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78 ! CHAPTER THREE PROPERTIES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE

KEY CONCEPTS Phases Solid, liquid, and vapor (gas)

AND FORMULAS Phase equilibrium T sat , Psat , vf , vg , vi
Multiphase boundaries Vaporization, sublimation, and fusion lines:
Figs. 3.5 (general), 3.6 (CO2 ), and 3.7 (water)
Critical point: Table 3.1, Table A.2 (F.1)
Triple point: Table 3.2
Equilibrium state Two independent properties (#1, #2)
Quality x = mvap /m (vapor mass fraction)
1 − x = mliq /m (liquid mass fraction)
Average specific volume v = (1 − x)v f + xv g (only two-phase mixture)
Equilibrium surface P–v–T Tables or equation of state
Ideal-gas law Pv = RT P V = m RT = n R̄T
Universal gas constant R̄ = 8.3145 kJ/kmol K
Gas constant R = R̄/M kJ/kg K, Table A.5 or M from Table A.2
ft lbf/lbm R, Table F.4 or M from Table F.1
Compressibility factor Z Pv = ZRT Chart for Z in Fig. D.1
P T
Reduced properties Pr = Tr = Entry to compressibility chart
Pc Tc
Equations of state Cubic, pressure explicit: Appendix D, Table D.1
Lee Kesler: Appendix D, Table D.2, and Fig. D.1

CONCEPT-STUDY GUIDE PROBLEMS

3.1 Are the pressures in the tables absolute or gauge 3.8 If I have 1 L of ammonia at room pressure and tem-
pressures? perature (100 kPa, 20→ C), what is the mass?
3.2 What is the minimum pressure for liquid carbon 3.9 Locate the state of ammonia at 200 kPa, −10→ C. In-
dioxide? dicate in both the P–v and T–v diagrams the location
3.3 When you skate on ice, a thin liquid film forms under of the nearest states listed in Table B.2.
the skate; why? 3.10 Why are most compressed liquid or solid regions not
3.4 At higher elevations, as in mountains, air pres- included in the printed tables?
sure is lower; how does that affect the cooking of 3.11 How does a constant-v process for an ideal gas ap-
food? pear in a P–T diagram?
3.5 Water at room temperature and room pressure has 3.12 If v = RT/P for an ideal gas, what is the similar
v ◦ 1 × 10n m3 /kg; what is n? equation for a liquid?
3.6 In Example 3.1 b, is there any mass at the indicated 3.13 How accurate (find Z) is it to assume that propane is
specific volume? Explain. an ideal gas at room conditions?
3.7 Sketch two constant-pressure curves (500 kPa and 3.14 With T r = 0.80, what is the ratio of vg /vf using Fig.
30 000 kPa) in a T–v diagram and indicate on the D.1 or Table D.4?
curves where in the water tables the properties are 3.15 To solve for v given (P, T) in Eq. 3.9, what is the
found. mathematical problem?

