Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102515

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Rheological and mechanical characteristics of basalt fiber UHPC

incorporating waste glass powder in lieu of cement
Sevar Dilkhaz Salahaddin a, James H. Haido b, *, George Wardeh c
a
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Zakho, Kurdistan Region-Iraq
b
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Duhok, Duhok City, Kurdistan Region Iraq
c
CY Cergy-Paris University, Paris, France

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) represents an exceptionally durable construction material distin­
Basalt fiber guished by its notable strength, ductility, and durability. Previous investigations have demonstrated a limited
UHPC with waste glass powder exploration of UHPC containing basalt fiber and waste glass as a substitute for cement. Current study concen­
Pozzolanic materials
trates on assessing the impact of incorporating waste glass powder (WGP) in lieu of cement, on the workability,
UHPC performance
mechanical properties, and microstructural attributes of this composite. The substitution involved three distinct
proportions of waste pozzolanic glass powder: 10%, 20%, and 30%, measured by weight. A substantial number of
test specimens, exceeding one hundred, was accurately prepared to inspect the engineering characteristics of five
varied UHPC formulations. Experimental outcomes underline that the optimum UHPC compressive strength was
recorded at the 28-day when employing a 0.75% basalt fiber content and replacing 20% of cement with waste
glass. This investigation establishes the distinctive contribution of WGP pozzolanic constituents in enhancing the
microstructure of UHPC.

1. Introduction relationships in (UHPC) necessitates a foundational idea of the inter­

action among its constituents and their impact on mechanical charac­
Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) represents an progressive teristics. Previous investigations have highlighted that parameter such
cementitious compound characterized by an augmented mixture of fi­ as curing temperature and duration, aggregate size, and the addition of
bers and cement, resulting in an impressive compressive strength range supplementary cementitious materials can collectively modify a pre­
of 120 to 250 MPa [1]. This material boasts specific attributes such as dominant mechanical attributes of UHPC [7–9].
durability, tensile ductility, and toughness. The applicability of UHPC The dynamics among the UHPC constituents have been explored
has gained substantial power in both bridge and architectural contexts, through methodologies including Nano-indentation challenging, imag­
as extensively documented [2–4]. As per ASTM C1856 [5], a cementi­ ing analyses utilizing Computed Tomography (CT), and examination
tious mixture that exhibits a compressive strength surpassing 120 MPa is through Scanning Electron Microscopes [10,11]. Numerous scholarly
classified as UHPC. works have delved into UHPC stress–strain relationships, the curing
The reinforcement of UHPC’s strength stems from multiple factors: process, with the compressive strength of UHPC. These collective efforts
the omission of coarse aggregates, the silica fume addition and fibers, contribute to an improved understanding of the complicated behavior
and a low water-to-cementitious material ratio (w/cm). These elements and qualities of UHPC.
collectively contribute to the notable high strength of UHPC. Its densely Thousands of tons of used glass are removed from municipal waste
packed matrix and diminished permeability render UHPC particularly each year all around the world. Glass is usually considered as a solid
suitable for arrangement in settings characterized by severe corrosive material prepared of non-crystalline silica, calcium oxide, sodium oxide,
conditions. Additionally, the incorporation of fibers plays a pivotal role and other elements [12]. Using a Laser Particle Analyzer, the XRF
by bridging cracks, leading to a substantial increase in the material’s approach can be used to determine the chemical composition of the glass
tensile strength in comparison to conventional concrete [6]. powder (GP) as shown in the GP’s grain size distribution curves. New
Enhancing the comprehension and prediction of stress–strain WG recycling solutions must be created, such as employing WG in

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S.D. Salahaddin), [email protected] (J.H. Haido), [email protected] (G. Wardeh).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.102515
Received 28 April 2023; Received in revised form 15 September 2023; Accepted 18 September 2023
Available online 8 October 2023
2090-4479/© 2023 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
S.D. Salahaddin et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102515

