What are Materials?

• Materials may be defined as substance of which

something is composed or made.

• We obtain materials from earth crust and atmosphere.

• Examples :
 Silicon and Iron constitute 27.72 and 5.00
percentage of weight of earths crust respectively.
 Nitrogen and Oxygen constitute 78.08 and 20.95
percentage of dry air by volume respectively.

Foundations of Mat. Sci. and

Foundations
Eng. W.Smith,
of Mat. Sci.
J. Hashemi,
and Eng.
Chapter
W.Smith, 1-
J. Hashemi, McGraw Hill
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/
Why the Study of Materials is Important?

Chapter 1-
Chapter 1-
 Why the Study of Materials is Important?

• Production and processing of materials constitute a large part

of our economy.
• Engineers choose materials to suite design.
• New materials might be needed for new applications.
• Modification of properties might be needed for some
applications.

Foundations of Mat. Sci. and Eng.

Chapter
W.Smith, 1-
J. Hashemi, McGraw Hill
1-3 http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/
Hydrogen Economy

Chapter 1-
Solar cells

Chapter 1-
 Materials Science and Engineering
• Materials science deals with basic knowledge about the internal
structure, properties and processing of materials.
• Materials engineering deals with the application of knowledge
gained by materials science to convert materials to products.

Materials Science and

Materials Science Materials Engineering
Engineering

Resultant
Basic Knowledge Applied
Knowledge
of Knowledge
of Structure and
Materials of Materials
Properties

Foundations of Mat. Sci. and Eng.

Chapter
W.Smith, 1-
J. Hashemi, McGraw Hill
1-4 http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/
 Four Elements of Materials Science

OVERVIEW OF THE COURSE

Processing Structure Properties Performance

Chemical Synthesis Atomic/Molecular St. Mechanical Cost
Melting Bond structure Electrical Reliability
Casting Crystal Structure Optical Efficiency
Annealing Defect Structures Thermal Service Life
Sintering Microstructure Magnetic ...
Diffusion Chemical
....

Chapter 1-
 Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel

(d)
600
30 mm
Hardness (BHN)

500 (c)
400 (b)
(a)
4 mm
300
30 mm
200 30 mm

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel 9
Chapter 1-
 Classification of Materials
Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic categories: metals, ceramics
and polymers.

Figure 1. Bar chart of room temperature density values for various metals, ceramics, polymers, and composite materials.

Chapter 1-
Metals:
Metallic bonding;
Cu, Al, Ni, Fe, Au, bronze (Cu-Sn), steel (Fe-C) etc.
They are groupped as ferrous (steels) and non-ferrous (copper, magnesium,
titanium and so on) metals
Properties: strong, ductile, high density, good conductors of heat and
electricity (free valance electrons)

Jet engine containing

mainly titanium alloys

Copper electric wires Aluminum cup

Drawback:
Corrosion of
some metals, i.e.
Car body panel: low carbon steel Steel,iron
Engine composed of steel and cast iron parts
Chapter 1-
METALS IN PERIODIC TABLE

Chapter 1-
Ceramics:
Combinations of metals or with oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and boron
(oxides, nitrides, carbides, borides) CaO, Al2O3, BN, SiC, TiB2
Properties: hard but very brittle, Insulators of heat and electricity,
resistant to high temperature and harsh environments,
1-TRADITIONAL CERAMICS
Pottery, porcelain, brick, glass

2-ADVANCED CERAMICS
Structural: bioceramics, cutting tools, engine components, armour.
Electrical: Capacitors, insulators, magnets and superconductors
Cutting tools

Brake disc SiC engine comp. Chapter 1-

SiC body armour
Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and
carbides. For example, some of the common ceramic materials include aluminum oxide (or alumina,Al2O3), silicon
dioxide (or silica, SiO), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N), and, in addition, what some refer to as the
traditional ceramics—those composed of clay minerals (i.e., porcelain), as well as cement, and glass. With regard to
mechanical behavior, ceramic materials are relatively stiff and strong—stiffnesses and strengths are comparable to
those of the metals (Figures 1.4 and 1.5). In addition, ceramics are typically very hard. On the other hand, they are
extremely brittle (lack ductility), and are highly susceptible to fracture (Figure 1.6). These materials are typically
insulative to the passage of heat and electricity (i.e., have low electrical conductivities, Figure 1.7), and are more
resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers. With regard to optical
characteristics, ceramics may be transparent, translucent, or opaque (Figure 1.2), and some of the oxide ceramics
(e.g., Fe3O4) exhibit magnetic behavior.

Chapter 1-
Chapter 1-
Chapter 1-
CERAMIC (metal + commonly B, C, N or O)

CERAMICS IN PERIODIC TABLE

Metal BC NO

Chapter 1-
Polymers:

Organic compounds based on C, H and other nonmetallic elements.

Large molecular structures
(e.g. Epoxy, Nylon, PVC, Polystyrene, Plastics and rubber)
Properties: weak, low density, ductile, extremely flexible,insulators.