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HOMEWORK PROBLEMS ! 79

HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
Phase Diagrams, Triple and Critical Points 3.27 Determine whether water at each of the following
3.16 Carbon dioxide at 280 K can be in three different states is a compressed liquid, a superheated vapor,
phases: vapor, liquid, and solid. Indicate the pres- or a mixture of saturated liquid and vapor:
sure range for each phase. a. 10 MPa, 0.003 m3 /kg c. 200→ C, 0.1 m3 /kg
b. 1 MPa, 190→ C d. 10 kPa, 10→ C
3.17 Modern extraction techniques can be based on dis-
solving material in supercritical fluids such as car- 3.28 For water at 100 kPa with a quality of 10%, find the
bon dioxide. How high are the pressure and density volume fraction of vapor.
of carbon dioxide when the pressure and tempera- 3.29 Determine whether refrigerant R-410a in each of
ture are around the critical point? Repeat for ethyl the following states is a compressed liquid, a su-
alcohol. perheated vapor, or a mixture of saturated liquid
3.18 The ice cap at the North Pole may be 1000 m thick, and vapor.
a. 50→ C, 0.05 m3 /kg c. 0.1 MPa, 0.1 m3 /kg
with a density of 920 kg/m3 . Find the pressure at →
b. 1.0 MPa, 20 C d. −20→ C, 200 kPa
the bottom and the corresponding melting temper-
ature. 3.30 Show the states in Problem 3.29 in a sketch of the
P–v diagram.
3.19 Find the lowest temperature at which it is possible
to have water in the liquid phase. At what pressure 3.31 How great is the change in the liquid specific vol-
must the liquid exist? ume for water at 20→ C as you move up from state i
toward state j in Fig. 3.12, reaching 15 000 kPa?
3.20 Water at 27→ C can exist in different phases, depend-
ing on the pressure. Give the approximate pressure 3.32 Fill out the following table for substance ammonia:
range in kPa for water in each of the three phases:
vapor, liquid, and solid. P[kPa] T[◦ C] v[m3 /kg] x
3.21 Dry ice is the name of solid carbon dioxide. How
a. 50 0.1185
cold must it be at atmospheric (100 kPa) pressure?
b. 50 0.5
If it is heated at 100 kPa, what eventually happens?
3.22 Find the lowest temperature in Kelvin for which
metal can exist as a liquid if the metal is (a) silver 3.33 Place the two states a–b listed in Problem 3.32 as
or (b) copper. labeled dots in a sketch of the P–v and T–v dia-
3.23 A substance is at 2 MPa and 17→ C in a rigid tank. grams.
Using only the critical properties, can the phase of 3.34 Give the missing property of P, T, v, and x for
the mass be determined if the substance is nitrogen, R-134a at
water, or propane? a. T = −20→ C, P = 150 kPa
3.24 Give the phase for the following states: b. P = 300 kPa, v = 0.072 m3 /kg
a. CO2 at T = 40→ C and P = 0.5 MPa 3.35 Fill out the following table for substance water:
b. Air at T = 20→ C and P = 200 kPa
c. NH3 at T = 170→ C and P = 600 kPa
P[kPa] T[◦ C] v[m3 /kg] x
General Tables
a. 500 20
3.25 Determine the phase of water at b. 500 0.20
a. T = 260→ C, P = 5 MPa
c. 1400 200
b. T = −2→ C, P = 100 kPa
d. 300 0.8
3.26 Determine the phase of the substance at the given
state using Appendix B tables.
a. Water: 100→ C, 500 kPa 3.36 Place the four states a–d listed in Problem 3.35
b. Ammonia: −10→ C, 150 kPa as labeled dots in a sketch of the P–v and T–v
c. R-410a: 0→ C, 350 kPa diagrams.

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80 ! CHAPTER THREE PROPERTIES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE

3.37 Determine the specific volume for R-410a at these +40→ C. For each location, find the pressure and the
states: change in specific volume (v) if the substance is
a. −15→ C, 500 kPa ammonia.
b. 20→ C, 1000 kPa 3.49 Repeat the previous problem with the substances
c. 20→ C, quality 25% a. R-134a
3.38 Give the missing property of P, T, v, and x for CH4 b. R-410a
at 3.50 Repeat Problem 3.48 with carbon dioxide, con-
a. T = 155 K, v = 0.04 m3 /kg denser at +20→ C and evaporator at −30→ C.
b. T = 350 K, v = 0.25 m3 /kg 3.51 A glass jar is filled with saturated water at 500 kPa
3.39 Give the specific volume of carbon dioxide at of quality 25%, and a tight lid is put on. Now it is
−20→ C for 2000 kPa and for 1400 kPa. cooled to −10→ C. What is the mass fraction of solid
3.40 Calculate the following specific volumes: at this temperature?
a. Carbon dioxide: 10→ C, 80% quality 3.52 Two tanks are connected as shown in Fig. P3.52,
b. Water: 4 MPa, 90% quality both containing water. Tank A is at 200 kPa, v =
c. Nitrogen: 120 K, 60% quality 0.5 m3 /kg, V A = 1 m3 , and tank B contains 3.5 kg
3.41 Give the phase and P, x for nitrogen at at 0.5 MPa and 400→ C. The valve is now opened
a. T = 120 K, v = 0.006 m3 /kg and the two tanks come to a uniform state. Find the
b. T = 140 K, v = 0.002 m3 /kg final specific volume.
3.42 You want a pot of water to boil at 105→ C. How
heavy a lid should you put on the 15-cm-diameter
pot when Patm = 101 kPa? A B
3.43 Water at 120→ C with a quality of 25% has its tem-
perature raised 20→ C in a constant-volume process.
What is the new quality and pressure?
3.44 A sealed rigid vessel has volume of 1 m3 and con-
tains 2 kg of water at 100→ C. The vessel is now FIGURE P3.52
heated. If a safety pressure valve is installed, at what
pressure should the valve be set to have a maximum 3.53 Saturated vapor R-134a at 50→ C changes volume at
temperature of 200→ C? constant temperature. Find the new pressure, and
3.45 Saturated water vapor at 200 kPa is in a constant- quality if saturated, if the volume doubles. Repeat
pressure piston/cylinder assembly. At this state the the problem for the case where the volume is re-
piston is 0.1 m from the cylinder bottom. How duced to half of the original volume.
much is this distance and what is the temperature 3.54 A steel tank contains 6 kg of propane (liquid + va-
if the water is cooled to occupy half of the original por) at 20→ C with a volume of 0.015 m3 . The tank
volume? is now slowly heated. Will the liquid level inside
3.46 Saturated liquid water at 60→ C is put under pres- eventually rise to the top or drop to the bottom of
sure to decrease the volume by 1% while keeping the tank? What if the initial mass is 1 kg instead of
the temperature constant. To what pressure should 6 kg?
it be compressed? 3.55 Saturated water vapor at 60→ C has its pressure de-
3.47 Water at 200 kPa with a quality of 25% has its tem- creased to increase the volume by 10% while keep-
perature raised 20→ C in a constant-pressure process. ing the temperature constant. To what pressure
What is the new quality and volume? should it be expanded?
3.48 In your refrigerator, the working substance evapo- 3.56 Ammonia at 20→ C with a quality of 50% and a total
rates from liquid to vapor at −20→ C inside a pipe mass of 2 kg is in a rigid tank with an outlet valve at
around the cold section. Outside (on the back or the bottom. How much liquid mass can be removed
below) is a black grille, inside of which the work- through the valve, assuming that the temperature
ing substance condenses from vapor to liquid at stays constant?