concrete and construction materials [1 4 4]. The UHPC proper the quantity and quality of fibers employed. For instance, a study [26]
compressive strength to more than 220 MPa is achieved by glass powder investigated UHPC specimens both with and without steel fibers,
addition [13]. The glass powder replacement ratio from 0 % to less than revealing that those lacking fibers displayed a linear stress–strain
30 % is used to improve the compressive strength [14,15]. behavior until reaching peak strength, followed by a sudden failure.
Decades ago, researchers-initiated investigations into the potential of In the paper proposed by Hamada et al,[27] the binder or aggregate
recycled Waste Glass (WG) in building materials, exploring its diverse replacement in a portion with the solid waste demonstrated a good
applications in civil engineering. In the construction industry, WG has impact on the UHPC performance development. Although, more
been frequently employed as a partial replacement for one or more advanced techniques must be provided. BY grinding and activation, the
components of conventional materials. Some methods involve using WG waste based UHPC durability will improve in the time that the solid
as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) to partly substitute waste is used as a binder. The performance of UHPC is improved when
cement in concrete, benefiting from its pozzolanic properties [16]. The solid waste is employed as an aggregate because of its rough surface,
waste glass powder is precisely worked in the UHPC preparation which possible reactivity, and internal curing effect. UHPC can successfully
is resulted in low early age compressive strength. It is clear that waste stop the leaching of dangerous substances (heavy metal ions) in solid
inclusion in the concrete has various advantages such as low removal waste because it has a thick microstructure.
waste cost. Deducting the greenhouse gas pollution, and raw material Ahmed et al [28] explored the potential of utilizing gold mine tail­
preservation. These positive points encounter high environmental ben­ ings, sourced from a Western Australian gold mine, as a substitute for
efits with improving the concrete properties [17].Waste glass powder conventional quartz sand in UHPC. The research findings indicate that
(WGP) with fly ash in geopolymer concrete (GPC) can be used in various UHPC formulations incorporating up to 80 % tailings in place of quartz
proportions [18]. Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is typically sand exhibit compressive strength equivalent to or surpassing that of
prepared by coarse aggregate replacement with ground GP. Also, the UHPCs composed entirely of quartz sand. This substitution offers sig­
crushed waste glass WG can be utilized instead of fine aggregate nificant cost efficiencies, with material and transportation expenses for
[19,20]. GP material can be produced by grinding the waste of glass UHPC production potentially reduced by up to 33.1 %. Furthermore, this
particles to the 10 µm size which might be replaced with cement and approach contributes to environmental sustainability, as it is associated
silica fume in four determined ratios [21,22]. A lots of research study are with a potential reduction of up to 12.1 % in CO2 emissions in the vi­
accomplished all over the global relating the fiber reinforced concrete. cinity of the mining site.
Although, the main parts of studies are correlated principally to the Among the natural materials aligning with technical and environ­
elementary characteristics of fibrous concrete. The by product and waste mental requisites is basalt fiber, classified as a mineral fiber, renowned
providing as a cement in fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), especially in for its exceptional attributes [29]. Notable among these attributes are:
basalt fibrous concrete, is of great practical significance. A) robust adhesion to metals, adhesives, and epoxies; B) potent resis­
The principal aim of the present research is to emphasize the feasi­ tance to mechanical stresses; C) remarkable acoustic, electrical, and
bility of creating sustainable Ultra High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) thermal properties. Basalt fiber’s capacity for bonding and energy ab­
using environmentally friendly materials. This paper conducts a sorption is well-known. The intrinsic qualities of this natural fiber make
comprehensive investigation into the engineering properties of basalt it a compelling alternative to conventional fibers, minimizing societal
fiber UHPC incorporation waste glass powder as cement substitute at and industrial impact. Furthermore, it’s noteworthy that fiber produc­
three varying proportions. This comprehensive analysis encompasses a tion entails significant energy consumption [30].
wide range of parameters, including workability, density, compressive Nevertheless, in the presence of fibers, specimens exhibited elastic
strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, load–deflection behavior up to 95 % of the ultimate compressive stress. This elastic
curves of prisms, modulus of elasticity, stress–strain behavior curves, phase was succeeded by a softening stage, as steel fibers linked minus­
Poisson’s ratio, Ultra-Sonic Pulse Velocity (USPV), characterization of cule cracks, eventually leading to failure. In a research directed by
the Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ), assessment of porosity, and the Hassan et al. [31],the failure of UHPC was observed to transpire through
presence of cracks. Moreover, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy three distinct phases. Phase 1 displayed as a linear elastic stage, where
(EDX) is used to recognize the elemental composition of the materials the maximum tensile strength was attained through minimal fiber in­
across all samples. clusion. Subsequently, Phase 2 marked the initiation of crack formation,
during which strain hardening was achieved, and fibers played a role in
2. Literature review spanning micro cracks. As these micro cracks evolved into macro cracks,
ultimate failure was triggered. At this stage, the stress–strain curve was
Modifications in the quantity and fibers arrangement in Ultra-High- influenced more by localized failures than by overall averages.
Performance Concrete (UHPC) can yield improved mechanical attri­ Concurrently, while cement represents the highest constituent of con­
butes, encompassing compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths. Wu crete, its production concurrently results in the highest greenhouse gas
et al. [23] conducted a compressive strength test on a UHPC mixture, emissions. To address this, examining potential cement substitutes be­
revealing that the optimal steel fiber content was 1.5 % and 0.5 % for comes imperative, as it not only has the potential to reduce concrete
long fibers (13 mm) and short fibers (6 mm), respectively. The resultant manufacturing expenses but also to mitigate environmental impacts.
combinations of fibers yielded notable results including a peak stress of The utilization of waste materials as substitutes for cement presents
109.4 MPa, a corresponding strain of 0.0038, and an elastic modulus of notable advantages, chiefly in diminishing the need for landfilling and
40.9 GPa. These specific fiber configurations demonstrated enhance­ promoting a more sustainable approach.
ments of 34 %, 46 %, and 22 % in compressive, flexural, and tensile Each year, a substantial volume of waste glass, amounting to millions
strengths, respectively, compared to the reference UHPC. of tons, is generated on a global scale. The disposal of glass as waste,
In alignment with these findings, Chen et al. [24]underscore the often ending up in landfills, presents an unsustainable practice due to its
important effect of fiber clustering on the overall strength of UHPC non-degradable nature and lack of environmental disintegration. Glass
specimens. Additionally, it has been established that UHPC demon­ primarily comprises silica, and its prolonged presence in the environ­
strates reduced strain and maintains a linear behavior up to 93 % of the ment emphasizes the need for alternative strategies. A pivotal step to­
ultimate stress [25]. These collective insights emphasize the pivotal role ward cultivating sustainable infrastructure systems, characterized by
of fiber content and arrangement in augmenting the mechanical char­ environmental responsibility, energy efficiency, and cost-effectiveness,
acteristics of UHPC. could involve the adoption of milled (ground) glass.
The relationship between stress and strain in Ultra-High- The waste glass integration as a slight substitute for cement in con­
Performance Concrete (UHPC) specimens is significantly influenced by crete carries the view of facilitating pozzolanic interactions between the

