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Ch.6-7 Correlation & Regression

The document contains various questions and exercises related to correlation and regression analysis from Edexcel Maths S1 papers. It includes scatter diagrams, regression line calculations, and interpretation of correlation coefficients based on different datasets. The exercises cover real-world applications such as fuel consumption, temperature effects on materials, and consumer spending behavior.

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Ch.6-7 Correlation & Regression

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Edexcel Maths S1

Topic Questions from Papers

Correlation & Regression

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1. The scatter diagrams below were drawn by a student.

Diagram A Diagram B Diagram C

y v t

x u s

The student calculated the value of the product moment correlation coefficient for each of
the sets of data.

The values were

0.68 – 0.79 0.08

Write down, with a reason, which value corresponds to which scatter diagram.
(6)
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3. A long distance lorry driver recorded the distance travelled, m miles, and the amount of
fuel used, f litres, each day. Summarised below are data from the driver’s records for a
random sample of 8 days.

The data are coded such that x = m – 250 and y = f – 100.

Σx = 130 Σy = 48 Σxy = 8880 Sxx = 20 487.5

(a) Find the equation of the regression line of y on x in the form y = a + bx.
(6)

(b) Hence find the equation of the regression line of f on m.

(3)

(c) Predict the amount of fuel used on a journey of 235 miles.

(1)
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3. A metallurgist measured the length, l mm, of a copper rod at various temperatures, t °C,
and recorded the following results.

t l
20.4 2461.12
27.3 2461.41
32.1 2461.73
39.0 2461.88
42.9 2462.03
49.7 2462.37
58.3 2462.69
67.4 2463.05

The results were then coded such that x = t and y = l – 2460.00.

(a) Calculate Sxy and Sxx.

(You may use Σ x2 = 15965.01 and Σ xy = 757.467)
(5)

(b) Find the equation of the regression line of y on x in the form y = a + bx.
(5)

(c) Estimate the length of the rod at 40 ° C.

(3)

(d) Find the equation of the regression line of l on t.

(2)

(e) Estimate the length of the rod at 90 ° C.

(1)

(f) Comment on the reliability of your estimate in part (e).

(2)

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1. As part of a statistics project, Gill collected data relating to the length of time, to the
nearest minute, spent by shoppers in a supermarket and the amount of money they spent.
Her data for a random sample of 10 shoppers are summarised in the table below, where t
represents time and £m the amount spent over £20.

t (minutes) £m
15 –3
23 17
5 –19
16 4
30 12
6 –9
32 27
23 6
35 20
27 6

(a) Write down the actual amount spent by the shopper who was in the supermarket for
15 minutes.
(1)

(b) Calculate Stt, Smm and Stm.

(You may use Σt 2 = 5478 Σm 2 = 2101 Σtm = 2485)

(6)

(d) Write down the value of the product moment correlation coefficient between t and the
actual amount spent. Give a reason to justify your value.
(2)

On another day Gill collected similar data. For these data the product moment correlation
coefficient was 0.178

(e) Give an interpretation to both of these coefficients.

(2)

(f) Suggest a practical reason why these two values are so different.
(1)

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1. A young family were looking for a new 3 bedroom semi-detached house. A local survey
recorded the price x, in £1000, and the distance y, in miles, from the station of such houses.
The following summary statistics were provided

S xx = 113 573, Syy = 8.657, S xy = −808.917

(a) Use these values to calculate the product moment correlation coefficient.
(2)

(b) Give an interpretation of your answer to part (a).

(1)

Another family asked for the distances to be measured in km rather than miles.

(c) State the value of the product moment correlation coefficient in this case.
(1)
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3. A student is investigating the relationship between the price ( y pence) of 100g of chocolate
and the percentage (x%) of cocoa solids in the chocolate.
The following data is obtained

Chocolate brand A B C D E F G H

x (% cocoa) 10 20 30 35 40 50 60 70

y (pence) 35 55 40 100 60 90 110 130

(You may use: ∑ x = 315, ∑ x 2

= 15 225, ∑ y = 620, ∑ y 2 = 56 550, ∑ xy = 28 750)

(a) On the graph paper on page 9 draw a scatter diagram to represent these data.
(2)

(b) Show that S xy = 4337.5 and find S xx .

(3)

The student believes that a linear relationship of the form y = a + bx could be used to
describe these data.

(d) Draw the regression line on your scatter diagram.