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HOMEWORK PROBLEMS ! 81

3.57 A sealed, rigid vessel of 2 m3 contains a saturated 3.63 A pressure cooker (closed tank) contains water at
mixture of liquid and vapor R-134a at 10→ C. If it is 100→ C, with the liquid volume being 1/10th of the
heated to 50→ C, the liquid phase disappears. Find vapor volume. It is heated until the pressure reaches
the pressure at 50→ C and the initial mass of the 2.0 MPa. Find the final temperature. Has the final
liquid. state more or less vapor than the initial state?
3.58 A storage tank holds methane at 120 K, with a qual- 3.64 A pressure cooker has the lid screwed on tight. A
ity of 25%, and it warms up by 5→ C per hour due small opening with A = 5 mm2 is covered with a
to a failure in the refrigeration system. How much petcock that can be lifted to let steam escape. How
time will it take before the methane becomes single much mass should the petcock have to allow boiling
phase, and what is the pressure then? at 120→ C with an outside atmosphere at 101.3 kPa?
3.59 Ammonia at 10→ C with a mass of 10 kg is in a pis-
ton/cylinder assembly with an initial volume of 1 Steam
m3 . The piston initially resting on the stops has a
mass such that a pressure of 900 kPa will float it.
Now the ammonia is slowly heated to 50→ C. Find
the final pressure and volume.
Steam
3.60 A 400-m3 storage tank is being constructed to hold or vapor
liquified natural gas (LGN), which may be assumed
to be essentially pure methane. If the tank is to con- Liquid
tain 90% liquid and 10% vapor, by volume, at 100 FIGURE P3.64
kPa, what mass of LNG (kg) will the tank hold?
What is the quality in the tank?
3.61 A boiler feed pump delivers 0.05 m3 /s of water at Ideal Gas
240→ C, 20 MPa. What is the mass flow rate (kg/s)?
3.65 What is the relative (%) change in P if we double
What would be the percent error if the properties
the absolute temperature of an ideal gas, keeping
of saturated liquid at 240→ C were used in the cal-
the mass and volume constant? Repeat if we double
culation? What if the properties of saturated liquid
V , keeping m and T constant.
at 20 MPa were used?
3.66 A 1-m3 tank is filled with a gas at room temperature
3.62 A piston/cylinder arrangement is loaded with a lin-
(20→ C) and pressure (100 kPa). How much mass is
ear spring and the outside atmosphere. It contains
there if the gas is (a) air, (b) neon, or (c) propane?
water at 5 MPa, 400→ C, with the volume being 0.1
m3 , as shown in Fig. P3.62. If the piston is at the 3.67 Calculate the ideal-gas constant for argon and hy-
bottom, the spring exerts a force such that Plift = drogen based on Table A.2 and verify the value with
200 kPa. The system now cools until the pressure Table A.5.
reaches 1200 kPa. Find the mass of water and the 3.68 A pneumatic cylinder (a piston/cylinder with air)
final state (T 2 , v2 ) and plot the P–v diagram for must close a door with a force of 500 N. The cylin-
the process. der’s cross-sectional area is 5 cm2 and its volume
is 50 cm3 . What is the air pressure and its mass?
3.69 Is it reasonable to assume that at the given states
P0
the substance behaves as an ideal gas?
a. Oxygen at 30→ C, 3 MPa
b. Methane at 30→ C, 3 MPa
c. Water at 30→ C, 3 MPa
d. R-134a at 30→ C, 3 MPa
e. R-134a at 30→ C, 100 kPa
H2O 3.70 Helium in a steel tank is at 250 kPa, 300 K with a
volume of 0.1 m3 . It is used to fill a balloon. When
FIGURE P3.62 the pressure drops to 150 kPa, the flow of helium

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82 ! CHAPTER THREE PROPERTIES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE

stops by itself. If all the helium is still at 300 K, specific volume at the set of temperatures and
how big a balloon is produced? corresponding saturated pressure assuming ideal-
3.71 A hollow metal sphere with an inside diameter of gas behavior. Find the percent relative error =
150 mm is weighed on a precision beam balance 100(v − vg )/vg with vg from the saturated R-134a
when evacuated and again after being filled to 875 table.
kPa with an unknown gas. The difference in mass 3.78 Do Problem 3.77 for R-410a.
is 0.0025 kg, and the temperature is 25→ C. What 3.79 Do Problem 3.77, but for the substance ammonia.
is the gas, assuming it is a pure substance listed in 3.80 A 1-m3 rigid tank has propane at 100 kPa, 300 K
Table A.5? and connected by a valve to another tank of 0.5
3.72 A spherical helium balloon 10 m in diameter is at m3 with propane at 250 kPa, 400 K. The valve is
ambient T and P, 15→ C and 100 kPa. How much opened, and the two tanks come to a uniform state
helium does it contain? It can lift a total mass that at 325 K. What is the final pressure?
equals the mass of displaced atmospheric air. How
much mass of the balloon fabric and cage can then
be lifted? A
3.73 A glass is cleaned in hot water at 45→ C and placed
on the table bottom up. The room air at 20→ C that
was trapped in the glass is heated up to 40→ C and
some of it leaks out, so the net resulting pressure
B
inside is 2 kPa above the ambient pressure of 101
kPa. Now the glass and the air inside cool down to
room temperature. What is the pressure inside the FIGURE P3.80
glass?
3.81 A vacuum pump is used to evacuate a chamber
3.74 Air in an internal-combustion engine has 227→ C,
where some specimens are dried at 50→ C. The pump
1000 kPa, with a volume of 0.1 m3 . Combustion
rate of volume displacement is 0.5 m3 /s, with an in-
heats it to 1500 K in a constant-volume process.
let pressure of 0.1 kPa and a temperature of 50→ C.
What is the mass of air, and how high does the
How much water vapor has been removed over a
pressure become?
30-min period?
3.75 Air in an automobile tire is initially at −10→ C and
3.82 A 1-m3 rigid tank with air at 1 MPa and 400 K is
190 kPa. After the automobile is driven awhile, the
connected to an air line as shown in Fig. P3.82. The
temperature rises to 10→ C. Find the new pressure.
valve is opened and air flows into the tank until the
You must make one assumption on your own.
pressure reaches 5 MPa, at which point the valve is
closed and the temperature inside is 450 K.
a. What is the mass of air in the tank before and
after the process?
b. The tank eventually cools to room temperature,
300 K. What is the pressure inside the tank then?
Air
Air
line
FIGURE P3.75