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S.D. Salahaddin et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102515

Fig. 1. Grain size distribution of (A) sand and (B) gravel.

glass and cement components. In this process, the grinding of waste glass Iraqi standards (IQS No.5 2019) and ASTM-C150.
to micron-sized particles stimulates the generation of secondary Calcium The evaluation process involved physical tests prepared in accor­
Silicate Hydrate (C–S–H) during hydration, strengthening the cementi­ dance with BS EN-196–1:2016 and 196–3:2016, as well as Iraqi
tious matrix [32]. The assessment of chemical shrinkage and heat evo­ Instructional Guide 198/1990. Additionally, chemical tests were con­
lution further reveals that heightened glass powder replacement in ducted following the guidelines stipulated in BS EN196-2:2013. These
cement paste expedites the hydration response. Notably, an elevation in comprehensive evaluations served to ascertain the properties and
glass powder content corresponds to reduced values of dynamic Young’s quality of the cement material under examination.
and shear moduli, particularly evident in mortars formulated with a 60
% glass powder blend. This proportion also demonstrates substantial 3.2. Sand
compressive strength enhancements between the 7th and 90th days,
notably attributed to the progressive pozzolanic reaction occurring The sand used in the study underwent a process of cleaning and
throughout this period [33,34]. natural drying. Subsequently, the sand was categorized into two distinct
In terms of concrete strength, a level as high as 55 MPa can be types, classified according to grading specifications outlined in ASTM
achieved by incorporating 30 % waste Glass Powder [35]. The outcomes C33 [37].The water absorption rate of the sand material was measured
of the aforementioned investigations lend support to the inclusion of at 1.87 %. This sand was sourced from Duhok city.
waste glass in construction materials. Furthermore, empirical evidence An average cumulative passing curve for the sand was generated
has already demonstrated that cement blended with 20 % glass powder through a sieve analysis, represented in Fig. 1 (A). To further ascertain
exhibits lower thermal conductivity and specific heat compared to reg­ its physical characteristics, the fine aggregate underwent physical
ular cement [36]. testing in accordance with ASTM standards, including ASTM C136-14,
When Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) replace cement, C117-13, and C702-11. Furthermore, chemical testing was conducted
the examination of concrete’s mechanical properties becomes impera­ on the sand, aligning with the guidelines outlined in ASTM C88-13 [37].
tive, given that both the strength values and their rate of development These rigorous evaluations served to comprehensively determine the
can undergo alteration. This aspect is well recognized and attentively physical and chemical attributes of the fine aggregate.
monitored in industrial production processes. Unfortunately, emphasis
tends to be placed primarily on compressive strength, often neglecting 3.3. Coarse aggregate
other critical characteristics. Even in the case of plain concrete devoid of
additives, the modulus of elasticity frequently remains unnoticed. This Crushed granite rocks with a maximum size ranging from 10 to 12
parameter holds substantial significance for designing structures that mm were utilized as coarse aggregates in the UHPC blends. The grada­
can withstand specific serviceability limits. Moreover, the rate at which tion of this aggregate, conforming to ASTM C33 specifications, is
the elasticity modulus increases significantly impacts the construction depicted in Fig. 1 (B). This coarse aggregate material was sourced locally
timeline for in-situ cast structures. from Duhok city, contributing to its accessibility for the experimental
study.
3. Materials and method
3.4. Silica fume
3.1. Cement
In the course of the experimental study, both un-densified and
In the experimental investigation, Ordinary Portland cement (CEM-I densified forms of silica fume were employed. The un-densified variant
42.5R) was used, sourced from the Delta Company in the Kurdistan re­ exhibited a minimal contribution toward attaining the desired
gion of Iraq. This cement exhibited a fineness modulus of 349 m2/kg. compressive strength of UHPC. Consequently, the focus was directed
The characteristics of this cement were assessed in alignment with both towards utilizing the densified silica fume within the scope of the

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Fig. 2. The used waste glass powder.

