OAM-Powered 5G Network: Ultra-Reliable Low-

Latency Wireless Communications

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering

by
Anand Kholwadiya (21BEC2166)
Het Shah (21BEC0841)
Bhavya Soni (21BEC2218)

Under the guidance of

Prof. Bijaylaxmi Das

(Assistant Professor Sr Grade 1)

November, 2024
1
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “OAM-Powered 5G

Network: Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Wireless Communications” submitted by
me, for the completion of the course “BECE497J – Project 1" to the school of
electronics engineering, vellore institute of technology, vellore is bonafide work carried
out by me under the supervision of Prof. Bijaylaxmi Das.
I further declare that the work reported in this thesis has not been submitted
previously to this institute or anywhere.

Place : Vellore
Date : 15-11-2024
Signature of the Candidate

2
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “OAM-Powered 5G Network: Ultra-

Reliable Low-Latency Wireless Communications” submitted by Anand Kholwadiya
(21BEC2166), Het Shah (21BEC0841), Bhavya Soni (21BEC2218), School of
electronics engineering, VIT, for the completion of the course “BECE497J – Project 1”,
is a bonafide work carried out by him / her under my supervision during the period, 15.
08. 2024 to 15.11.2024, as perthe VIT code of academic and research ethics.

I further declare that the work reported in this thesis has not been submitted
previously to this institute or anywhere.

Place : Vellore
Date : 15-11-2024 Signature of the Guide

Internal Examiner

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to everyone who contributed to the completion
of this project. First and foremost, we extend our heartfelt thanks to Dr. Bijaylaxmi Das ma’am
for their invaluable guidance, continuous support, and encouragement throughout the project.
Their expertise and insights have been instrumental in shaping our understanding and
approach.

We are also grateful to Vellore Institute of Technology for providing the resources and
environment necessary for the successful execution of this work. A special mention to our
peers and team members for their cooperation, feedback, and inspiration, which motivated us
to enhance the quality of this project.

Finally, we would like to thank our family and friends for their constant encouragement and
support, which has been a pillar of strength during this journey.

Thank you all.

Student Name:
Anand Kholwadiya (21BEC2166)
Het Shah (21BEC0841)
Bhavya Soni (21BEC2166)
4
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The objective of this study is to design an antenna for 5G and beyond wireless
communication networks which is able to provide ultra-reliable low-latency communications
based on OAM. However conventional OAM antennas tend to be constrained by fixed modes,
are complicated to operate in multi-mode generation, and lack the capability to manipulate
modes as and when they are desired. Thus, to overcome the drawbacks encountered with mode
reconfigurable antennas, this study attempts to implement the concepts of nested dual-arm Spiral
Antenna (NDASA) from the literature. This results in the design of an antenna which is able to
change its OAM modes (first, second and third orders) without involved tedious switching
devices.

The project objectives are qualitatively to enrich the functions of the antenna by making possible
dynamic switching between several OAM modes hence enhancing the usability of the device
and lessening the stress to the operator. In terms of coupling the offers of NDASA technology
to generating OAM modes, the phases of the spiral arms are tweaked to natural phase shifts in
addition to the power apportioned along the arms of the spiral, allowing transitions from one
mode to the other. Simulation carries out in CST Microwave Studio revealed that the NDASAs
perfectly controlled their radiation patterns, interfered their phase satisfactorily and changed
shapes in a way appropriate for the given communication requirements.

Social results include improved communication facilities in far-off locations, increased access
to the digital world, and reduced strain on the environment due to proper use of the spectrum.
In accordance to SDG 9 and SDG 11, this initiative proposes improvements to communication
network infrastructure and facilitates urban networks that are sustainable. Further improvements
would include going for tunable materials, artificial intelligence for mode selection and perhaps
capacity expansion for wider networks.

