Learning Outcomes

• Emission and absorption spectra of the hydrogen

atom .
• Balmer series in the emission spectrum as an
example.
• Line spectra as evidence for energy levels.
• Energy sub-levels.
• Viewing of emission spectra of elements using a
spectroscope or a spectrometer.
Atomic structure

Spectra
 Spectroscope

In a light spectroscope,
light is focused into a thin
beam of parallel rays by a
lens, and then passed
through a prism or
diffraction grating that
separates the light into a
frequency spectrum.
Continuous Spectrum

Emission Spectra
Continuous spectrum

A Spectrum in
which all
wavelengths are
present between
certain limits.
Emission Sprectrum
Emission spectrum
 Spectrum lines

When light from an unknown

source is analyzed in a
spectroscope, the different patterns
of bright lines in the spectrum
reveal which elements emitted the
light. Such a pattern is called an
emission spectrum.
Absorption spectrum
 Emission Spectrum

• Shows that atoms can emit

only specific energies
(discrete wavelengths,
discrete frequencies)
hypothesis: if atoms emit only
discrete wavelengths, maybe
atoms can have only discrete
energies
 A turtle sitting on a
staircase can take on only
certain discrete energies
energy is required to move the
turtle (electron) up the steps
(energy levels) (absorption)
energy is released when the
turtle (electron) moves down
the steps (energy levels)
(emission)
energy staircase diagram for
atomic hydrogen
States electrons can occupy.
• Bottom step is called the ground state.

• Higher steps are called excited states

 Balmer Series
• Balmer analysed the hydrogen
spectrum and found that
hydrogen emitted four bands of
light within the visible spectrum:
• Wavelength (nm) Color
• 656.2 red
• 486.1 blue
• 434.0 blue-violet
• 410.1 violet
 Other Series
• Lyman Series - Ultraviolet emission spectrum.
• Paschen Series – Infrared emission spectrum
 Flame Test Results
• Flame Test
The following metals emit certain colours of light when their atoms
are excited.
• Metal Colour
• Sodium (Na) Orange/Yellow
• Lithium (Li) Pink/Red
• Potassium (K) Purple
• Copper (Cu) Green
• Calcium (Ca) Pink
• Barium (Ba) Yellow/Orange
• Strontium (Sr) Red/Orange
Flame test:

Analytical procedure that detects the

presence of certain elements,
primarily metal ions, based on each
element's characteristic emission
spectrum.
Conservation of Energy
 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
(AAS)

Concentration of a sample is directly proportional to

absorbance of light

Uses of Emission Spectra: Uses of Absorption Spectra:

1. Identifying elements 1. Identifying elements
2. Sodium Street Lamps 2. Concentration of elements
3. Giving Particular colour to 3. Concentration of heavy
fireworks metals in water – e.g. lead
 Learning Outcomes
• Energy levels in atoms.
• Organisation of particles in atoms of
elements nos. 1–20 (numbers of electrons in
each main energy level).
• Classification of the first twenty elements in
the periodic table on the basis of the number
of outer electrons.
Bohr
 Bohr’s theory
• Electrons revolve around nucleus in
orbits
• Electron in orbit has a fixed amount
of energy
• Orbits called energy levels
• If electron stays in level it neither
gains nor loses energy
 Bohr
• Atom absorbs energy
• Electron jumps to higher level
• Atom unstable at higher levels. Electron falls back
to a lower level
• Atom loses or emits energy of a particular
frequency.
 quantisation
• Electrons can have
only certain particular
values of energy
 EVIDENCE FOR ENERGY
LEVELS
• In Hydrogen electron in lowest (n=1) level;
ground state
• Energy given; electron jumps to higher
level excited state
• Falls back and emits a definite amount of
energy
• Energy appears as a line of a particular
colour
 colours
• Energy emitted
depends on the
jumps
• Different jumps
emit different
amounts of energy
and hence different
colours
 Main energy levels (shells)
• Spectroscopic notation for shells .
• N shell name
1=K
2=L
3=M
4=N
Bohr Diagram
 Bohr Diagrams
To draw Bohr Diagrams:
1.Draw the nucleus as a solid circle.
2.Put the number of protons (atomic number) in the
nucleus with the number of neutrons (atomic mass –
atomic number) under it.
3.Place the number of electrons (same as protons) in orbits
around the nucleus by drawing circles around the nucleus.