Table 1
Waste Glass Powder chemical composition.
Element Concentration by weight (%) Fig. 3. The used basalt fiber.

Na2O 0.3572
MgO 3.4591 3.6. Basalt fiber
Al2O3 16.834
SIO2 62.53 The investigation incorporated basalt fiber, depicted in Fig. 3,
P2O5 0.1229
characterized by a diameter ranging from 9 to 23 µm and a length of 24
SO3 0.0493
K2O 0.1845 mm. This fiber exhibited a specific gravity falling within the range of 2.6
Cao 25.98 to 2.8 gm/cc. This specific gravity range is integral to enhancing
TiO2 0.5829 chemical resistance, a crucial property for the materials used in this
Cr2O3 0.0000 study.
Mn2O3 0.0317
Fe2O3 0.734
ZnO 0.0000 3.7. Superplasticizer (SPs)
SrO 0.2695
Loss on ignition 1.51
The employed superplasticizer (SP) utilized Sika@ViscoCrete5930-L
Moisture content 9.46
Specific gravity 2.63 gm/cm3 IQ polycarboxylate polymer technology. It was in the form of a brownish
Specific surface 3730 cm2/gm liquid with a specific gravity of 1.085 ± 0.01 g/cm3. This substance
served the purpose of diminishing the water content within the concrete
mixture, contributing to enhanced workability and performance.
present work.
The densified silica fume adopted for the study existed in a sub-
3.8. Mix design
micron powder state, deemed optimal for the design of UHPC mixes.
Its appearance was characterized by shades of grey to medium grey, and
The composition of the optimum mixture, on which the testing was
it possessed a specific gravity ranging from 2.10 to 2.40. Additionally, its
based, is detailed in Table 2. The mixing procedure was initiated by first
bulk density was measured within the range of 500 to 700 kg/m3. These
drying the mixer. Subsequently, sand was gradually introduced into the
properties collectively define the nature and attributes of the relied-
mixer and mixed for approximately 3 min. Following this, cement was
upon silica fume in the study.
provided, and mixing persisted for another 3 min. The addition of silica
fume followed, with continued mixing for 1 min. Subsequent to this,
3.5. Waste glass powder
water and superplasticizer were introduced into the mixture, and mixing
continued for 5 min to ensure uniform distribution. Lastly, basalt fiber
The experiment employed ground waste glass powder with a particle
was incorporated into the mix, and the process of mix was sustained for a
diameter of 25 µm, that was integrated into the Ultra-High-Performance
duration of 3–4 min to achieve proper integration.
Concrete (UHPC) mix design to serve as a cement replacement. Three
distinct ratios were employed in this substitution, namely 10 %, 20 %,
and 30 %, based on their recurrent appearance in the literature as 3.9. Specimen fabrication, curing, and instrumentation
preferable proportions not exceeding 30 %GP [21,20]. This selection
was informed by the most consistent ratios documented in relevant For each test, a batch was prepared comprising three specimens. The
papers. The chemical composition of the utilized glass powder is visually primary variables under investigation encompassed the replacement of
displayed in Fig. 2, while Table 1 offers a detailed info of its constituent cement with GP (at proportions of 10 %, 20 %, and 30 %), along with
elements. basalt fiber volume fractions of 0.75 % and 1 %, coupled with different
curing systems.
To initiate the destructive tests, Ultra-Sonic Pulse Velocity (USPV)
values were initially measured, serving as an indicator of concrete

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Table 2
The controlled mix proportions with the samples of each mechanical test.
Mix Amount (kg/m3) Compressive Strength, Splitting Tensile flexure Strength
E, V (cylinder) Strength (cylinder) (Prism)

No. Mix ID. OPC S SF GP SP BF W W/C W/B (48 hrs. þ 28 days) (48 hrs. þ 28 days) (8 hrs. þ 28
ratio ratio samples samples days) samples

1 0.75 %Bf 875 1100 150 / 35 19.5 180 0.21 0.18 6 6 6

(control)
2 1 %BF 875 1100 150 / 35 26 180 0.21 0.18 6 6 6
3 10 %Gp 810 1140 190 90.0 35 19.5 180 0.22 0.17 6 6 6
4 20 %GP 700.0 1140 190 175.0 35 19.5 180 0.26 0.17 6 6 6
5 30 %GP 612.5 1100 150 262.5 35 19.5 180 0.29 0.18 6 6 6

Table 3
Flowability and mechanical test results of averaged three samples UHPC mix.
Mix Slump w/ w/ Tensile strength Compressive strength Flexural strength Modulus of Poisson ratio Pulse Velocity of
ID (cm) c b of three samples of three samples MPa of three samples elasticity of three of three three samples
MPa MPa samples MPa samples (Km/sec)