3.76 A rigid tank of 1 m3 contains nitrogen gas at 600

kPa, 400 K. By mistake, someone lets 0.5 kg flow Tank
out. If the final temperature is 375 K, what is the
final pressure?
3.77 Assume we have three states of saturated vapor R-
134a at +40→ C, 0→ C, and −40→ C. Calculate the FIGURE P3.82

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HOMEWORK PROBLEMS ! 83

3.83 A cylindrical gas tank 1 m long, with an inside volume saturated vapor R-123 occupies per kg at
diameter of 20 cm, is evacuated and then filled −30→ C compared to the saturated liquid state.
with carbon dioxide gas at 20→ C. To what pressure 3.97 A new refrigerant, R-125, is stored as a liquid at
should it be charged if there is 1.2 kg of carbon −20→ C with a small amount of vapor. For 1.5 kg of
dioxide? R-125, find the pressure and volume.
3.84 Ammonia in a piston/cylinder arrangement is at 700
kPa and 80→ C. It is now cooled at constant pressure Equations of State
to saturated vapor (state 2), at which point the pis- For these problems see Appendix D for the equation of
ton is locked with a pin. The cooling continues to state (EOS) and Chapter 14.
−10→ C (state 3). Show the processes 1 to 2 and 2 3.98 Determine the pressure of nitrogen at 160 K,
to 3 on both a P–v and a T–v diagram. v = 0.00291 m3 /kg using ideal gas, the van der
Compressibility Factor Waals EOS, and the nitrogen table.
3.99 Determine the pressure of nitrogen at 160 K,
3.85 Find the compressibility factor (Z) for saturated va-
v = 0.00291 m3 /kg using the Redlich-Kwong EOS
por ammonia at 100 kPa and at 2000 kPa.
and the nitrogen table.
3.86 Carbon dioxide at 60→ C is pumped at a very high
3.100 Determine the pressure of nitrogen at 160 K,
pressure, 10 MPa, into an oil well to reduce the
v = 0.00291 m3 /kg using the Soave EOS and the
viscosity of oil for better flow. What is its com-
nitrogen table.
pressibility?
3.101 Carbon dioxide at 60→ C is pumped at a very high
3.87 Find the compressibility for carbon dioxide at 60→ C
pressure, 10 MPa, into an oil well to reduce the
and 10 MPa using Fig. D.1.
viscosity of oil for better flow. Find its specific vol-
3.88 What is the percent error in specific volume if the ume from the carbon dioxide table, ideal gas, and
ideal-gas model is used to represent the behavior of van der Waals EOS by iteration.
superheated ammonia at 40→ C and 500 kPa? What 3.102 Solve the previous problem using the Redlich-
if the generalized compressibility chart, Fig. D.1, Kwong EOS. Notice that this becomes a trial-and-
is used instead? error process.
3.89 A cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston contains 3.103 Solve Problem 3.101 using the Soave EOS. Notice
butane at 25→ C, 500 kPa. Can the butane reasonably that this becomes a trial-and-error process.
be assumed to behave as an ideal gas at this state?
3.104 A tank contains 8.35 kg of methane in 0.1 m3 at
3.90 Estimate the saturation pressure of chlorine at
250 K. Find the pressure using ideal gas, the van
300 K.
der Waals EOS, and the methane table.
3.91 A bottle with a volume of 0.1 m3 contains butane
3.105 Do the previous problem using the Redlich-Kwong
with a quality of 75% and a temperature of 300 K.
EOS.
Estimate the total butane mass in the bottle using
3.106 Do Problem 3.104 using the Soave EOS.
the generalized compressibility chart.
3.92 Find the volume of 2 kg of ethylene at 270 K, 2500 Review Problems
kPa using Z from Fig. D.1.
3.107 Determine the quality (if saturated) or temperature
3.93 With T r = 0.85 and a quality of 0.6, find the com- (if superheated) of the following substances at the
pressibility factor using Fig. D.1. given two states:
3.94 Argon is kept in a rigid 5-m3 tank at −30→ C and 3 a. Water at
MPa. Determine the mass using the compressibility 1: 120→ C, 1 m3 /kg; 2: 10 MPa, 0.01 m3 /kg
factor. What is the error (%) if the ideal-gas model b. Nitrogen at
is used? 1: 1 MPa, 0.03 m3 /kg; 2: 100 K, 0.03 m3 /kg
3.95 Refrigerant R-32 is at −10→ C with a quality of 15%. 3.108 Give the phase and the missing properties of P, T,
Find the pressure and specific volume. v, and x for
3.96 To plan a commercial refrigeration system using a. R-410a at 10→ C with v = 0.01 m3 /kg
R-123, we would like to know how much more b. Water at T = 350→ C with v = 0.2 m3 /kg