5
 CONTENTS Page
No.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS 6

LIST OF FIGURES 7

LIST OF TABLES 8

ABBREVIATIONS 9

SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS 10

1 INTRODUCTION 11
1.1 Literature Review
1.2 Research Gap

1.3 Problem Statement

1.3.1 Relevance of the problem statement w.r.t to SDG

2 PROJECT OBJECTIVE 14

3 PROPOSED WORK (as applicable) 15

3.1 Design Approach / System model / Algorithm .
3.2 Technical Descriptions
4 HARDWARE/SOFTWARE TOOLS USED 17

5 RESULT ANANYSIS 18

6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 20

6.1 Summary
6.2 Limitations and constraints
6.3 Improvement/ Future work

7 SOCIALAND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 22

8 WORK PLAN 23
8.1 Timeline
8.2 Individual contribution

9 REFERENCES 25

6
 APPENDIX A

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No.

1 NDASA structured dual-arm spiral 15

antenna.
2 The phase distributions, the intensity 18
distributions
3 19
The 2D far-field radiation patterns of the
plane dual-arm spiral
antenna with the topological charges.

7
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

1 The NDASA parameters. 15

8
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

OAM Orbital angular momentum

5G 5th Generation

NDASA Nested Dual-Arm Spiral Antenna

9
 SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS

𝑟0 Initial radius

𝑎 Growth rate

N Number of turns

10
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. LITERATURE REVIEW

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) is a concept that has piqued the attention of many in the area
of antenna design, as it is capable of providing improvements to wireless communication
systems by allowing more than one data stream to be encoded spatially on different modes. This
attribute holds great promise for increased capacity, data rates that are a requirement for today’s
networks. Many recent studies have reported several OAM mode generation and multiplexing
designs. For instance, while monopole patch antennas have shown good phase distribution and
channel isolation, reflect array antennas can steer OAM beams in response to the incident fields
facilitating two or four modes output generation. These small-sized structures that can work on
many frequency bands offer good potential for applications that are frequency flexible.
Additionally, in some works, studies have reported decorrelation of OAM mode redundant
levels using dipole antenna arrays arranged with phase offsets, which is important for any OAM
system operation. High-bandwidth swirling OAM modes have similarly been produced by
helical slot antennas for effective vortex beam creation. In addition, it has become possible to
controllably shift the phase of structures in real time, using programmable meta surfaces with
PIN diodes, thus enabling rich dynamic multi-mode OAM beam generation, which is suitable
for high-capacity millimeter-wave communication systems.

These developments aside, there have also been innovations in phased array antennas for high
order OAM mode generation which was previously limited by the number of achievable modes.
Experiments demonstrated that new reconfigurable concentric circular arrays can produce both
circular and linear forms of OAM beams with very high mode purity. More recent developments
such as phase superposition methods have been used to enable the process of OAM mode
conversion and therefore, higher order modes can be generated with very few RF channels.
Adding together meta surfaces and simple surfaces improved the design to have simple OAM
structure that can operate on two frequency bands thus increasing its performance and
capability. Nevertheless, and despite the advancements, there are various issues still that have
not been solved for instance the problem of spurious or unwanted OAM modes which affect the
purities of the modes and can cause unwanted communication disturbance. There are also
constraints of the meta surface designs in terms of effectiveness as induced losses from spillover
and illumination cause low aperture efficiency while component arrays or phased arrays have
limitations in producing higher order modes leading to limited data rate and bandwidth. All
these issues, for example increasing mode purity and perfecting phase control are paramount in
enhancing the performance of OAM antennas for their application in any future communication
systems.

11
1.2 RESEARCH GAP

The technology surrounding Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) antennas has birthed
new innovations. In their perspective, however, there are some foreseen limitations that would
prevent their efficient use in modern and more mobile configurations. Fixed OAM Modes
translate into one of the major shortcomings of the patterns seen today. Most of the OAM
antennas are designed to operate one fixed readily available OAM mode, thus restricting their
function for the different communication needs. The performance stagnation exhibited by the
antenna when operating switch-fixed modes poses a challenge in environments, which require
extension of the antenna’s performance scalar by varying OAM modes for switching enhanced
data capacity and lower interference.