0.75 5 0.2 0.2 24.02 127.21 12.16 35.40 0.17 6379.00

% 27.74 128.22 10.00 37.00 0.19 6200.00
BF 15.16 132.22 11.80 38.40 0.17 6500.00
Average value MPa 22.31 129.22 11.32 36.93 0.18 6359.67
Standard Deviation 6.46 2.65 1.16 1.50 0.01 150.93
1 % BF 3.5 0.2 0.2 8.79 127.52 22.31 66.18 0.20 6379.00
8.63 122.90 20.31 48.88 0.22 6539.00
8.63 132.42 20.20 54.40 0.25 6787.00
Average value MPa 8.68 127.61 20.94 56.49 0.22 6568.33
Standard Deviation 0.09 4.76 1.19 8.84 0.03 205.58
10 % 12 0.2 0.2 7.45 128.40 20.40 33.00 0.13 6300.00
GP 24.61 115.40 24.57 32.00 0.12 6000.00
17.92 118.00 22.26 34.00 0.11 4894.00
Average value MPa 16.66 120.60 22.41 33.00 0.12 5731.33
Standard Deviation 8.65 6.88 2.09 1.00 0.01 740.50
20 % 17 0.3 0.2 8.28 129.04 14.14 35.50 0.17 4500.00
GP 8.28 124.53 14.60 38.00 0.13 5400.00
8.28 125.30 17.45 39.00 0.14 5488.00
Average value MPa 8.28 126.29 15.40 37.50 0.15 5129.33
Standard Deviation 0.00 2.41 1.79 1.80 0.02 546.79
30 % 20.5 0.3 0.2 10.76 102.04 17.51 35.40 0.10 4045.00
GP 9.45 100.00 16.40 36.86 0.12 5400.00
7.68 104.00 17.10 35.20 0.11 4000.00
Average value MPa 9.30 102.01 17.00 35.82 0.11 4481.67
Standard Deviation 1.55 2.00 0.56 0.91 0.01 795.62

quality. Subsequently, the three cylinders for each set were capped to varying waste glass content. This assessment is fundamental in com­
ensure uniform load distribution. The specifics of the specimens, along prehending how the inclusion of waste glass influences the overall
with their fabrication and testing procedures, are accurately outlined in density of the UHPC, thereby shedding light on its potential impact on
Table 3. A visual representation of this process is illustrated in Fig. 4. durability characteristics.

3.10. Fresh concrete test 3.12. Mechanical properties

The workability of the freshly mixed concrete was assessed utilizing 3.12.1. Compressive strength
the slump/flow test. This test not only gauged the consistency of the During the preliminary trial mixes, concrete cubes measuring 100
mixture but also provided insights into its ease of mixing, placement, mm in size were employed to evaluate the compressive strength. Sub­
compaction, and completion while avoiding segregation [38]. The sequently, cylindrical specimens with dimensions of 100 × 200 mm
preparation of UHPC mixes and the conduct of tests on fresh concrete were utilized to ascertain the UHPC compressive strength at two distinct
were undertaken within the Concrete Lab at the College of Engineering, time intervals: 48 h and 28 days. This approach allowed for a compre­
University of Duhok, in adherence to ASTM C192/C192M standards hensive assessment of the UHPC’s compressive strength evolution over
[39]. A constant volume of 0.03 m3 was maintained for each batch of different time frames.
mixes. The desired water-to-cement (w/c) ratio was determined after
conducting numerous trial mixes. Subsequently, in accordance with 3.12.2. Splitting tensile strength test
ASTM C1437-01 guidelines, a workability assessment was carried out The assessment of tensile strength was shown in adherence to ASTM
across all UHPC blends [40]. This evaluation served to comprehensively C496 [41], employing cylindrical specimens for the splitting testing
understand the workability characteristics of the different UHPC mixes. procedure. This method enabled the evaluation of the material’s tensile
characteristics, offering insights into its capacity to withstand tension
3.11. Physical property forces and its overall structural integrity.

The density test has a pivotal role in evaluating the durability of 3.12.3. Flexural strength test
UHPC. The density of the concrete was quantified in relation to the Flexural strength, recognized as a paramount mechanical attribute of

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Fig 4. Side of the samples’ preparation and tests’ instrumentation.