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84 ! CHAPTER THREE PROPERTIES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE

c. R-410a at −5→ C and P = 600 kPa pressure and also the quality if the water is in the
d. R-134a at 294 kPa and v = 0.05 m3 /kg two-phase region.
3.109 Find the phase, the quality x if applicable, and the 3.115 A tank contains 2 kg of nitrogen at 100 K with a
missing property P or T. quality of 50%. Through a volume flowmeter and
a. H2 O at T = 120→ C with v = 0.5 m3 /kg valve, 0.5 kg is now removed while the tempera-
b. H2 O at P = 100 kPa with v = 1.8 m3 /kg ture remains constant. Find the final state inside
c. H2 O at T = 263 K with v = 200 m3 /kg the tank and the volume of nitrogen removed if the
3.110 Find the phase, quality x, if applicable, and the valve/meter is located at
missing property P or T. a. the top of the tank
a. NH3 at P = 800 kPa with v = 0.2 m3 /kg b. the bottom of the tank
b. NH3 at T = 20→ C with v = 0.1 m3 /kg 3.116 A spring-loaded piston/cylinder assembly contains
3.111 Give the phase and the missing properties of P, T, water at 500→ C and 3 MPa. The setup is such that
v, and x. These may be a little more difficult to de- pressure is proportional to volume, P = CV. It
termine if the appendix tables are used instead of is now cooled until the water becomes saturated
the software. vapor. Sketch the P–v diagram and find the final
a. R-410a, T = 10→ C, v = 0.02 m3 /kg pressure.
b. H2 O, v = 0.2 m3 /kg, x = 0.5 3.117 A container with liquid nitrogen at 100 K has a
c. H2 O, T = 60→ C, v = 0.001016 m3 /kg cross-sectional area of 0.5 m2 , as shown in Fig.
d. NH3 , T = 30→ C, P = 60 kPa P3.117. Due to heat transfer, some of the liquid
e. R-134a, v = 0.005 m3 /kg, x = 0.5 evaporates, and in 1 hour the liquid level drops
3.112 Refrigerant-410a in a piston/cylinder arrangement 30 mm. The vapor leaving the container passes
is initially at 15→ C with x = 1. It is then expanded in through a valve and a heater and exits at 500 kPa,
a process so that P = Cv−1 to a pressure of 200 kPa. 260 K. Calculate the volume rate of flow of nitrogen
Find the final temperature and specific volume. gas exiting the heater.
3.113 Consider two tanks, A and B, connected by a valve,
as shown in Fig. P3.113. Each has a volume of 200
L, and tank A has R-410a at 25→ C, 10% liquid and Vapor
90% vapor by volume, while tank B is evacuated.
The valve is now opened, and saturated vapor flows
Liquid N2 Heater
from A to B until the pressure in B has reached that
in A, at which point the valve is closed. This pro-
cess occurs slowly such that all temperatures stay
at 25→ C throughout the process. How much has the FIGURE P3.117
quality changed in tank A during the process?
3.118 For a certain experiment, R-410a vapor is contained
in a sealed glass tube at 20→ C. We want to know the
pressure at this condition, but there is no means
A B of measuring it, since the tube is sealed. However,
if the tube is cooled to −20→ C, small droplets of
liquid are observed on the glass walls. What is the
initial pressure?
3.119 A cylinder/piston arrangement contains water at
FIGURE P3.113 105→ C, 85% quality, with a volume of 1 L. The
system is heated, causing the piston to rise and en-
3.114 Water in a piston/cylinder is at 90→ C, 100 kPa, and counter a linear spring, as shown in Fig. P3.119. At
the piston loading is such that pressure is propor- this point the volume is 1.5 L, the piston diameter
tional to volume, P = CV. Heat is now added un- is 150 mm, and the spring constant is 100 N/mm.
til the temperature reaches 200→ C. Find the final The heating continues, so the piston compresses the