Another issue of multi-mode generation is that it poses a significant issue as well. Multi-OAM
mode generating designs currently available on the market are mainly based on elaborate
systems containing antenna arrangements or dual-feed wave networks. These types of systems
are in principle impossible to implement in miniaturized versions and increase size, power, and
processing requirements of the system making it more ineffective and difficult to apply in real
life situations. This complexity also results in increased costs and sizes of the antennas making
them impractical for areas such as handhelds and small base station enclosure designs.

Reconfigurability is another aspect that worsens the constraints that currently exist in OAM
antennas. Most existing designs suffer from the use of primitive switching elements, such as
simple electrical or mechanical switches, which are insufficiently accurate to perform smooth
mode changes. The performance of these systems is, however, degraded because they cannot
control most of the OAM modes perfectly, more so, when the network demands instantaneous
directional change or mode change to enhance efficiency. Weak reconfigurability is another
aspect which hinders the performance of the antenna by not being able to cope with the existing
conditions of the network, such as varying interference levels or shifts in data demand.

In conclusion, modern OAM antennas do not include a DMMS function. A fully functional
communication scheme, however, acknowledges the existence of multiple, and dynamic mode
switching control of agility (such as switching from first order OAM mode to second and third
order OAM modes as per the scenario). Yet existing designs do not allow this degree of control,
which hinders their use in more advanced wireless systems such as 5G networks which would
require flexibility and a very high data transfer rate.

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1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Current designs of OAM antennas suffer from the use of fixed modes, a need to
generate complex multi-modes and limited reconfigurability reducing its operability in changing
communication environments. Such limitations preclude their efficient development for
advanced communication systems such as 5G networks which require quick and flexible high
capacity and low latency communication.

The main challenges are:

1. Most OAM antennas restrict users to fixed modes which limits their applicability in
situations where mode switching is needed on demand.
2. Multi-mode generation usually involves complex designs that are difficult to integrate,
inefficient, and impractical for small or portable devices.
3. The usual basic switching schemes offer lower degree of reconfigurability leading to the
undesirable situation where the systems cannot be adjusted in real-time as the situation
would demand.

In this context, this project focuses on the design of a reconfigurable OAM antenna capable of
switching between multiple modes dynamic mobility including Nested Dual-Arm spiral
Antenna (NDASA) technology. This antenna should enable switching of OAM states with ease
and minimal efforts on changing the designs, thus ensuring enhancement and flexibility in
several communication applications, especially in coming wireless technologies.

1.3.1 RELEVANCE OF THE PROBLEM STATEMENT W.R.T TO SDG

The limitations of current OAM antenna designs impact the efficiency and
adaptability of communication systems, aligning with several SDGs:

SDG 9 – Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: This project advances communication

technology, enhancing OAM antennas for high-capacity, resilient networks, vital for sustainable
infrastructure in urban and rural areas.
SDG 11 – Sustainable Cities and Communities: By improving antenna adaptability, it supports
efficient wireless networks, crucial for smart city initiatives and urban connectivity.
SDG 13 – Climate Action: Efficient communication systems reduce infrastructure needs,
lowering energy consumption and environmental impact.
SDG 8 – Decent Work and Economic Growth: Innovation in telecommunications drives
economic growth and job creation, supporting 5G and next-gen networks.
This project contributes to sustainable, equitable communication networks, advancing the SDGs
and expanding digital access.

13
 2. PROJECT OBJECTIVE

This project has an aim of creating a highly functional of an OAM antenna

possessing multiple modes in order to enhance usage in practical situations. In particular, the
project strives to:

1. Emphasize the Other using OAM Technology. Make it possible to switch between many
OAM modes seamlessly therefore improving efficiency in communication.

2. Enhance the functional application. Come up with an antenna design that works
efficiently without the need of complicated and delicate systems that require a lot of
maintenance making it applicable in many areas.

3. Make use of NDASA Technology: The Nested Dual-Arm Spiral Antenna (NDASA)
Technology is essential in order to control the modulation direction and OAM modes
effectively and maintained without flaws.

4. Allow multiple modes generation within a single frequency: Each of the spirals in the
spiral antenna will be designed to produce different OAM modes but at the same
frequency enabling compact arrangement and it’s this architecture that will enable hope
in producing high functionality within a small structure.

