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StudentsCo
Topical Questions for: Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary
Education

Geography 0460
Paper 1: Geographical Themes Series 2

Exam Board Level CIE IGCSE

(Sub) Topic Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Total Marks Available 75
Total Time Allowed 1 Hour 45 Minutes

MARKING SCHEME

NOTE that all answers and working out by this marking scheme is given by the marking scheme by
cie themselves therefore some answers students have given may be correct, but the working out is
different. In the case of this, marks given are still the same but must be given accordingly.

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Question 1

Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) Diagram C 1
1 mark
1(a)(ii) Ideas such as: 2
✓ Fluid/thin/runny lava;
✓ Low (height to width ratio);
✓ Gentle slopes;
✓ Gentle eruption;
✓ Frequent eruptions
✓ Etc.
2 @ 1 mark
1(a)(iii) Ideas such as: 3
✓ Crust is destroyed;
✓ Magma is produced/builds up;
✓ Increased pressure;
✓ Magma escapes through cracks/lines of weakness
3 @ 1 mark
1(a)(iv) Ideas such as: 4
✓ Observe/monitor the volcano;
✓ Create an exclusion zone around the volcano;
✓ evacuation;
✓ spray water on lava;
✓ dig diversion channels for lava;
✓ strengthen roofs of houses;
✓ wear masks to protect from ash;
✓ train emergency services;
✓ educate residents on action to take if the volcano erupts;
✓ store emergency provisions
✓ Etc.
4 @ 1 mark
1(b)(i) Labels on Fig. 3.2 3
3 @ 1 mark
1(b)(ii) Ideas such as: 5
✓ Work in tourist industry;
✓ E.g. Tourist guides / selling souvenirs etc.
✓ Mining / quarrying;
✓ E.g. Pumice/Sulphur etc.
✓ Fertile soils;
✓ high yields of crops;
✓ Geothermal power;
✓ Renewable energy supplies;
✓ Hot springs etc.
5 @ 1 mark or development

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1(c) Levels marking 7

Level 1 (1–3 marks)

Statements including limited detail which explain the causes of an
earthquake.

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

Uses named example.
More developed statements which explain the causes of an
earthquake.
(NB Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example)

Level 3 (7 marks)
Uses named example.
Comprehensive and accurate statements which explain the causes of
an earthquake, including some place specific reference.

Content Guide:
✓ Answers are likely to refer to:
✓ Plate movement,
✓ On/close to plate boundaries/lines of weakness/where plates
meet;
✓ Where plates move (in relation to each other)/one under
✓ another/subduction/slide past;
✓ Friction / plates stick;
✓ Pressure build up/tension;
✓ Energy released/plates jerk apart
✓ Etc.

Place specific reference is likely to consist of:

✓ Locational details,
✓ Date / time / Richter Scale measurement
✓ named plates
✓ Etc.

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Question 2

Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) The shaking of the ground caused by sudden movement of the Earth’s 1
crust
2(a)(ii) ✓ X = epicentre 2
✓ Y = focus
2 @ 1 mark
2(a)(iii) Ideas such as: 3
✓ death from falling buildings/crushing;
✓ damage to/need to repair homes/buildings/people are
homeless;
✓ damage to/need to repair specific building (e.g. school, hospital
etc.);
✓ damage to/need to repair
roads/railways/communications/bridges;
✓ businesses/factories/shops damaged;
✓ fire;
✓ loss of water/electricity/gas supply;
✓ loss of production/less economic activity (or example e.g.
tourism)/loss of jobs;
✓ damage to possessions/cars;
✓ disease;
✓ could cause a tsunami which would cause flooding etc.
3 @ 1 mark
2(a)(iv) Strategies such as: 4
✓ building ‘earthquake proof’/stronger buildings;
✓ build lower buildings;
✓ emergency/evacuation planning;
✓ earthquake drills;
✓ education about what to do in an earthquake;
✓ do not build public buildings on fault lines etc.
✓ lubrication of fault lines;
✓ tsunami warning system etc.