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HOMEWORK PROBLEMS ! 85

spring. What is the cylinder temperature when the after a while the gas returns to ambient temperature.
pressure reaches 200 kPa? Is the piston against the stops?
3.123 What is the percent error in pressure if the ideal-
gas model is used to represent the behavior of su-
perheated vapor R-410a at 60→ C, 0.03470 m3 /kg?
What if the generalized compressibility chart, Fig.
D.1, is used instead? (Note that iterations are
needed.)
3.124 An initially deflated and now flat balloon is con-
H 2O nected by a valve to a 12-m3 storage tank con-
taining helium gas at 2 MPa and ambient tem-
FIGURE P3.119 perature, 20→ C. The valve is opened and the bal-
loon is inflated at constant pressure, P0 = 100 kPa,
3.120 Determine the mass of methane gas stored in a 2-m3 equal to ambient pressure, until it becomes spheri-
tank at −30→ C, 2 MPa. Estimate the percent error cal at D1 = 1 m. If the balloon is larger than this,
in the mass determination if the ideal-gas model is the balloon material is stretched, giving an inside
used. pressure of
! "
3.121 A cylinder containing ammonia is fitted with a pis- D1 D1
P = P0 + C 1 −
ton restrained by an external force that is propor- D D
tional to the cylinder volume squared. Initial con-
The balloon is inflated to a final diameter of 4 m,
ditions are 10→ C, 90% quality, and a volume of 5
at which point the pressure inside is 400 kPa. The
L. A valve on the cylinder is opened and additional
temperature remains constant at 20→ C. What is
ammonia flows into the cylinder until the mass in-
the maximum pressure inside the balloon at any
side has doubled. If at this point the pressure is 1.2
time during the inflation process? What is the pres-
MPa, what is the final temperature?
sure inside the helium storage tank at this time?
3.122 A cylinder has a thick piston initially held by a pin,
3.125 A piston/cylinder arrangement, shown in Fig.
as shown in Fig. P.3.122. The cylinder contains car-
P3.125, contains air at 250 kPa and 300→ C. The
bon dioxide at 200 kPa and ambient temperature of
50-kg piston has a diameter of 0.1 m and initially
290 K. The metal piston has a density of 8000 kg/m3
pushes against the stops. The atmosphere is at 100
and the atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa. The pin
kPa and 20→ C. The cylinder now cools as heat is
is now removed, allowing the piston to move, and
transferred to the ambient surroundings.
a. At what temperature does the piston begin to
move down?
50 mm b. How far has the piston dropped when the tem-
perature reaches ambient?
c. Show the process in a P–v and a T–v diagram.
100 mm Pin
P0