This design will result in a failure reconfigurable and high gain antenna which will be suitable
for high demand communication systems such as the fifth generation and beyond networks.

14
 3. PROPOSED WORK

The proposed work involves the design and implementation of a Nested Dual-Arm Spiral
Antenna (NDASA) to generate multiple OAM modes through a unique spiral structure. This
design enables the creation of distinct vortex waves with different topological charges,
enhancing the antenna’s functionality in OAM-based communication systems.

3.1 DESIGN APPROACH / SYSTEM MODEL

The NDASA structure utilizes a dual-arm spiral configuration to generate multiple OAM modes
at a specific frequency. Each arm of the NDASA is composed of two spiral curves, enabling the
generation of OAM modes with topological charges l = 1 and l = 3 at a central frequency of 3
GHz.
• Spiral Arm Equations:
For each spiral, the curve is defined by the exponential growth formula:
𝑟 = 𝑟0 𝑒 𝑎(∅−∅0) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < ∅ ≤ 2𝑁∅
Here, 𝑟0 is the initial radius, 𝑎 is the growth rate, and N represents the number of turns. This
formula governs each spiral's growth, tailored to achieve distinct OAM modes by varying the
arm radius and growth rate.

TABLE 1. The NDASA parameters.

Parameters(l=1) 𝑎1 𝑟01 𝑠1 𝑑1
Values 0.05 18 mm 1.36 mm 26 mm
Parameters(l=3) 𝑎2 𝑟02 𝑠2 𝑑2 𝑤2
Values 0.04 43 mm 2.62 mm 38 mm 8 mm

• Active Region Requirements:

To generate the desired OAM modes, specific radii are defined for the active regions:
Inner spiral for l = 1: Radius r = 31.8mm
Middle spiral for l = 3: Radius r = 63.7mm
• Growth Rates and Dimensions:
Each spiral has unique parameters for optimal OAM mode generation:
Inner Spiral: Growth rate 𝑎1 = 0.05, initial radius 𝑟0 = 18 mm, spacing 𝑠1 = 1.36 mm, number
of turns N = 2
Middle Spiral: Growth rate 𝑎2 = 0.04, initial radius 𝑟0 = 43 mm, spacing 𝑠2 = 2.62 mm, number
of turns N = 1.95
• Metal Discs for Impedance Matching:
Metal discs with varying diameters are placed on the bottom layer for impedance matching:
Inner disc 𝑑1 = 26 mm
Middle disc 𝑑2 = 38 mm

15
 FIGURE 1. NDASA structured dual-arm spiral antenna.

3.2 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIONS

• Substrate and Material Selection:

The NDASA is printed on a substrate of Rogers 4350B with a thickness of 0.762 mm and a
relative dielectric constant of 3.48. This material supports stable performance at high
frequencies, aiding the generation of clear vortex waves.

• Phase Distributions and Mode Generation:

Each spiral generates specific phase distributions for the OAM modes:
Mode l = 1: Phase rotates by 2𝜋
Mode l = 3: Phase rotates by 6𝜋
The resulting electric field distributions exhibit "doughnut-shaped" intensity patterns with
central nulls, characteristic of vortex waves, indicating successful generation of OAM modes.

Multiple Input Ports and Phase Control:

Multiple input ports are required to excite each dual-arm spiral effectively. Accurate control of
phase differences across each arm is critical to maintaining the integrity of the generated OAM
modes.

Far-Field Radiation Characteristics:

Initial simulations reveal that while the NDASA structure generates distinct OAM modes, the
far-field radiation patterns exhibit low gain and poor directionality. This limitation indicates a
need for further improvements to enhance far-field performance, potentially through
adjustments in the spiral geometry or substrate material.

This system model and technical approach establish the foundation for developing an NDASA
that can dynamically generate multiple OAM modes, offering increased adaptability and
efficiency for advanced communication systems.

16
 4. SOFTWARE TOOLS USED

CST Microwave Studio

The utilization of CST Microwave Studio in this work is primarily for the purpose of performing
full-wave three-dimensional electromagnetic simulations. This simulation software is very
important when designing and assessing the complex structure of the Nested Dual-Arm Spiral
Antenna (NDASA), the reason being that it provides realistic modeling of the electromagnetic
field, which is important in designing the antenna correctly.