concrete [42], was evaluated using concrete prisms. The flexural visualization of microstructural features and interactions within the
strength, also referred to as the modulus of rupture, was determined material, contributing to a deeper understanding of its internal
through testing following the guidelines of ASTM C78-02 [43, p. 1]. This characteristics.
assessment methodology provides valuable insights into the material’s
ability to endure bending stresses, offering critical information for
3.15. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX)
structural design and analysis.
As part of this test, an Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX)
3.12.4. Modulus of elasticity
test was directed on the UHPC mixes, both with and without the in­
The static modulus of elasticity was determined conferring to the
clusion of glass powder. Additionally, the morphology and dispersion of
procedures outlined in ASTM C469 [41]. Additionally, the specific
particles were examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
toughness, expressed as a percentage, was computed by evaluating the
using a Quanta 450 microscope. This methodology facilitated the
ratio of toughness to compressive strength. This calculation methodol­
exploration of the material’s microstructure, particle distribution, and
ogy followed the practices established in prior investigations [44,45].
elemental composition, yielding insights into the effects of incorporating
These analyses collectively provided insights into the material’s elas­
glass powder on the UHPC’s characteristics.
ticity characteristics and its capacity to absorb energy prior to experi­
encing failure.
4. Results and discussion

3.13. USPV test 4.1. Workability/Slump test

The conducted tests employed two sets of compression transducers, The outcomes of the slump test conducted on the UHPC samples are
characterized by a balanced value of 57.4 km/sec and an accuracy of 0.1 presented in Table 3. It is observed that the mix with 30 % GP
microseconds for path lengths up to 200 mm. These transducers played a replacement ratio exhibited the highest slump value. Furthermore, the
pivotal role in facilitating the Ultra-Sonic Pulse Velocity (USPV) tests. incorporation of waste glass into the UHPC mixture led to a discernible
The testing procedure adhered to the guidelines outlined in ASTM C97 trend of increased slump. This enhancement can be regarded to the
[46], ensuring consistent and standardized evaluation of USPV increased existence of fine grains in the mixture due to the introduction
measurements. of waste glass.
Additionally, it was noted that the workability and slump value of
the UHPC decreased as the aspect ratio of the fiber increased, as outlined
3.14. Structure electronic Microscopy (SEM)
in Table 3. This suggests that the introduction of longer fibers had a
diminishing effect on the workability and slump of the UHPC, likely due
The employed method holds the capability to offer crucial insights
to their influence on the mixture’s rheological properties.
into various aspects including the Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ), the
adhesion between different constituents, and the localized attributes of
the paste-aggregates interface. To accomplish this, a Scanning Electron 4.2. Compressive strength
Microscopy (SEM) test was conducted at the Electron Microscopy Unit of
the University of Soran. This approach enabled the examination and The compressive strength test results for UHPC are provided in

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Fig. 5. Load – deflection relationship for UHPC prisms: A) UHPC 30% GP, B) UHPC 20% GP, C) UHPC 10% GP, D) UHPC with 0.75% fiber, and E) UHPC with
1% fiber.

Table 3. These findings indicate that the compressive strength experi­ compared to the 0.75 % basalt fiber mix.
enced a decrease of 6.67 %, 2.27 %, and 21.06 % for the mixes with 10 % When considering the 10 % GP mix with the same w/c and w/b ratio
GP, 20 %GP, and 30 % GP replacements, respectively. Notably, the as the 0.75 % basalt fiber mix, the compressive strength was less than
replacing of 20 % of cement with GP played a pivotal role in achieving that of the 0.75 % basalt fiber mix due to the impact of reduced cement
the targeted compressive strength for UHPC. ratio, as indicated by [47]. Furthermore, the increase in GP content, w/c
The inclusion of 1 % basalt fiber led to a 1.24 % decline in the 28-day ratio, and w/b ratio had a direct negative impact on compressive
compressive strength in comparison to UHPC with 0.75 % basalt fiber strength, as evidenced by mix 6, which exhibited a 21.06 % reduction
content. It is evident that, for the same water-to-cement (w/c) and compared to the 0.75 % basalt fiber mix.
water-to-binder (w/b) ratios in the first three mixes, the presence of Overall, the compressive strength results emphasized the develop­
basalt fiber contributed to higher compressive strength at the 28-day ment in UHPC homogeneity attributed to the interaction between
mark. The optimal basalt fiber content in this study was determined to cementitious materials and fine aggregates, highlighting the compli­
be 0.75 %. cated role of these components in determining the material’s mechanical
In the cases where cement was replaced with three different ratios of properties.
GP (mixes 4, 5, and 6), the highest compressive strength was achieved
with a 20 % cement substitution. However, this substitutive lead to 16 % 4.3. Flexural strength and load–deflection curves
reduction in compressive strength. Despite having similar w/c and w/b
proportions as the 0.75 % basalt fiber mixture, the compressive strength The obtained results (as revealed in Fig. 5) from the flexural strength
of the 10 % GP mix was 7.15 % lower than that of the 0.75 % basalt fiber tests illustrate a clear correlation between the content of basalt fiber and
mix as in Table 3. This discrepancy can be descriptive to the lower the UHPC resulting strength. Specifically, UHPC specimens with a 1 %
cement ratio, as elucidated by [47]. basalt fiber content exhibited a 25.65 % higher flexural strength
For the 30 % GP mix, which replaces cement, the 28-day compressive compared to UHPC with a 0.75 % fiber content. This finding is In
strength was 21.06 % lower than that of the 0.75 % basalt fiber mix. This agreement to the outcomes of a prior research [48].
can be assigned to the upsurge of w/c and w/b ratios in the 30 % GP mix Conversely, the flexural strength of UHPC displays an inversely