100 mm CO2
g
Air 25 cm

100 mm
FIGURE P3.122 FIGURE P3.125

2nd Confirmation Pages

P1: KUF/OVY P2: OSO/OVY QC: SCF/OVY T1: SCF
GTBL057-03 GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 11, 2008 16:5

86 ! CHAPTER THREE PROPERTIES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE

Linear Interpolation 3.130 Find the specific volume for carbon dioxide at 0→ C
3.126 Find the pressure and temperature for saturated va- and 625 kPa.
por R-410a with v = 0.1 m3 /kg. Computer Tables
3.127 Use a linear interpolation to estimate properties of 3.131 Use the computer software to find the properties for
ammonia to fill out the table below. water at the four states in Problem 3.35.
3.132 Use the computer software to find the properties for
P[kPa] T[◦ C] v[m3 /kg] x ammonia at the four states listed in Problem 3.32.
a. 550 0.75 3.133 Use the computer software to find the properties
b. 80 20 for ammonia at the three states listed in Problem
c. 10 0.4 3.127.
3.134 Find the value of the saturated temperature for ni-
3.128 Use a linear interpolation to estimate T sat at 900 trogen by linear interpolation in Table B.6.1 for a
kPa for nitrogen. Sketch by hand the curve Psat (T) pressure of 900 kPa. Compare this to the value given
by using a few table entries around 900 kPa from by the computer software.
Table B.6.1. Is your linear interpolation above or 3.135 Use the computer software to sketch the variation of
below the actual curve? pressure with temperature in Problem 3.44. Extend
3.129 Use a double linear interpolation to find the pres- the curve slightly into the single-phase region.
sure for superheated R-134a at 13→ C with v = 0.3
m3 /kg.

ENGLISH UNIT PROBLEMS

English Unit Concept Problems 3.143E Determine the missing property (of P, T, v, and
3.136E Cabbage needs to be cooked (boiled) at 250 F. x if applicable) for water at
What pressure should the pressure cooker be set a. 680 psia, 0.03 ft3 /lbm
for? b. 150 psia, 320 F
c. 400 F, 3 ft3 /lbm
3.137E If I have 1 ft3 of ammonia at 15 psia, 60 F, what
3.144E Determine whether water at each of the following
is the mass?
states is a compressed liquid, a superheated vapor,
3.138E For water at 1 atm with a quality of 10%, find the or a mixture of saturated liquid and vapor.
volume fraction of vapor. a. 2 lbf/in.2 , 50 F
3.139E Locate the state of R-134a at 30 psia, 20 F. Indi- b. 270 F, 30 lbf/in.2
cate in both the P–v and T–v diagrams the location c. 160 F, 10 ft3 /lbm
of the nearest states listed in Table F.10. 3.145E Give the phase and the missing property of P, T,
3.140E Calculate the ideal-gas constant for argon and v, and x for R-134a at
hydrogen based on Table F.1 and verify the value a. T = −10 F, P = 18 psia
with Table F.4. b. P = 40 psia, v = 1.3 ft3 /lbm
3.146E Give the phase and the missing property of P, T,
English Unit Problems v, and x for ammonia at
3.141E Water at 80 F can exist in different phases, de- a. T = 120 F, v = 0.9 ft3 /lbm
pending on the pressure. Give the approximate b. T = 200 F, v = 11 ft3 /lbm
pressure range in lbf/in.2 for water in each of the 3.147E Give the phase and the specific volume for the
three phases: vapor, liquid, or solid. following:
3.142E A substance is at 300 lbf/in.2 , 65 F in a rigid tank. a. R-410a, T = −25 F, P = 30 lbf/in.2
Using only the critical properties, can the phase b. R-410a, T = −25 F, P = 40 lbf/in.2
of the mass be determined if the substance is ni- c. H2 O, T = 280 F, P = 35 lbf/in.2
trogen, water, or propane? d. NH3 , T = 60 F, P = 15 lbf/in.2

2nd Confirmation Pages