(2)

The student believes that one brand of chocolate is overpriced.

(e) Use the scatter diagram to

(i) state which brand is overpriced,

(ii) suggest a fair price for this brand.

Give reasons for both your answers.

(4)
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y (pence)

(% cocoa)

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The data on page 8 has been repeated here to help you

Chocolate brand A B C D E F G H

x (% cocoa) 10 20 30 35 40 50 60 70

y (pence) 35 55 40 100 60 90 110 130

(You may use: ∑ x = 315, ∑ x 2

= 15 225, ∑ y = 620, ∑ y 2 = 56 550, ∑ xy = 28 750)

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1. A personnel manager wants to find out if a test carried out during an employee’s interview
and a skills assessment at the end of basic training is a guide to performance after working
for the company for one year.

The table below shows the results of the interview test of 10 employees and their
performance after one year.

Employee A B C D E F G H I J
Interview
65 71 79 77 85 78 85 90 81 62
test, x %.
Performance
after one 65 74 82 64 87 78 61 65 79 69
year, y %.

[You may use x 2 = 60 475, y 2 = 53 122, xy = 56 076 ]

(a) Showing your working clearly, calculate the product moment correlation coefficient
between the interview test and the performance after one year.
(5)

The product moment correlation coefficient between the skills assessment and the performance
after one year is –0.156 to 3 significant figures.

(b) Use your answer to part (a) to comment on whether or not the interview test and skills
assessment are a guide to the performance after one year. Give clear reasons for your
answers.
(2)
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4. A second hand car dealer has 10 cars for sale. She decides to investigate the link between
the age of the cars, x years, and the mileage, y thousand miles. The data collected from the
cars are shown in the table below.

Age, x
2 2.5 3 4 4.5 4.5 5 3 6 6.5
(years)
Mileage, y
22 34 33 37 40 45 49 30 58 58
(thousands)

[You may assume that x = 41, y = 406, x 2 = 188, xy = 1818.5 ]

(a) Find Sxx and Sxy.

(3)

(b) Find the equation of the least squares regression line in the form y=a+bx. Give the
values of a and b to 2 decimal places.
(4)

(c) Give a practical interpretation of the slope b.

(1)

(d) Using your answer to part (b), find the mileage predicted by the regression line for a
5 year old car.
(2)
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4. Crickets make a noise. The pitch, v kHz, of the noise made by a cricket was recorded at
15 different temperatures, t °C. These data are summarised below.

∑t 2
=10 922.81, ∑ v 2 = 42.3356, ∑ tv = 677.971, ∑ t = 401.3, ∑ v = 25.08

(a) Find Stt , Svv and Stv for these data.

(4)

(b) Find the product moment correlation coefficient between t and v.

(3)

(c) State, with a reason, which variable is the explanatory variable.

(2)

(d) Give a reason to support fitting a regression model of the form v = a + bt to these
data.
(1)

(e) Find the value of a and the value of b. Give your answers to 3 significant figures.
(4)

(f) Using this model, predict the pitch of the noise at 19 °C.
(1)
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6. The discrete random variable X can take only the values 2, 3 or 4. For these values the
cumulative distribution function is defined by

( x + k )2
F( x) = for x = 2, 3, 4
25

where k is a positive integer.

(a) Find k.
(2)

(b) Find the probability distribution of X.

(3)
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1. A teacher is monitoring the progress of students using a computer based revision course.
The improvement in performance, y marks, is recorded for each student along with the
time, x hours, that the student spent using the revision course. The results for a random
sample of 10 students are recorded below.

x
1.0 3.5 4.0 1.5 1.3 0.5 1.8 2.5 2.3 3.0
hours
y
5 30 27 10 –3 –5 7 15 –10 20
marks

[You may use x = 21.4, y = 96, x 2 = 57.22, xy = 313.7 ]

(a) Calculate Sxx and Sxy.

(3)

(b) Find the equation of the least squares regression line of y on x in the form
y = a + bx.
(4)

(c) Give an interpretation of the gradient of your regression line.

(1)

Rosemary spends 3.3 hours using the revision course.

(d) Predict her improvement in marks.

(2)

Lee spends 8 hours using the revision course claiming that this should give him an
improvement in performance of over 60 marks.

(e) Comment on Lee’s claim.

(1)

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1. The volume of a sample of gas is kept constant. The gas is heated and the pressure, p, is
measured at 10 different temperatures, t. The results are summarised below.

