English Reviewer

#1: Journalistic Writing

> a style of writing used to report news stories in
newspapers, even in television broadcasts, on radio, or on
the Internet
> written in short sentences and paragraphs and quickly
gets to the point

Purpose of Journalistic Writing

> gives readers information
> can also entertain Features of a Journalistic Writing
> can be persuasive without choosing sides, maintaining > A journalistic text has a catchy headline to grab the
the balance between two opposing ideas reader's attention.
> In order for journalistic writing to be effective, it has to > A journalistic text starts with a lead. This paragraph
present information in an objective manner. contains the 5 Ws (who, what, when, where, and why)
> Journalistic writing relies on facts and evidence, rather and identifies the basic information the readers should
than on opinion or emotional appeals. know.
> The main body of journalistic text is written in
Structure of a Journalistic Writing paragraphs.
> The body of a journalistic text should include direct or
indirect quotes to support the facts it presents.
> A journalistic text is written in third person and avoids
personal opinion and bias.
> Since journalistic reports happen in the past, they are
generally written in the past tense.
> Pictures with captions are often included in the text as
support.
> Journalistic texts should answer the following
- Other journalistic articles such as feature articles and questions: What is the latest? What is happening to the
opinion/editorial articles do not necessarily subscribe to people involved now?
the inverted pyramid, as features can be more flexible to
suit the interests of the reader.
#2: Literary Writing Common Literary Techniques
1. Flashbacks
> entertains or tells a story
> scenes that are suddenly inserted in a narrative, taking
> may also contain beliefs or political messages
the story back to a time before its current point
> considered works of art
> often serve to fill in a crucial backstory or recount
> not bound by the need to provide correct information
events before the story’s primary sequence of events.
(like informative texts) or objectivity and fairness (like
journalistic texts) 2. Foreshadowing
> mostly fictional > a literary device used by writers to provide an insight of
> can also contain or be based on facts what is to come in a later part of the story
> serves to entertain the audience, appealing to their > often appears at the beginning of a story or a chapter
creative and emotional side in the story
> language used in this type is creative and imaginative > helps the reader develop expectations about a story’s
> also uses literary techniques like hyperbole, upcoming events
personification, simile, and metaphor 3. Imagery and figurative language
> create visual representations of actions, objects, and
Three Main Purpose
ideas in our mind
> To entertain and inform leisurely
> appeal to our physical senses
> To express emotions
> Examples are similes, metaphors, hyperbole, irony,
> To appeal primarily to the emotions
personification, alliteration, and allegory.

Common Elements of a Literary Text

Structure of a Literary Text
> Setting - Indicates the time and place where the story
> A literary text might have complex sentence structure
happened
and linguistic aspects like dialects and ambiguity.
> Mood - The emotions and atmosphere or feeling of a
literary work
> Characters - The individuals whose thoughts and #3: Speech Styles
action make up a story. They are either the protagonist Martin Joos’ (1976) definition:
or antagonist, or they can also be flat, static, dynamic, or > The form of language that the speaker uses which is
round characters. characterized by the degree of formality from the most
> Plot - This is the sequence of events in a story, from formal to the least formal style.
the exposition, to the rising action, to the climax, falling
action, and the resolution or denouement. As Haryanto (2001) definition:
> Subplot - This is another story within the main plot > Style is a variation of language which is used by the
of the story, usually added to give clarity to the events in speakers based on the situation.
the plot.
> Conflict - This is the main struggle of characters in - Our style of speaking depends on the occasion,
the story. It could be one of the following: 1) A character audience, subject matter, and purpose of
vs. another character; 2) A character vs. nature; 3) A communication
character vs. destiny or supernatural forces; or 4) A
character vs. himself or herself. Conflicts reach their peak
at the climax of a plot and usually gets resolved at the end
of the story.
> Theme - Refers to the message or lesson that the
author is trying to convey in the story.
Types of Speech Styles 4. Casual or Informal Style
1. Frozen Style > Informal language is common among peers and
> most highly formal style which uses the most complex friends.
grammatical structure and vocabulary known only to > free and easy participation of both speaker and listener
experts in a particular field > Slang, vulgarities and colloquialism are normal.
> utilizes customary and ritualized expressions > this is “group language”.
> also known as fixed speech > common expressions: hey guys, wassup, lemme go,
> the listener is not allowed to question the speaker. kinda
Ex: Marriage Vows, Judicial Sentencing, Panunumpa sa Ex: Internet chatrooms, Tweets, Personal Emails, &
Watawat ng Pilipinas, & The Lord’s Prayer Blogs

2. Formal Style 5. Intimate Style

> inform and captivate audience > It is used in conversations between people who are very
> Generally used in formal situation, where there is the close.
least amount of shared background and the > there is also free and easy participation.
communication in this style is largely one way with little > language used is not public.
or no feedback from the audience > this communication is private.
> scripted speech > it is reserved for close family members or intimate
Ex: Church Sermons, Graduation Speech, Judge people.
Pronouncements, School Announcements > endearments are used.
Ex: Husband & Wife, Boyfriend & Girlfriend, Siblings,
3. Consultative Style & Parent & Children
> used in semi-formal communication
> a style that shown our norm for coming to term with
strangers who speak our language but whose personal
stock of information may be different
> there is an expert to consult to.
> happens in two-way participation
> It is used in negotiating with strangers or work
colleagues.
> it is a professional discourse.
> there are formal and societal expectations.
Ex: Teacher & Students, Employers & Employees,
Doctor & Patient, & President & his Constituents