Remember, 1st shell – 2 electrons, 2nd shell – 8 electrons,

3rd shell – 8 electrons, 4th shell – 18 electrons.
Valency & Groups
Valencies
Atomic structure 2
 Learning Outcomes
• Energy sub-levels.
• Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
• Wave nature of the electron. (Non-mathematical treatment in
• both cases.)
• Atomic orbitals. Shapes of s and p orbitals.
• Building up of electronic structure of the first 36 elements.
• Electronic configurations of ions of s- and p-block elements only.
• Arrangement of electrons in individual orbitals of p-block atoms.
 Heisenberg

• The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states

that it is not possible to know both the
position and velocity of an electron at the
same time.
• The more exact the measurement of one of
these quantities, the less exact the other
measurement becomes
 Schrodinger’s Wave
Equation……

This gave rise a boundary within which there is a high

probability of finding an electron.
 Orbital

• A region in
space where the
probability of
finding an
electron is
particularly
high
 Light as a particle.
The photoelectric effect
Einstein
 De Broglie

• Matter has
wave-like
characteristics
. 2-slit expt.
Expected Result if light and
:
electrons are particles
Actual result for light and electrons
:
– demonstrates their wavelike nature
Wavelike nature of light/electrons
Electrons were both particles and waves

Same for all sub-atomic particles

Matter exists as particles and waves at the same time.

The electron as a wave
Electrons moving
Electron paths
 Main levels AND THE
NUMBER OF ELECTRONS
that could fit
• 1 = 2e
• 2 = 8e
• 3 = 18e
• 4 = 32e
 Sub-levels
• Each main level has sub-levels
• 1has s sub-level only
• 2 has s and p sub-levels
• 3 has s,p and d sub-levels
• 4 has s,p,d and f sub-levels
• Energy of sub-levels s→p→d
1s
2s
2p
3d
 Electrons in sub-levels
• s = 2e
• p = 6e
• d = 10e
• f = 14e
 Sub-levels
• 1 = s(2e)
• 2 = s(2e) + p(6e) = 8e
• 3 = s(2e) + p(6e) + d(10e) = 18e
The "p" orbital is dumb belled shaped and each
P sub level is made of three "p" orbitals (because
the P sub level can hold 6 electrons and every
orbital holds 2 electrons)
P-orbitals
P-orbitals
d orbitals
f orbitals
 Electrons in orbitals
• S holds 2e
• 3 p orbitals each holds only 2e
• 5 d orbitals each holds only 2e
 Pauli’s exclusion principle
• Orbital can only hold
2electrons and these
electrons must have
opposite spins
Pauli's exclusion principle
 Aufbau principle

• Electrons fill levels in a specific

order.
• 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
AUFBAU
1
 Hunds rule

• When filling up
the orbitals in a
sublevel
electrons fill
them singly at
first.
spdf blocks
5 electrons
6 electrons Hund’s rule
 Electron Configurations
• He, 2, helium : 1s2
• Ne, 10, neon: 1s2 2s2 2p6
• Ar, 18, argon : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
• Kr, 36, krypton : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10
4p6
 Exceptions to Electron
configuration rules
• Cr
• Half-filled orbitals give greater stability
• 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2 →1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
3d5 4s1
• Cu
• Full 3d sub-level gives greater stability
• 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s2 → 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
3d10 4s1
 Electron Configurations (ions)
• F-, 10, Flouride: [1s2 2s2 2p6 ]-
• Cl-, 18, Chloride : [1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6]-
• Na+, 10, Sodium ion: [1s2 2s2 2p6 ]+