∑ p = 445 ∑ p2 = 38 125 ∑ t = 240 ∑ t2 = 27 520 ∑ pt = 26 830

(a) Find Spp and Spt .

(3)

Given that Stt = 21 760,

(b) calculate the product moment correlation coefficient.

(2)

(c) Give an interpretation of your answer to part (b).

(1)
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5. The weight, w grams, and the length, l mm, of 10 randomly selected newborn turtles are
given in the table below.

l 49.0 52.0 53.0 54.5 54.1 53.4 50.0 51.6 49.5 51.2
w 29 32 34 39 38 35 30 31 29 30

(You may use Sll = 33.381 Swl = 59.99 Sww = 120.1)

(a) Find the equation of the regression line of w on l in the form w = a + bl.
(5)

(b) Use your regression line to estimate the weight of a newborn turtle of length 60 mm.
(2)

(c) Comment on the reliability of your estimate giving a reason for your answer.
(2)
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6. The blood pressures, p mmHg, and the ages, t years, of 7 hospital patients are shown in
the table below.

Patient A B C D E F G
t 42 74 48 35 56 26 60
p 98 130 120 88 182 80 135

[∑ t = 341, ∑ p = 833, ∑ t2 = 18 181, ∑ p2 = 106 397, ∑ tp = 42 948]

(a) Find Spp, Stp and Stt for these data.

(4)

(b) Calculate the product moment correlation coefficient for these data.
(3)

(c) Interpret the correlation coefficient.

(1)

(d) On the graph paper on page 17, draw the scatter diagram of blood pressure against age
for these 7 patients.
(2)

(e) Find the equation of the regression line of p on t.

(4)

(f) Plot your regression line on your scatter diagram.

(2)

(g) Use your regression line to estimate the blood pressure of a 40 year old patient.
(2)
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Blood
pressure
p mmHg
200

180

160

140

120

100

O
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Age
t years

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1. Gary compared the total attendance, x, at home matches and the total number of goals,
y, scored at home during a season for each of 12 football teams playing in a league. He
correctly calculated:

S xx = 1022500 S yy = 130.9 S xy = 8825

(a) Calculate the product moment correlation coefficient for these data.
(2)

(b) Interpret the value of the correlation coefficient.

(1)

Helen was given the same data to analyse. In view of the large numbers involved she
decided to divide the attendance figures by 100. She then calculated the product moment
x
correlation coefficient between and y.
100
(c) Write down the value Helen should have obtained.
(1)
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6. A travel agent sells flights to different destinations from Beerow airport. The distance d,
measured in 100 km, of the destination from the airport and the fare £f are recorded for a
random sample of 6 destinations.

Destination A B C D E F
d 2.2 4.0 6.0 2.5 8.0 5.0
f 18 20 25 23 32 28

[You may use ∑d 2

= 152.09 ∑f 2
= 3686 ∑ fd = 723.1 ]
(a) Using the axes below, complete a scatter diagram to illustrate this information.
(2)

(b) Explain why a linear regression model may be appropriate to describe the relationship
between f and d.
(1)

(c) Calculate S dd and S fd

(4)

(d) Calculate the equation of the regression line of f on d giving your answer in the form
f = a + bd .
(4)

(e) Give an interpretation of the value of b.

(1)

Jane is planning her holiday and wishes to fly from Beerow airport to a destination t km
away. A rival travel agent charges 5p per km.

(f) Find the range of values of t for which the first travel agent is cheaper than the rival.
(2)
£f
40

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
d (100 km)

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1. A random sample of 50 salmon was caught by a scientist. He recorded the length l cm and
weight w kg of each salmon.

The following summary statistics were calculated from these data.

∑ l = 4027 ∑ l 2 = 327 754.5 ∑ w = 357.1 ∑ lw = 29 330.5 Sww = 289.6

(a) Find Sll and Slw

(3)

(b) Calculate, to 3 significant figures, the product moment correlation coefficient between
l and w.
(2)

(c) Give an interpretation of your coefficient.

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4. A farmer collected data on the annual rainfall, x cm, and the annual yield of peas, p tonnes
per acre.

The data for annual rainfall was coded using v = x − 5 and the following statistics were
10
found.