Natural Polymers Synthetic Polymers

Rubber, cotton, wool, leather, silk PP, PS, PVC, PE

Chapter 1-
Chapter 1-
THE TRASHCAN I: THE CAN

– Metal
– Inorganic
– Crystalline
– Synthetic

Metal

Chapter 1-
THE TRASHCAN II: THE RUST

– Non-Metal
– Inorganic
– Crystalline
– Naturally Occurring
– Mineral

Crystalline Ceramic

Chapter 1-
THE TRASHCAN III: THE LINER
– Non-Metal
– Organic
– Amorphous
– Synthetic
– Polymer

Polymer

Chapter 1-
 Types of Materials
• Metals:
– Strong, ductile
– High thermal & electrical conductivity
– Opaque, reflective.

• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s

– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
– Thermal & electrical insulators
– Optically translucent or transparent.

• Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic &

non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
– Brittle, glassy
– Non-conducting (insulators)

23
Chapter 1-
 Types of Materials
Composite Materials
– Mixture of two or more materials.
– Consists of a filler material and a binding material.
– Materials only bond, will not dissolve in each other.
– Mainly two types :-
• Fibrous: Fibers in a matrix
• Particulate: Particles in a matrix
– Matrix can be metals, ceramic or polymer
– Examples :
• Fiber Glass ( Reinforcing material in a polyester or epoxy
matrix)
• Concrete (Gravels or steel rods reinforced in cement and
sand)
– Applications:- Aircraft wings and engine, construction.
Foundations of Mat. Sci. and Eng.
Chapter
W.Smith, 1-
J. Hashemi, McGraw Hill
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/
BIOMATERIALS

Chapter 1-
 Example – Hip Implant
• With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate.
Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).

Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e.

26
Chapter 1-
 Example – Hip Implant

• Requirements
– mechanical
strength (many
cycles)
– good lubricity
– biocompatibility

Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister 7e.

27
Chapter 1-
Example – Hip Implant

28
Adapted from Fig. 22.26, Callister 7e. Chapter 1-
 Hip Implant
• Key problems to overcome
– fixation agent to hold Ball
acetabular cup
– cup lubrication material
– femoral stem – fixing agent (“glue”)
Acetabular
– must avoid any debris in cup Cup and Liner

Femoral
Stem
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,
Chapter 22, Callister 7e.

29
Chapter 1-
 New Trends

• Smart Materials : Change their properties by sensing external

stimulus.
 Shape memory alloys: Strained material reverts back to its
original shape above a critical temperature.
 Used in heart valves and to expand arteries.

 Piezoelectric materials: Produce electric field when exposed to

force and vice versa.
 Used in actuators and vibration reducers.

Chapter 1-
anti-
only Bio-inspired, Smart, Multiscale, Interfacial Materials (BSMI)
ategy
dro- Self-Cleaning Mechanical Properties
ples Lotus Leaf Duck Feather Mosquitos Eye Gecko Feet Octopus Suckers Water Strider
ow-
esign
ial Materials
ials.

REV I EW
gure
ired F. Xia, L. Jiang / Bio-Inspired, S

REV I EW
will
and
equired,
spart
ofof A dditio
ntration alter wetta
higher tha
er of the when the r
ncluding lower than
hydrophili
658 CA is
es dual- between h
bit tem- was recent
ed. The Structure Color Optical Properties surements
is necessa
f single- superhydro
ogi-
sponsive
Peacock Feather Butterfly wing Beetle Shell Cicada Wing Moth eyes Sponge Spur derived th
bio-
realized Cassie-Bax
these resul
n rough
ning surfaces th
erhydro-
s can hydrophob
narrow combining
nses compositio
y broad
gical
uted to
A gain c
philic or am
brid
polymer a lotus-lik
dttability
to bining hyd
one and th
aring
ermole- surface wo
ore,
and the able surfa
Figure 6. a–e) Different states of superhydrophobic surfaces. a) Wenzel’s state, b) Cassie’s Wenzel/Ca
ation of
ogi- state, c) the ‘‘Lotus’’ state (a special case of the Cassie superhydrophobic state), d) the for the wi
of the transitional superhydrophobic state between Wenzel’s and Cassie’s states, and e) the ‘‘Gecko’’
Figure 13. The contact angle (CA) between water and poly(NIPAAM-co- molecules
ated
ticularly PBA) copolymer films on rough substrates changed with each of the three Chapter 1-
state (e.g., of a PSnanotube surface). f) Cassie’s impregnating wetting state. Gray shaded areas
combined
represent sealed air, whereas the other air pockets are continuous with the atmosphere (open
ently
ore, the stimuli: temperature, pH, and glucose concentration. a) When pH and state). g) Surface roughness increases wettability. Reproduced from [72]. be realized
 MEMS and Nanomaterials
• MEMS: Microelectromechanical systems.
 Miniature devices
 Micro-pumps, sensors

• Nanomaterials: Characteristic length < 100 nm

 Examples: ceramics powder and grain size < 100 nm
 Nanomaterials are harder and stronger than bulk materials.
 Have biocompatible characteristics ( as in Zirconia)
 Transistors and diodes are developed on a nanowire.

Chapter 1-
 The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

Chapter 1- 3
 Case Study – Material Selection
Problem: Select suitable material for bicycle frame and fork.

Carbon fiber
Steel and Aluminum Ti and Mg
Wood Reinforced
alloys alloys alloys
plastic

Low cost but Light and Very light and Light, moderately Slightly better
Heavy. Less strong. But strong. No Strong. Corrosion Than Al
Corrosion Cannot be corrosion. Resistance. alloys. But much
resistance shaped Very expensive expensive expensive

Cost important? Select steel

Properties important? Select CFRP
Chapter 1-