We want dast our

guess for a
part!cular solut!on !s not

l!nesly dependent the

w!th
complementary solut!on

mu

Of th!s !s the case , we need do

get rool
of
th!s

s!mply apolte
l!nes To
dependency th!s
do we
,

our !n!t!al
guess by mult!ply!ng+ (repeatedly) unt!l

are ensure
l!nearly !ndependence of part!cular solut!on

solut!on
complementary
and .

y "-ey-by
*
Exemple = 2e

Step
Complementary
1 : solut!on

r! -
3r -
4 = 0 = (r - u)(r+ 1) = 0

= T = k
,
r= -
1

4
Gehy +
-

yc(x) ce
=
=s
nun
 Se2 Based : on what he saw !n our
prev!ous
Lecture solut!on
,
our
guess for a
part!culer !s

Ae Y
yp(x)
=

However, th!s !s
l!nearly dependent w!th on
of the

e.
funmental solut!ons .
Due to the
feet that

they must be
enealy !ndependent (check
def!n!t!on
o yp) ,
we
update our guess
by mult!ply!ng
that
by
X so
,

*
Axe the
yp(x)
=
-
> !s !n arrest

form for 2
perf!cul
solut!on !n the sense that

!t
l!neerly
!s
!ndependent w!th
-

Yan e4Y
y (x,
=
e
y(x)
=

* *
Axe
yp(x)
Axe A
yp(x)
= =
= -

= Ae Y(1 -

x)

yp(x)
*
Ae (1 x) + A Y
( )
-
-

-
.
= - -

Ae x(x 2)
-

-
=
 Let the
us now subst!tute
yp , yp yp" ,
!nto

determ!ne
nonhomogeneous equat!on to A:

y" -ey-by
*
= 2e

=> Ae(x 2) -
-
3Ae
*
(1 x)
- -
4Axe = 2e
Y

=> Ax -
2A -
TA
+ - x x = 2

= - 5A = 2

A *
E Exe
-

= =
yp(x)
= -
= -

&3 Form : the

general solut!on :

yg(x)
=

y ,
(x) +
yp(x)

ce + e
* *
= -

Exe /

For the
follow!ng conhomogenous d!fferent!al
equat!ons, determ!ne a su!table
form for a

solut!on .
part!cular
*

Ezemple
y"- Eyny
xe
= +
4

Horogenous pet : +2-2r +1 =

 as (u 1)" -
= -

+
=
r!s =

(x) et y2(x) xeY

y
- = =
, ,

Norhomogeras port :

yet -

>Ax + 1) e* =
AxBex Cl!n dep) .

Jupote
Sp(x) = AxeY eme
+

Jup!te
Axex By ex
yp(x)
= +

betcat
Emple
y" 2y'tsy
+ =

r+ 2r
Homogenous part : +5 =

-
-2 FV2 -n . 1 5
.

=>
Te =

2 1 .

-
= 172!

o 4
 (x) eas(ty) y2(x)
-
*
su(x)
=
y, 2
= =
,

-onhomogeneous
equ :

~
alm dep .
. w!th

x)
Y ,, y2
(Aca2x
-
Y
= e + Bsm2x)

Jupdate
(Acs2x Bsm2x)
- *

Yp(x)
= xe +

Example -3xe-Y
y"-2y'- y
=

Homogenaus part : -2-3 =o

IP
= r! = - 1 r = 3
,

Y
e
-

(x)
y , (x)
e
y
= = =
, ,

-onhomogerous
equ :

(x
X
b)e
-

yp(x)
= +

Reale
w!th
= Exe +

I
 ↓ update by mult!ply!ng by a
X
x(Ax + B)e
-

yp(x)
=

(Ax!
X
+ 3x)e
-

=
 Parameters
2ver!at!on
3 5 .
.

of
Nonhenogerous funct!on may
not be a su!table on

to method In
apply
undeterm!ned
of reff!c!ents. that

var!at!on method
case,
of parameters !s
appl!cable .