Svv = 5.753 Spv = 1.688 Spp = 1.168 p = 3.22 v = 4.42

(a) Find the equation of the regression line of p on v in the form p = a + bv.
(4)

(b) Using your regression line estimate the annual yield of peas per acre when the annual
rainfall is 85 cm.
(2)
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1. On a particular day the height above sea level, x metres, and the mid-day temperature, y°C,
were recorded in 8 north European towns. These data are summarised below

Sxx = 3 535 237.5 ∑ y = 181 ∑ y 2 = 4305 Sxy = −23 726.25

(a) Find S yy
(2)

(b) Calculate, to 3 significant figures, the product moment correlation coefficient for
these data.
(2)

(c) Give an interpretation of your coefficient.

(1)

A student thought that the calculations would be simpler if the height above sea level, h,
x
was measured in kilometres and used the variable h = instead of x.
1000
(d) Write down the value of Shh
(1)

(e) Write down the value of the correlation coefficient between h and y.
(1)
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(Total 7 marks)

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7. A teacher took a random sample of 8 children from a class. For each child the teacher
recorded the length of their left foot, f cm, and their height, h cm. The results are given in
the table below.

f 23 26 23 22 27 24 20 21
h 135 144 134 136 140 134 130 132

(You may use ∑f = 186 ∑ h = 1085 S ff = 39.5 Shh = 139.875 ∑ fh = 25291 )

(a) Calculate S fh
(2)

(b) Find the equation of the regression line of h on f in the form h = a + bf .

Give the value of a and the value of b correct to 3 significant figures.
(5)

(d) Comment on the reliability of your estimate in (c), giving a reason for your answer.
(2)

The left foot length of the teacher is 25 cm.

(e) Give a reason why the equation in (b) should not be used to estimate the teacher’s
height.
(1)
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5. The age, t years, and weight, w grams, of each of 10 coins were recorded. These data are
summarised below.

t2 = 2688 tw = 1760.62 t = 158 w = 111.75 Sww = 0.16

(a) Find SWWand Stw for these data.

(3)

(b) Calculate, to 3 significant figures, the product moment correlation coefficient between
t and w.
(2)

(d) State, with a reason, which variable is the explanatory variable.

(2)

(e) Using this model, estimate

(i) the weight of a coin which is 5 years old,
(ii) the effect of an increase of 4 years in age on the weight of a coin.
(2)

It was discovered that a coin in the original sample, which was 5 years old and weighed
20 grams, was a fake.

(f) State, without any further calculations, whether the exclusion of this coin would
increase or decrease the value of the product moment correlation coefficient. Give a
reason for your answer.
(2)
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2. A bank reviews its customer records at the end of each month to find out how many
customers have become unemployed, u, and how many have had their house repossessed, h,
u −100 h − 20
during that month. The bank codes the data using variables x = and y =
3 7
The results for the 12 months of 2009 are summarised below.

!"x = 477 Sxx"#"$%&%'($"""!"y = 480 Syy"#")())"""!"xy = 23 070

(a) Calculate the value of the product moment correlation coefficient for x and y.
(3)

(b) Write down the product moment correlation coefficient for u and h.
(1)

The bank claims that an increase in unemployment among its customers is associated with
an increase in house repossessions.

(c) State, with a reason, whether or not the bank’s claim is supported by these data.
(2)
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3. A scientist is researching whether or not birds of prey exposed to pollutants lay eggs with
thinner shells. He collects a random sample of egg shells from each of 6 different nests
and tests for pollutant level, p, and measures the thinning of the shell, t. The results are
shown in the table below.

p 3 8 30 25 15 12
t 1 3 9 10 5 6

[You may use !"p2 = 1967 and !"pt = 694]

(a) Draw a scatter diagram on the axes on page 7 to represent these data.
(2)

(b) Explain why a linear regression model may be appropriate to describe the relationship
between p and t.
(1)

(c) Calculate the value of S pt and the value of S pp .

(4)

(d) Find the equation of the regression line of t on p, giving your answer in the form
t = a + bp.
(4)

(e) Plot the point ( p, t ) and draw the regression line on your scatter diagram.
(2)

The scientist reviews similar studies and finds that pollutant levels above 16 are likely to
result in the death of a chick soon after hatching.

(f) Estimate the minimum thinning of the shell that is likely to result in the death of a chick.
(2)
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t
11

0
p
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

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4.

B T
W
4 5 3
7

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows how 25 people travelled to work.

Their travel to work is represented by the events

B bicycle

T train

W walk

(a) Write down 2 of these events that are mutually exclusive. Give a reason for your answer.
(2)

(b) Determine whether or not B and T are independent events.