1 mark for each simple statement identifying a strategy and a second

mark
for an explanation –
E.g. 1. build earthquake proof buildings (1) with pyramid shaped so that
they do not easily collapse (2).
E.g. 2 display posters on walls in schools (1) so that students will learn
what to do if an earthquake occurs (2)
4 @ 1 mark
2(b)(i) Ideas such as: 3
✓ in lines;
✓ (mainly) along/near plate boundaries;

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✓ A few in middle of plates;

✓ (Pacific) Ring of Fire/West coast of
Americas/Mediterranean/south east
✓ Asia/around Pacific (MAX 2)
✓ 3 or more correct countries (MAX 1) etc.
3 @ 1 mark

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2(b)(ii) Ideas such as: 5

✓ the earth’s crust is divided into a series of plates/there are plate
boundaries;
✓ plate boundaries are lines of weakness/centre of plates are
more
✓ solid/tectonic activity occurs at plate boundaries;
✓ plates move relative to each other/in different
directions/subduction occurs;
✓ plates get stuck/friction;
✓ pressure build up;
✓ pressure release/plates jerk apart;
✓ vibrations cause seismic waves etc.
5 @ 1 mark or development
2(c) Levels marking 7
Level 1 (1–3 marks)
Statements including limited detail which explain the cause of a
volcanic eruption.

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

Uses named example.
More developed statements which explain the cause of a volcanic
eruption.

(Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example)

Level 3 (7 marks)
Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific
reference.

Content Guide:
✓ Answers are likely to refer to:
✓ Plate movement
✓ subduction
✓ creation of magma
✓ build-up of pressure,
✓ magma release etc.
Place specific reference is likely to consist of:
✓ Locational details,
✓ named plates,
✓ date of eruption etc.

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Question 3

Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) Shield volcano 1
1 mark
3(a)(ii) ✓ X = Magma chamber 2
✓ Y = Crater
2 @ 1 mark
3(a)(iii) Ideas such as a strato-volcano: 3
✓ Has steep(er) slopes/more steep;
✓ Has (alternative layers of) ash and lava/more ash;
✓ Has a narrow(er) base;
✓ Higher/taller;
✓ More viscous/sticky/thick/lava;
✓ More destructive/explosive/violent eruptions;
✓ Secondary/parasitic cones or vents;

Note: Assume answer is about strato-volcano, can refer to shield

volcano but must make this clear in their answer.
No need for comparison
3 @ 1 mark
3(a)(iv) Ideas such as: 4
✓ Uneven/clustered/in belts;
✓ On/near plate boundaries/where plates meet;
✓ On destructive margins/where plates move towards each other;
✓ E.g. Pacific Ring of Fire/W.coast of Americas;
✓ On constructive margins/where plates move apart;
✓ e.g. mid Atlantic Ridge;
✓ Hot spots/few in middle of plate;
4 @ 1 mark
3(b)(i) Ideas such as: 3
Natural environment
✓ Landslides/avalanches
Infrastructure
✓ Damaged roads/communications/power networks/airports
closed
Economy
✓ Unable to plant crops/damage to tourist sites/people unable to
work/reduces
✓ trade or tourism

Note: Answers need to be under the correct headers

3 @ 1 mark

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3(b)(ii) Ideas such as: 5

✓ Build ‘earthquake proof’ buildings/strong buildings;
✓ With deeper/flexible foundations;
✓ Stronger/flexible bridges;
✓ Pyramid shape
✓ Shatterproof glass;
✓ Reinforced walls;
✓ Earthquake drills;
✓ Educate people about what to do in an earthquake;
✓ Food/water kits or storage/first aid kits/emergency bag
✓ Leave areas of empty land to use during an evacuation;
✓ Do not build high rise buildings;
✓ Hazard mapping;
✓ Avoid building strategic buildings on plate boundaries e.g.
hospitals/power stations;
✓ Evacuation routes;
✓ Improve medical care;
✓ Rescue teams/trained medical staff on standby;
✓ International rescue/aid/donations of blankets/food/water/tents
✓ Tsunami warning system
✓
5 @ 1 mark or development
3(c) Levels marking 7

Level 1 (1–3 marks)

Statements including limited detail which explain the causes of an
earthquake.

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

Uses named example
More developed statements which explain the causes of an earthquake
e.g. plate names, direction of movement of plates etc.

(Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example)

Level 3 (7 marks)
Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific
reference.
Content Guide:
✓ Answers are likely to refer to:
✓ Plate boundaries
✓ Plate movement
✓ Convection currents
✓ Friction
✓ Build up of pressure
✓ Pressure release etc.

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Note: Must be an area and not a country, unless a small relevant

country such as Haiti

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