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DEAR Time - Melting and Boiling

The document discusses the fixed melting and boiling points of pure water, which are 0°C and 100°C respectively at atmospheric pressure. It explains the processes of melting, boiling, condensation, and solidification, emphasizing that temperature remains constant during these phase changes as energy is used to overcome intermolecular forces rather than to increase temperature. Additionally, it highlights the transfer of energy during heating and cooling, affecting the kinetic and potential energy of particles.

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coolomg901
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7 views2 pages

DEAR Time - Melting and Boiling

The document discusses the fixed melting and boiling points of pure water, which are 0°C and 100°C respectively at atmospheric pressure. It explains the processes of melting, boiling, condensation, and solidification, emphasizing that temperature remains constant during these phase changes as energy is used to overcome intermolecular forces rather than to increase temperature. Additionally, it highlights the transfer of energy during heating and cooling, affecting the kinetic and potential energy of particles.

Uploaded by

coolomg901
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fixed Points of Water

• The melting and boiling points of pure water are known as fixed points.
o Ice melts at 0°C (when solid turns to liquid).
o Pure water boils at 100°C (when liquid turns to gas).

These values are accepted as standard for pure water at atmospheric pressure (1
atmosphere).

Melting & Boiling

• While a substance changes state (e.g., melting or boiling), temperature remains


constant even though energy is transferred to or away from the substance’s thermal
energy store.
• Melting: Solid particles gain enough energy to move more freely, turning into a
liquid.
• Boiling: Occurs at higher energy levels than melting. Enough energy is transferred
to completely overcome the intermolecular forces between particles, allowing the
substance to become a gas.

Heat Graph for Melting & Boiling

• When a substance is changing state (such as melting or boiling), the temperature


stays constant by the horizontal sections of a temperature vs. time graph.

Boiling Process

• When liquid water is heated, thermal energy increases the temperature until the
water reaches 100°C (boiling point).
• At the boiling point, adding more energy doesn’t increase the temperature. Instead, it
goes into overcoming the intermolecular forces between water molecules.
• This process is called vaporization (or evaporation). As intermolecular forces are
broken, liquid water turns into water vapor (steam).

Key Point: Internal energy does not increase during boiling; the added energy is
used to break intermolecular forces, not to raise the temperature.

Melting Process

• When solid water (ice) is heated, thermal energy increases the temperature until it
reaches 0°C (melting point).
• At the melting point, adding more energy does not increase the temperature. The
internal energy does not increase.
• The added thermal energy goes into overcoming the intermolecular forces between
ice molecules.
• As the forces are overcome, solid water becomes liquid water.

Key Point: During melting, energy is used to overcome intermolecular forces, not to
increase the temperature.

Condensation & Solidification

• Changes of state depend on whether energy is transferred to or away from the


system:
o Heating: Energy is transferred to the system, increasing the kinetic energy of
the molecules.
o Cooling: Energy is transferred away, causing the kinetic energy of the
molecules to decrease.

Condensation Process

• Condensation happens when a gas cools down and loses energy, causing the
molecules to slow down and form a liquid.
• When a gas cools, energy is transferred away from the system, and the kinetic
energy of the particles decreases.
• At boiling point, the reduced energy decreases the potential energy of the gas
particles.
• The gas particles no longer have enough energy to overcome intermolecular forces.
They can only flow over one another, turning into a liquid.

Key Point: The temperature remains constant during condensation because the
energy is transferred away from the potential store (not the kinetic store) of the
particles.

Solidification Process

• Solidification occurs when a liquid cools down and loses energy, causing the
particles to slow down and form a solid.
• When a liquid cools, energy is transferred away from the system, and the kinetic
energy of the particles decreases.
• At melting point, the transferred energy reduces the potential energy of the
particles.
• The particles no longer have enough energy to overcome intermolecular forces and
can only vibrate around a fixed point, turning the liquid into a solid.

Key Point: Like condensation, temperature remains constant during solidification


because energy is being transferred away from the potential store (not the kinetic
store).

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