(3)

One person is chosen at random.

Find the probability that this person

(c) walks to work,

(1)

(d) travels to work by bicycle and train.

(1)

(e) Given that this person travels to work by bicycle, find the probability that they will
also take the train.
(2)
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3. A biologist is comparing the intervals (m seconds) between the mating calls of a certain
species of tree frog and the surrounding temperature (t °C). The following results were
obtained.

t °C 8 13 14 15 15 20 25 30
m secs 6.5 4.5 6 5 4 3 2 1

!"#$%&'(%$)*%+tm = 469.5, Stt = 354, Smm = 25.5)

(a) Show that Stm = –90.5

(4)

(b) Find the equation of the regression line of m on t giving your answer in the form
m = a + bt.
(4)

(c) Use your regression line to estimate the time interval between mating calls when the
surrounding temperature is 10 °C.
(1)

(d) Comment on the reliability of this estimate, giving a reason for your answer.
(1)
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(Total 10 marks)

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1. Sammy is studying the number of units of gas, g, and the number of units of electricity,
e, used in her house each week. A random sample of 10 weeks use was recorded and the
g − 60 e
data for each week were coded so that x = and y = . The results for the
4 10
coded data are summarised below

∑ x = 48.0 ∑ y = 58.0 Sxx = 312.1 S yy = 2.10 Sxy = 18.35

(a) Find the equation of the regression line of y on x in the form y = a + bx.

Give the values of a and b correct to 3 significant figures.

(4)

(b) Hence find the equation of the regression line of e on g in the form e = c + dg.

Give the values of c and d correct to 2 significant figures.

(4)

(c) Use your regression equation to estimate the number of units of electricity used in a
week when 100 units of gas were used.
(2)
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3. An agriculturalist is studying the yields, y kg, from tomato plants. The data from a random
sample of 70 tomato plants are summarised below.

Yield ( y kg) Frequency (f ) Yield midpoint (x kg)

0!y<5 16 2.5
5 ! y < 10 24 7.5
10 ! y < 15 14 12.5
15 ! y < 25 12 20
25 ! y < 35 4 30

(You may use ∑ fx = 755 and ∑ fx 2

= 12037.5)

A histogram has been drawn to represent these data.

The bar representing the yield 5 ! y < 10 has a width of 1.5 cm and a height of 8 cm.

(a) Calculate the width and the height of the bar representing the yield 15 ! y < 25
(3)

(b) Use linear interpolation to estimate the median yield of the tomato plants.
(2)

(d) Describe, giving a reason, the skewness of the data.

(2)

(e) Estimate the number of tomato plants in the sample that have a yield of more than
1 standard deviation above the mean.
(2)
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5. A researcher believes that parents with a short family name tended to give their children a
long first name. A random sample of 10 children was selected and the number of letters
in their family name, x, and the number of letters in their first name, y, were recorded.

The data are summarised as:

∑ x = 60, ∑ y = 61, ∑ y 2
= 393, ∑ xy = 382, Sxx = 28

(a) Find Syy and Sxy

(3)

(b) Calculate the product moment correlation coefficient, r, between x and y.

(2)

The researcher decides to add a child with family name “Turner” to the sample.

(d) Using the definition Sxx = ∑ ( x − x− ) , state the new value of S

2
xx
giving a reason for
your answer.
(2)

Given that the addition of the child with family name “Turner” to the sample leads to an
increase in Syy

(e) use the definition Sxy = ∑ ( x − x− )( y − y− ) to determine whether or not the value of r
will increase, decrease or stay the same. Give a reason for your answer.
(2)
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1. A meteorologist believes that there is a relationship between the height above sea level,
h m, and the air temperature, t °C. Data is collected at the same time from 9 different
places on the same mountain. The data is summarised in the table below.

h 1400 1100 260 840 900 550 1230 100 770

t 3 10 20 9 10 13 5 24 16

[You may assume that ! h = 7150, ! t =110, ! h 2 = 7 171 500, !t

2 = 1716,

! th = 64 980 and S tt
= 371.56]

(a) Calculate Sth and Shh. Give your answers to 3 significant figures.
(3)

(b) Calculate the product moment correlation coefficient for this data.
(2)

(c) State whether or not your value supports the use of a regression equation to predict the
air temperature at different heights on this mountain. Give a reason for your answer.
(1)

(d) Find the equation of the regression line of t on h giving your answer in the form
t = a + bh.
(4)

(e) Interpret the value of b.