The Features include:

Radiation Pattern Simulation: CST provides a detailed as well as a simplified model of the
radiation pattern of the antenna allowing one to see how the antenna transmits electromotive
force in various planes. This is very useful in focusing on how the OAM modes which are turned
on by the NDASA design.

S-Parameters Calculation: CST sheds lighter on the antenna’s components in terms of

impedance matching, reflection and transmission by dynamic S-parameter computations. This
means that the S-parameters are important not only for the antenna’s active and passive
components but also for the working frequencies of every antenna, which in this case is crucial
for effectively creating OAM modes with the NDASA at the working frequencies.

Mode Generation from OAM: The advanced features of CST Microwave Studio include the
performance analysis of OAM modes created by the antenna. This means analyzing a helical
phase structure of the waves to confirm the production of required OAM modes like first-order
mode and third-order mode. This is crucial in fulfilling the objective of this study which is the
multi-mode OAM reconfiguration.
Field Distributions: The program gives appropriate three-dimensional views and figures of
electrical and magnetic field distributions inside and outside the antenna structure. Such field
distributions are useful for the improvement of the NDASA design due to the fact that strong or
weak field intensities can be located and modifications made in order to increase the
performance of the antenna.

With the use of CST Microwave Studio in this project, the NDASA is analyzed and optimized
for performance in many OAM modes. The extent of the software allows for the simulation of
every step of the antenna design process including the construction of the model hardware and
all final corrections, which all result in the design of a good OAM antenna system.

17
 5. RESULT ANANYSIS

The Nested Dual-Arm Spiral antenna (NDASA) designed was modelled and analysed using
CST MW Studio to carry out the assessments of performance of the antenna in generation of
multiple OAM modes with topological l= 1 and l= 3 charges.

OAM Mode Generation and Phase Distribution

• Phase Distributions: As seen in the simulation results, each of these OAM modes produced
has different phase distributions and NDASA manages to produce those modes. For a
topological charge, l, the phase distribution exhibits continuous phase wrap around the ring
in the observation plane, indicating the presence of helical phase-fronts typical of vortex
waves. In particular, when l = 1 phase changes by 2π, when l = 3 by 6π. These differences
in the phases are growing, corresponding to the mode theory where phase around the charge
varies more as the charge itself increases.
• Intensity Distributions: The respective electric field intensity of each mode painted
“doughnut-shaped” images, where complete absence of field intensity at the centre of the
telescopic OBJECT, which is a typical characteristic of the vortex waves. The region zero
amplitude of each orbital angular momentum mode is where this doughnut shape stems from
– the phase singularity situated in the middle of each OAM mode. These distinctive intensity
distributions validate the use of the NDASA in generating OAM modes with a defined
topological charge, thus proving the antenna’s design for OAM wave purposes is effective.

FIGURE 2. (a) The phase distributions, (b) the intensity distributions

18
Far-Field Radiation Characteristics

• Multiple Input Ports and Phase Control: From the simulations, it can be observed that
the design of the antenna class necessitates a number of input ports as well as insistent
phase orientation across each dual-arm spiral. It should be highlighted that in order to
achieve reliable generation of the OAM mode across the targeted band, the phase
difference as well as the position of the dual-arm spirals must be maintained with
reasonable accuracy. Any fluctuations in the phase alignment may result in changes in
the OAM modes coherence, thus hindering the stability and purity of the modes
produced. The results of CST simulations point out that the critical phase control
required in OAM generation can be utilized in the NDASA structure.
• 2D Far-Field Radiation Patterns: The 2D far filed radiation pattern plots for OAM
carrying l = 1 and l = 3 axial modes exhibit distinctly different patterns showing directional
radiations. Although there is a relatively low far field gain for the NDASA, its peculiar
radiation patterns conform to the theoretical radiations expected for OAM modes, indicating
that l and m generated multiple OAM modes in the far field. The directed features of the
radiation patterns noted support the conclusion that the antenna can efficiently produce
numerous OAM modes, though at the cost of less directional gain.