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S.D. Salahaddin et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102515

Fig. 6. The Stress-Strain diagram of the UHPC’s specimens.

proportional relationship with the volume fraction of pozzolanic glass increasing the percolation threshold. Additionally, the incremental
powder. Notably, the maximum UHPC strength was attained when uti­ presence of silica fume has a minor impact on the upsurge in elastic
lizing a waste glass content of 10 %. This behavior might be accredited moduli, as observed in previous studies [49]. Basalt fiber significantly
to the pozzolanic activity of the glass powder, which interacts with contributes to the improvement of both compressive strength and the
calcium hydroxide to enhance the creation of Calcium Silicate Hydrate UHPC modulus of elasticity. The adding of GP, particularly at a 10 %
(CSH) gel, consequently improving the strength of the material. replacing level, enhances the modulus of elasticity by promoting the
The load–deflection curves exhibited a pattern of linear elasticity, proximity of concrete’s Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H) gel, thereby
followed by a phase of strain hardening until reaching the point of strengthening the material’s stiffness.
failure. Concrete specimens containing 0.75 % basalt fiber exhibited A comprehensive depiction of the experimental compressive
limited strain hardening, without evident softening behavior after the stress–strain curves for different fiber and GP proportions is presented in
onset of cracks. Furthermore, the utilization of different proportions of Fig. 6. The curves indicate that UHPC cylinders exhibit lower strain
GP yielded distinct load–deflection behaviors, indicative of the varying values while maintaining linear behavior up to 93 % of their maximum
mechanical responses associated with the different GP replacement load capacity. This behavior underscores the UHPC’s robustness and its
ratios. capacity to sustain linear deformation even under high stress conditions.

4.4. Tensile strength

4.6. Uspv
The outcomes of the splitting tensile test are outlined in Table 3.
The obtained USPVT (Ultra-Sonic Pulse Velocity Test) values in this
Notably, the highest tensile strength was achieved with a mix design
study ranged from 4481.34 m/sec to 6567.86 m/sec, as presented in
containing 0.75 % basalt fiber. These findings highlight that the
Table 3. These results collectively indicate the exceptional quality of the
pozzolanic reactivity of the utilized glass powder had minimal impact on
UHPC specimens, which aligns with findings from previous research
enhancing tensile strength in the existence of basalt fibers. The observed
[44,45]. The highest pulse velocity measurement was recorded for the
improvements in tensile strength are predominantly attributed to the
UHPC mix design containing 1 % basalt fiber. The conclusion proposes
reinforcing effects of basalt fibers within the UHPC matrix.
that the inclusion of basalt fiber contributed to a densified microstruc­
ture and enhanced the durability of UHPC.
4.5. Modulus of elasticity The application of high-frequency ultrasonic dispersion in this work
significantly accelerated the hydration process of the UHPC mix. This
Similar to the observed common development in compressive was achieved through the deagglomeration of Portland cement and
strength results at the 28-day, the presence of 1 % basalt fiber has a silica fume particles, which was facilitated by the high-frequency ul­
substantial influence on the modulus of elasticity. Generally, the inclu­ trasonic dispersion method. As a result, the hydration of clinker minerals
sion of GP results in decreasing the elastic modulus of concrete. was expedited, and the pozzolanic reaction involving silica fume was
Comparatively, UHPC demonstrates a higher modulus of elasticity intensified. Notably, the USPVT results for the UHPC mixes with 10 %
compared to normal concrete (NC) due to the elevated cement and sand and 20 % GP exhibited increased values. This may be ascribed to the
content that contributes to enhanced stiffness. It’s important to note that improved reactions and the creation of additional Calcium Silicate
improving the water-to-binder (w/b) ratio results in a reduction in the Hydrate(C-S-H) gel according to the pozzolanic reaction between SiO2
elastic modulus. This is attributed to the higher water content, which and Ca (OH)2. This densification of the concrete matrix contributed to a
reduces the interaction between adjacent solid phases, thereby reduction in the time required for wave transmission.

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S.D. Salahaddin et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102515

Fig. 7. Morphology of UHPC samples: A) UHPC with 0.75% basalt fiber, B) UHPC with 1% basalt fiber, C) UHPC with 10% GP replacement (D) UHPC with 20% GP
replacement, and D) UHPC with 30% GP replacement.