(1)

(f) Estimate the difference in air temperature between a height of 500 m and a height of
1000 m.
(2)
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Statistics S1
Probability
P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B)
P( A ∩ B) = P( A) P( B | A)
P( B | A) P( A)
P( A | B) =
P( B | A) P( A) + P( B | A′) P( A′)

Discrete distributions

For a discrete random variable X taking values xi with probabilities P(X = xi)
Expectation (mean): E(X) = µ = Σxi P(X = xi)
Variance: Var(X) = σ 2 = Σ(xi – µ )2 P(X = xi) = Σ xi2 P(X = xi) – µ 2
For a function g(X ) : E(g(X)) = Σg(xi) P(X = xi)

Continuous distributions
Standard continuous distribution:

Distribution of X P.D.F. Mean Variance

x−µ 2
1 −1
Normal N( µ , σ ) 2
e
2 σ
µ σ2
σ 2π

16 Edexcel AS/A level Mathematics Formulae List: Statistics S1 – Issue 1 – September 2009
Correlation and regression

For a set of n pairs of values ( xi , yi )

(Σxi ) 2
S xx = Σ( xi − x ) 2 = Σxi2 −
n
( Σy i ) 2
S yy = Σ( yi − y ) 2 = Σyi2 −
n
(Σxi )(Σy i )
S xy = Σ( xi − x )( yi − y ) = Σxi y i −
n

The product moment correlation coefficient is

(Σxi )(Σy i )
S xy Σ( xi − x )( y i − y ) Σx i y i −
r= = = n
S xx S yy {Σ( xi − x ) }{Σ( yi − y ) }
2 2
(Σxi ) 2
(Σy i ) 2
Σxi2 − Σy i2 −
n n

S xy Σ( xi − x )( y i − y )
The regression coefficient of y on x is b = =
S xx Σ( xi − x ) 2

Least squares regression line of y on x is y = a + bx where a = y − bx

Edexcel AS/A level Mathematics Formulae List: Statistics S1 – Issue 1 – September 2009 17
THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION
z
1 − 12 t 2
The function tabulated below is Φ(z), defined as Φ(z) = e dt .
2π −∞

z Φ(z) z Φ(z) z Φ(z) z Φ(z) z Φ(z)