FIGURE 3. (a) the 2D far-field radiation patterns of the plane dual-arm spiral
antenna with the topological charges.

Overall, the NDASA shows the feasibility of producing OAM modes with prescribed phase and
intensity patterns for modes l = 1 and l = 3. This has been made possible by the presence of
phase control across the input ports over the operating frequency range which is critical in
maintaining these modes.

19
 6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

6.1 SUMMARY

The current research work is focused on the construction and evaluation of a Nested Dual Arm
Spiral Antenna (NDASA), which is capable of producing multi–Orbital Angular Momentum
(OAM) modes l = 1 and l = 3 at 3 GHz of frequency. CST Microwave Studio simulations showed
the NDASA's ability of producing different OAMs with their respective distinctive
characteristics phase distribution and intensity distribution akin to vortex waves. The antenna’s
design which included several spirals with specific growth rate and radii helped in achieving the
objective of producing several OAM modes in one structure, hence enhancing the
communication systems flexibility and usability.

6.2 LIMITATIONS AND CONSTRAINTS

Efficiency of Radiation in the Far Field: The NDASA has limitations in the far radiation
properties as there is a low gain and a poor directivity which restricts applications that depend
on the antenna with high directional gain.

Complexity of Phase Control Requirements: Controlling the phase accurately is particularly

difficult since this is expected over a number of spirals and requires perfect positioning for
proper generation of OAM modes. As expected, deviations from this can lead to a drop in
performance, on the other hand on the external plane.

Limitations on Overall Dimensions: The requirement for multiple OAM mode coverage and
having to include individual spirals of varying sizes translates to a worst-case antenna size which
would be restrictive in real world scenarios where slim and compact designs are needed.

6.3 IMPROVEMENTS / FUTURE WORK

The far-field performance optimization will be one of the future’s perspectives: it will be
possible to control the gain and the directivity of the NDASA by changing a geometry of a
spiral, growth rates, or by the substrate properties to increase the far-field efficiency of the
NDASA even more.

Integration of Tunable Materials: For example, the introduction of tunable materials such as
liquid crystals, or metamaterials is likely to allow for active engineering of the OAM modes and
help with phase alignment without modifying the physical structure on the molecular level.

Use of AI Algorithms for Phase Control: The use of advanced AI techniques for quick phase
tuning during operation can help to render the control of a spiral’s phase more accurate while

20
alleviating the issues of spirals’ alignment and performance thereafter.

Reducing the Footprint: The application of the NDASA might be broadened in the designs with
adverse space limitations, by researching other design shapes or materials with the aim of
minimizing the size of the antenna for the use of multi-modes functionality.

Research Related to Higher Order OAM Modes: Modifying the design to incorporate more than
one OAM mode at the same frequency will add on the information capacity of the antenna and
hence make it feasible for high density multiplexing purposes in the next communication
generation.

21
 7. SOCIALAND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

SOCIAL IMPACT

Advanced Communication: The NDASA antenna with its multiple OAM modes adds to the
communication systems with the support of higher data rates and improved bandwidth usage.
This is a significant improvement that has made the internet more reliable and faster especially
in very remote and underserved regions that always have limited access to high-speed internet
connectivity.

Bridging the digital divide: As wireless networks get more effective and flexible, this
technology improves facilitation of digital services such as e-learning, teleworking,
telemedicine and other such services. This is important as it encourages communication even in
places where there isn't any modern infrastructure.

Development of Smart Cities: The upgraded reconfigurability features of the NDASA will also
be applicable in smart city technologies, which comprise of IOT devices and wireless sensors.
Such systems will be able to implement real-time street-level operation for buses, traffic
controls, power consumption monitoring and other such smart services, for which highly
flexible and efficient antennas are needed.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Less Dependence on Physical Facilities: The NDASA’s multi-mode OAM functionality

enhances the efficient use of the available spectrum, therefore lessening the need for erecting
more cellular towers and building expensive infrastructure. This reduction in physical structures
translates to lesser energy consumption, land occupation, and material waste which in turn eases
the pressure on the environment with respect to expanding network coverage.

