deviation. We will use a table as part of the
computation.

2
𝑋 𝑋−𝑋 (𝑋 − 𝑋)
4 4 − 5.625 = −1.625 (−1.625)2 = 2.64
6 6 − 5.625 = 0.375 (0.375)2 = 0.14
8 8 − 5.625 = 2.375 (2.375)2 = 5.64
3 3 − 5.625 = −2.625 (−2.625)2 = 6.89
5 5 − 5.625 = −0.625 (−0.625)2 = 0.39
7 7 − 5.625 = 1.375 (1.375)2 = 1.89
8 8 − 5.625 = 2.375 (2.375)2 = 5.64
4 4 − 5.625 = −1.625 (−1.625)2 = 2.64
2
∑ 𝑋 = 45 ∑(𝑋 − 𝑋) = 25.875

X
X 
45
n 8

X  5.625

 X  X 
2
25.875 25.875
s    3.696
n 1 8 1 7

s  1.922

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 Solve for the computed value.

X   5.625  4.5 1.125

tcomp     1.654
s 1.922 0.680
n 8

Step 6: Compare the critical value and the computed value.

|𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 | = 1.654 < 3.499 = |𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 |

Step 7: Make a statistical decision.

Do not reject the null hypothesis.

Step 8: State the conclusion.

Note that the claim of the study
is the null hypothesis. It is Since we do not reject the null hypothesis, we accept the null
shown in this example that the hypothesis. Hence, there is enough evidence to support the
claim is not always the claim.
alternative hypothesis.

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 b. For the past few years, it is said that the average
temperature during December is 24.5°𝐶 . A group of
researchers said that for this year, the temperature in
December is higher. The temperature of 14 randomly chosen
days in December is listed in the table below.

Days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Temperature
23.5 27.6 22.4 29.5 26.3 31.2 27.3
(in °𝐶)

Days 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Temperature
23.7 24.7 31.2 37.1 21.3 24.0 24.3
(in °𝐶)

Test if the researcher has enough evidence for the claim at

𝛼 = 0.05.

Solution:

Given:   24.5C n  14

Step 1: State the null and alternative hypothesis. Also, identify

the claim of the researcher.

H 0 :   24.5C
H1 :   24.5C (claim)

Step 2: Determine the test to be used.

It is a right-tailed test since 𝐻1 uses the symbol “>”.

Step 3: Set the level of significance. 𝛼 = 0.05

Step 4: Compute for the degrees of freedom.

𝑑𝑓 = 14 − 1 = 13

Then, determine the critical value using the table at the last
page of this course material.

𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = 1.771

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 Step 5: First, compute for the sample mean and sample
standard deviation. We will use a table as part of the
computation.
2
𝑋 𝑋−𝑋 (𝑋 − 𝑋)
23.5 -3.22 10.37
27.6 0.88 0.77
22.4 -4.32 18.66
29.5 2.78 7.73
26.3 -0.42 0.18
31.2 4.48 20.07
27.3 0.58 0.34
23.7 -3.02 9.12
24.7 -2.02 4.08
31.2 4.48 20.07
37.1 10.38 107.74
21.3 -5.42 29.38
24.0 -2.72 7.40
24.3 -2.42 5.86
2
∑ 𝑋 = 374.1 ∑(𝑋 − 𝑋) = 241.76

X
X 
374.1
n 14

X  26.72C

 X  X 
2
241.76 241.76
s    18.597
n 1 14  1 13

s  4.312

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 Solve for the computed value.

X   26.72  24.5 2.22

tcomp     1.927
s 4.312 1.152
n 14

Step 6: Compare the critical value and the computed value.

|𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 | = 1.927 > 1.771 = |𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 |

Step 7: Make a statistical decision.

Reject the null hypothesis.

Step 8: State the conclusion.

Since we reject the null hypothesis, we accept the alternative

hypothesis. Hence, there is enough evidence to support the
claim.

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 Exercise 6.2
One Sample t-test with Unknown Sample Mean
and Sample Standard Deviation

Solve:

The national average weight in NCR of Male Grade 11

students is 62 kg. A random sample of 10 students in Quezon
City is asked about their weight. At 𝛼 = 0.10, is there enough
evidence that the average weight of the 10 students is
different from the national average?

55.5 63.2 61.8 54.2 67.1

62.1 64.3 65.5 81.3 72.3
The weight of the 10 students (in kilograms).

Solution:

State the null and alternative hypothesis.

Determine the type of test to be used. __________________________

𝛼 = __________ 𝑑𝑓 = _______________ 𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = __________

Solve for the sample mean and sample standard deviation.

2
𝑋 𝑋−𝑋 (𝑋 − 𝑋)

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 Solve the computed value.

𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = _______________

Compare the critical value and the computed value.

Draw the area under the normal curve represented by the

critical value. Locate the computed value also.

State the statistical decision.

Conclusion:

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 WORKSHEET

Solve the following problems. Show your complete solutions.

1. The average length of night (sunset to sunrise) in Manila is said to be 12.2 hours. A group of
students said that in February, it will be shorter. They do a study about this and choose 14 randomly
selected days in February. The computed sample average is 11.19 hours with a standard deviation of
0.25 hours. Is there enough evidence for the students’ claim? Use 𝛼 = 0.05.

2. The recommended price for 1 kilo of pork is Php 225 pesos. A researcher wants to know if a
certain market is following the recommended price. He went to 12 different stall and asked the price
of 1 kilo of pork. The table below shows the collected prices.

210 270 240 235 225 200 210

250 240 240 255 230 235 190

At 𝛼 = 0.01, is there enough evidence for the researchers claim that the certain market is not
following the recommended price for 1 kilo of pork?

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 Critical Values for T-test

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 LESSON SUMMARY

If the sample size is more than 30, it is better to use one sample z-test since
it will give a better statistical decision than t-test. If the sample size is less than 30,
there are two cases to be considered. If the population variance is known, it is
better to use one sample z-test, but if the population variance is unknown, then we
use one sample t-test.
The advantage of using one sample t-test is you can still do a hypothesis
testing even if the population variance is unknown. The disadvantage of using one
sample t-test is sometimes, you still need to compute for the variance or standard
deviation of your sample before proceeding in doing the hypothesis testing.
Degrees of freedom refers to the maximum number of logically
independent values, which are values that have the freedom to change in the given
data sample. For example, we have four data values that said to have an average of
5. Let us say that the first three values are given as {3,5,8}. Since the average is
said to be 5, the fourth value has “no other choice” but to be 4. It means that one
value has no freedom to choose its value unlike the 𝑛 − 1 values.

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 REFERENCES

 Anderson, D. R., et al. 2017. Statistics for

Business and Economics, 13th Edition.
Cengage Learning.
 Bonghanoy, G. et al. 2017. Statistics and
Probabilty for Senior High School.
Mutya Publishing
 Gonzales, J. & Nocon, R. 2015. Essential
Statistics. MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.
272pp.
 Montero-Galliguez, T. et al. 2016.
Fundamentals of Statistical Analysis. C &
E Publishing, Inc. 245pp.
 Sirug, W.S. 2011. Basic Probabilities and
Statistics. Mindshapers Co, Inc. 343pp.

Contributors:
Aserit, Pia Lorraine O.
Ignacio, Rinalyn L.
Rivera, Rey-Ann B.

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