0.00 0.5000 0.50 0.6915 1.00 0.8413 1.50 0.9332 2.00 0.9772
0.01 0.5040 0.51 0.6950 1.01 0.8438 1.51 0.9345 2.02 0.9783
0.02 0.5080 0.52 0.6985 1.02 0.8461 1.52 0.9357 2.04 0.9793
0.03 0.5120 0.53 0.7019 1.03 0.8485 1.53 0.9370 2.06 0.9803
0.04 0.5160 0.54 0.7054 1.04 0.8508 1.54 0.9382 2.08 0.9812
0.05 0.5199 0.55 0.7088 1.05 0.8531 1.55 0.9394 2.10 0.9821
0.06 0.5239 0.56 0.7123 1.06 0.8554 1.56 0.9406 2.12 0.9830
0.07 0.5279 0.57 0.7157 1.07 0.8577 1.57 0.9418 2.14 0.9838
0.08 0.5319 0.58 0.7190 1.08 0.8599 1.58 0.9429 2.16 0.9846
0.09 0.5359 0.59 0.7224 1.09 0.8621 1.59 0.9441 2.18 0.9854
0.10 0.5398 0.60 0.7257 1.10 0.8643 1.60 0.9452 2.20 0.9861
0.11 0.5438 0.61 0.7291 1.11 0.8665 1.61 0.9463 2.22 0.9868
0.12 0.5478 0.62 0.7324 1.12 0.8686 1.62 0.9474 2.24 0.9875
0.13 0.5517 0.63 0.7357 1.13 0.8708 1.63 0.9484 2.26 0.9881
0.14 0.5557 0.64 0.7389 1.14 0.8729 1.64 0.9495 2.28 0.9887
0.15 0.5596 0.65 0.7422 1.15 0.8749 1.65 0.9505 2.30 0.9893
0.16 0.5636 0.66 0.7454 1.16 0.8770 1.66 0.9515 2.32 0.9898
0.17 0.5675 0.67 0.7486 1.17 0.8790 1.67 0.9525 2.34 0.9904
0.18 0.5714 0.68 0.7517 1.18 0.8810 1.68 0.9535 2.36 0.9909
0.19 0.5753 0.69 0.7549 1.19 0.8830 1.69 0.9545 2.38 0.9913
0.20 0.5793 0.70 0.7580 1.20 0.8849 1.70 0.9554 2.40 0.9918
0.21 0.5832 0.71 0.7611 1.21 0.8869 1.71 0.9564 2.42 0.9922
0.22 0.5871 0.72 0.7642 1.22 0.8888 1.72 0.9573 2.44 0.9927
0.23 0.5910 0.73 0.7673 1.23 0.8907 1.73 0.9582 2.46 0.9931
0.24 0.5948 0.74 0.7704 1.24 0.8925 1.74 0.9591 2.48 0.9934
0.25 0.5987 0.75 0.7734 1.25 0.8944 1.75 0.9599 2.50 0.9938
0.26 0.6026 0.76 0.7764 1.26 0.8962 1.76 0.9608 2.55 0.9946
0.27 0.6064 0.77 0.7794 1.27 0.8980 1.77 0.9616 2.60 0.9953
0.28 0.6103 0.78 0.7823 1.28 0.8997 1.78 0.9625 2.65 0.9960
0.29 0.6141 0.79 0.7852 1.29 0.9015 1.79 0.9633 2.70 0.9965
0.30 0.6179 0.80 0.7881 1.30 0.9032 1.80 0.9641 2.75 0.9970
0.31 0.6217 0.81 0.7910 1.31 0.9049 1.81 0.9649 2.80 0.9974
0.32 0.6255 0.82 0.7939 1.32 0.9066 1.82 0.9656 2.85 0.9978
0.33 0.6293 0.83 0.7967 1.33 0.9082 1.83 0.9664 2.90 0.9981
0.34 0.6331 0.84 0.7995 1.34 0.9099 1.84 0.9671 2.95 0.9984
0.35 0.6368 0.85 0.8023 1.35 0.9115 1.85 0.9678 3.00 0.9987
0.36 0.6406 0.86 0.8051 1.36 0.9131 1.86 0.9686 3.05 0.9989
0.37 0.6443 0.87 0.8078 1.37 0.9147 1.87 0.9693 3.10 0.9990
0.38 0.6480 0.88 0.8106 1.38 0.9162 1.88 0.9699 3.15 0.9992
0.39 0.6517 0.89 0.8133 1.39 0.9177 1.89 0.9706 3.20 0.9993
0.40 0.6554 0.90 0.8159 1.40 0.9192 1.90 0.9713 3.25 0.9994
0.41 0.6591 0.91 0.8186 1.41 0.9207 1.91 0.9719 3.30 0.9995
0.42 0.6628 0.92 0.8212 1.42 0.9222 1.92 0.9726 3.35 0.9996
0.43 0.6664 0.93 0.8238 1.43 0.9236 1.93 0.9732 3.40 0.9997
0.44 0.6700 0.94 0.8264 1.44 0.9251 1.94 0.9738 3.50 0.9998
0.45 0.6736 0.95 0.8289 1.45 0.9265 1.95 0.9744 3.60 0.9998
0.46 0.6772 0.96 0.8315 1.46 0.9279 1.96 0.9750 3.70 0.9999
0.47 0.6808 0.97 0.8340 1.47 0.9292 1.97 0.9756 3.80 0.9999
0.48 0.6844 0.98 0.8365 1.48 0.9306 1.98 0.9761 3.90 1.0000
0.49 0.6879 0.99 0.8389 1.49 0.9319 1.99 0.9767 4.00 1.0000
0.50 0.6915 1.00 0.8413 1.50 0.9332 2.00 0.9772

18 Edexcel AS/A level Mathematics Formulae List: Statistics S1 – Issue 1 – September 2009
PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

The values z in the table are those which a random variable Z ∼ N(0, 1) exceeds with probability p;
that is, P(Z > z) = 1 − Φ(z) = p.

p z p z
0.5000 0.0000 0.0500 1.6449
0.4000 0.2533 0.0250 1.9600
0.3000 0.5244 0.0100 2.3263
0.2000 0.8416 0.0050 2.5758
0.1500 1.0364 0.0010 3.0902
0.1000 1.2816 0.0005 3.2905

Edexcel AS/A level Mathematics Formulae List: Statistics S1 – Issue 1 – September 2009 19

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