Less Intensity on Energy Use: Due to the NDASA’S reconfigurable properties, the
communication systems can be transformed in order to reduce wastes as well as the overall
energy profile of the system. It is possible to enhance the operational sustainability of networks
with lower energy expenditures by utilizing the antenna for data transmission on demand and
switching operational modes as required.

Promotion of Infrastructure Development that is Climate Proof: The NDASA enables the
establishment of effective and flexible communication systems which in turn enhances the
building of effective infrastructure even in places where there are extreme weather changes,
which is very relevant these days having in mind the climate change situation.

22
 8. WORK PLAN
8.1 TIMELINE

• August 2024:

• Idea Generation and Research Collection: Brainstorm initial ideas for the project and
explore potential improvements in OAM antenna designs.
• Literature Review: Collect and review research papers related to OAM antennas,
focusing on multi-mode reconfigurability and NDASA technology.
• Feasibility Assessment: Evaluate the technical and practical feasibility of proposed
design ideas, setting the foundation for the project.

• September 2024:

• Design Finalization: Develop and finalize the initial design of the Nested Dual-Arm
Spiral Antenna (NDASA) with multi-mode capabilities.
• Prototype Development: Begin building the first prototype based on the finalized
design, ensuring alignment with project objectives.
• Initial Testing and Adjustments: Conduct preliminary testing on the prototype to
identify any design modifications needed before simulation.

• October 2024:

• Detailed Simulation and Analysis: Use CST Microwave Studio and other tools to
perform full 3D electromagnetic simulations, analysing radiation patterns, S-parameters,
and OAM mode generation.
• Design Improvement: Based on simulation data, refine the antenna’s design to enhance
performance in terms of gain, efficiency, and phase control.
• Final Design Preparation: Finalize the antenna design, incorporating any necessary
improvements from the simulation stage.

• November 2024:

• Accuracy Enhancement: Optimize the antenna’s phase control and field distributions
to improve precision in OAM mode generation and stability.
• Performance Optimization: Fine-tune design parameters to achieve maximum
efficiency, gain, and directionality in the far-field radiation patterns.
• Documentation and Final Report: Complete the final project report, summarizing
findings, design details, and recommendations for future work.

23
8.2 INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTION

Anand Kholwadiya (21BEC2166)

• Led the design and development of the Nested Dual-Arm Spiral Antenna (NDASA),
focusing on optimizing it for multi-mode OAM.
• Ran detailed simulations in CST Microwave Studio, analysing radiation patterns, phase
control, and performance.
• Finalized the antenna design, making adjustments based on simulation feedback to
improve functionality.

Het Shah (21BEC0841)

• Conducted the initial research and literature review, gathering relevant information and
assessing project feasibility.
• Played a key role in building the prototype and managing early tests, ensuring the design
was on the right track.
• Validated simulation results and identified areas for improvement, giving feedback on
design changes.

Bhavya Soni (21BEC2218)

• Managed project documentation, organizing findings, design processes, and results for
the final report.
• Collaborated with Anand on performance optimization, focusing on field distribution
and phase alignment.
• Researched the social and environmental impacts of the project, exploring its broader
applications.
• Compiled all project details into a clear, comprehensive final report, highlighting
outcomes and future recommendations.

24
 9. REFERENCES

[1] D. Liu, Q. Sun, and W. Wu, "Two Patch Antennas for Two- or Four-OAM-Mode
Generation," IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 56235-56243, May 2024.
[2] M. Beccaria, G. Dassano, and P. Pirinoli, "Single-Layer, Multimode OAM Reflectarray
Antennas," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 881-
885, May 2023.
[3] D. Liu, W. Wu, L. Gui, and T. Jiang, "OAM mode purity improvement based on antenna
array," Digital Communications and Networks, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1145-1153, Aug. 2024.
[4] E. Koohkan, S. Jarchi, A. Ghorbani, and M. Bod, "Designing a Compact Helical Slot
Antenna for Multiple Circularly Polarized OAM Modes," IEEE Antennas and Wireless
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