Compar!son between the methods :

Method unederm!ned
*

o coff!c!ents
advantage
essy
to
apply
: -

d!sadvantage : -

requ!res an
assumpfrom
works l!m!ted
only for If
-
a number

funct!ons
Method
of parameters
var!at!on
*
of
ed!ntage : · werks
for a more
general class
of funct!ons
- no assumpt!on requ!red
Works also
for var!able
ceff!c!ent equat!ons
-

d!sc!lvatage :
requ!res to evaluate certa!n
!ntegrals
-

Example &"thy = best -- Had

part!cular
to
gress
solut!on YH).
a
Segy
Cons!der the
d!fferent!al equat!on

ay"tby'tey f(x)
=

where solut!on to the

homogenoy part !s

0 +
y. y ay
=
, ,

As the the method let seek

name
of suggests
us
,

the
a
part!cular solut!on
of form

Yp(x) (x)y , (x) uz(x(yz(x)

= u +
,

Here 11, 42 are

funct!ons of X and
they are
currently
Our der!ve
undrown . task below !s to a
formule for
them .

yp
u
=
,
y ,
+
yyz =
yp
=
(,y ,
+
uy ! ) +
(uyyz+ 42yz)

ytraya
=
+
uyt y
= 0

*
Assumpt!on :
Suppose we seek v
,,

w!th the v!g!t veya

property
= 0
.
 =>
ye (n y!
=
,
+
uyy !)

v!y! uzyz uzyz

"
+ v + +
=
, y ,

Let
yp yp yp"
us subst!tude , , !nto the equat!on :

ay "tby'ty f(x)
=

a
lu!y' ty," +uy +) + buy f un
=

by cy)tav!y!y!
!y! (y
s!nce solves
y!ge
the
homogeneous part

=> uly , +vey! = - second equat!on

We enol two cond!t!ons

up w!th Us and :
on uz

uy ,
+
v2yz = 0
,

uly ; +
vey! =

wh!ch !s a
2-by-2 syste
w!th unknowns a! ve
,
 ye/u ,y ,
+
vyz = 0

ye/v!y! +
uyy! =

uy ya , +
uzyzya = 0 m!lyye) =

13
-uy!ya +
vey!ye =Ay =
y , yz -

y!yz
v!lky!ye) =
-
*
(y ,y2)

=> u =

-
=> 4 .) =
-

Sayes
S!m!b!ly ,
one can
f!nd that

42 =

t
=> 4) =

S
Here, solut!on
part!cular !s
g!ven by
a

yp(x) = y
, (x)y , (x) +
uz(x)yz(x)

and
w!th U
, 02 g!ven by ,
respect!vely
 Let
y y , ye form set
of fundamental
solut!ons

to homogenous
the equat!on

oy" by
+ 0
.
y
+ =

then ,
a
part!cular solut!on to the renhomogneous
equatron

ay" by
+ +
cy
=

f(x)

!s
of
the
form

+ v

yp(x) (x)y , (x) (x)yz(x),

= v, ,

where 4 .) =

-Su S =

Example
y" Hey
+
=
seechx)

Step1 Let us
f!n complementary solut!on

(solut!on the homogeneous 0)

y"
to
pet +
16 y =

D!fferent!al Character!st!c

Equat!on Equat!on
+ n2
y" y
= 0 + 16 = 0
 -2+ 16 = 0 = r =
- 16

= M =
EV =
F VI V!

=>
T
,
= F4! c = 0
,

B = 4

(x) pas(4x) + as!(4y)

y
=> =
,

&2 Observe that

f(x = sechxs !s not

!n the structure
of exp , polynom!aly sme
, co!ne

Th!s leads
funct!ons -
observat!on us to
apply
ver!at!on parameters method
of
:

yp(x) (x)y , (x) +

= u
, a(x)yz(x) ,

where

y , (x) = -

Saw(y f(x)ye(dx,
, (x), yc(x)
42x) =

Sya
*
f(x) =
see(kx)
*
y, (x) =
2(4-y)

*
yz(x) = sm(hx)
 * a = 1

I I
coshx s!nke
* /(coskx , smhx) =

-us!nGx Geht

= 4x -
(-usMhx)

= 4

=> 41 = -

Santa
-
s!nux
sechy aye
·

u= 4x

du -4 smbx dx

-IS
=> =

-
=

E du

-hu
=
-(caux)
 42(x)
Say
=

Sseeht
.
cas len e
=

= Say

yp(x) y , (x)v, (x)

+
=>
yz(x)vy(x)
=

=
294x( fu(04x)
. + smue .

(*)

Step
3 : General solut!on

yg(x) y , (x) +
yp(x)
=

h()
=
c , cosux + GSMux +
+ehy .
+
txs!nux