The decrease in USPVT value with the increase in GP content can be

Table 5
attributed to the concrete’s enhanced ability to absorb more energy, as
EDX analysis results of five UHPC mixes.
observed in the case of the GP30% mix.
Formula Atom Atom Atom[%] Atom[%] Atom[%]
[%] [%] Glass Glass Glass
4.7. Structure electronic Microscopy (SEM)
Basalt Basalt powder powder 20 powder 30
fiber fiber 1 % 10 % mix % mix % mix
SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) test results, as depicted in 0.75 % mix
(Fig. 7), revealed the presence of globular air pores entrapped within the mix
concrete matrix. These pores were primarily a result of the super­ Calcium 17.26 46.87 47.53 21.64 11.91
plasticizer used in the UHPC mixture. In the control mix, prepared with Carbon 28.73 / / / 32.49
0.75 % basalt fiber, a prominent large pore is clearly visible at the center Silicon 11.07 16.09 1.65 17.00 12.63
Iron 26 / / / /
of the specimen Fig. 7(A). Contrastingly, in the mix utilizing 1 % basalt Aluminum 1.42 / / 2.28 1.73
fiber Fig. 7(B), only two cracks are observed on the top surface, sug­ Oxygen 41.52 37.04 50.82 59.07 40.25
gesting a strong bond between the aggregate and the matrix.
For the 20 % GP mix Fig. 7(D), where GP replaced a portion of
cement, porous cracks are detected on the sample surface. The increased binder (w/b) ratios compared to the 10 % GP mix. Similarly, in the
GP content contributed to a higher rate of porosity within the mix. This case of the 30 % GP mix, with higher w/c ratios compared to the 10 %
may be credited to the higher water-to-cement (w/c) and water-to- and 20 % GP mixes, there is a prominent diagonal crack across the

Table 4
Ca/Si ratio of altered UHPC mixes.
Basalt fiber mix 0.75 % Basalt fiber mix 1 % Glass powder mix 10 % Glass powder mix 20 % Glass powder mix 30 %

Ca/Si ratio 1.56 2.91 28.81 1.27 0.94

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S.D. Salahaddin et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102515

Fig. 8. EDX analysis of UHPC: A) UHPC with 0.75% basalt fiber, B) UHPC with 1% basalt fiber, C) UHPC with 10% GP, D) UHPC with 20% GP, E) UHPC with
30% GP.

diameter of the specimen Fig. 7(D). This mix exhibits a densified matrix 4.8. Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX)
and a 28-day compressive strength of 129.22 MPa, serving as the control
mixture for comparison with the glass replacement mixes. The outcomes presented in Tables 4 and 5 along with Fig. 8, derived
The observed crack behavior can be attributed to the formation of from the EDX microanalysis, provide insight into the experimental
fiber clumps, which become more prominent with higher fiber volume findings. These findings demonstrate that the interaction of glass
fractions. These clumps disrupt the concrete’s homogeneity, conse­ powder-infused clinker phases was more intense compared to the con­
quently leading to a reduction in its strength. trol mixture containing 0.75 % Basalt Fiber (BF). The introduction of
added C-S-H (Calcium Silicate Hydrate) stages might occur when por­
tlandite reacts with glass powder and silica fume. The high alkali content
in glass powder significantly enhances the solubility of clinker phases.

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S.D. Salahaddin et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102515

The EDX results for the UHPC mixtures illustrate the effects of 13. The microstructure of basalt fiber UHPC can be enhanced
incorporating 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % GP on the microstructures, in through the incorporation of waste glass powder as a cement
contrast to the control concrete mixture. The low presence of C-S-H replacement, evident by the Ca/Si ratio measurements.
observed in the cement paste specimens without glass powder might be 14. The findings from the EDX microanalysis reveal that the inter­
responsible for the observed effects. This characteristic could also be a action of glass powder-infused clinker phases is more pronounced
key factor contributing to the formation of internal cracks and numerous compared to the control mixture containing 0.75 % basalt fiber.
large pores in the reference concrete mixture. The Ca/Si value presented 15. The Ca/Si value is a useful indicator for evaluating the pozzolanic
in Table 4 serves as a favorable indicator of the pozzolanic reaction. The reaction. This study’s results demonstrate that waste pozzolanic
outcomes affirm the active role of pozzolanic materials, particularly GP, materials, particularly glass powder (GP), actively improve the
in enhancing the microstructure of UHPC. microstructure of UHPC by reducing the number of capillary
pores.
5. Conclusions
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Following are some inferences that may be derived from the research
findings: Sevar Dilkhaz Salahaddin: Writing – original draft, Investigation.
James H. Haido: Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation,
1. The presence of WGP as a substitute for cement in (UHPC), up to a Writing - review & editing. George Wardeh: Supervision, Validation,
ratio not exceeding 20 %, holds the potential to improve the Writing – review & editing.
fluidity and workability of UHPC containing basalt fiber.
2. UHPC mixes with waste glass show over 90 % residual Declaration of Competing Interest
compressive strength compared to control samples, confirming
the glass powder’s strong pozzolanic reactivity. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
3. Adding basalt fibers significantly increases the flexural strength interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
of UHPC with waste glass, increasing it by more than 60 % the work reported in this paper.
compared to control specimens without waste material.
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