UNIT - 3

Movement
&
Sustainability

by: RUTH T. GOLINGAN

 GLOBAL
UNIT – 3 DEMOGRAPHY
LESSON
9

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 Demographics
– represents the study of statistics such as births,
deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate
the changing structure of human populations and this pose an
effect on globalization as a whole.
– It represents the study of a population based on
factors such as age, race, and sex.

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 ▪ Birth rate
▪ Mortality/Death Rate
▪ Migration (Immigration and
Emigration)
▪ Life expectancy at birth
▪ Fertility Rate
▪ Median Age
▪ Age dependency ratio

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 BIRTH RATE
– One way that a particular individual is added to the
population
is through births of new individuals.
– It is the number of births per 1000 individuals per year.

MORTALITY / DEATH RATE

– One way that individuals leave a population and reduce its
size
is through deaths of individuals.
– It expressed in units of deaths per 1000 individuals per year.

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 MIGRATION (IMMIGRATION and EMIGRATION)

Immigration
– the permanent arrival of
new
individuals into the
population.
Emigration
– the permanent movement
of
individuals out of
population.

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 LIFE EXPECTANCY
– Expectation of life at a given age is the average number of
years which
a person of that age may expect to live, according to the
mortality
pattern prevalent in that country.
– It refers to the number of years a person can expect to
live.

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 FERTILITY RATE
– Refers to the number of children born by a woman at a
point of time
during her child-bearing age and that is usually at 15 to 45
years.
 duration
– Family size depends upon the:
of marriage
 education of couple
 no. of live births
 contraception method
 socio-economic status
– Other factors that can affect
• rate:
fertility lifestyle
• increase rate in Sexually Transmitted Disease
(STD)
• rise in obesity
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 MEDIAN AGE
– is the age that divides a population in to two numerically
equally sized
groups - that is, half the people are younger than this age
and half
are older.
– It is a single index that summarizes the age distribution
of a
population (the age ‘midpoint’ of the population).

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 Median
Age

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 AGE DEPENDENCY RATIO
– is the ratio of dependents (people younger than 15 or older
than 64) to
the working age population (those ages 15-64)
– an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor force
and those
typically in the labor force.
– is used to measure the pressure on the productive population.
.  A low dependency ratio means that there are suf fic ient
pe o ple w o rking w ho c a n suppo r t the de pe nde nt
population.
 A higher dependency ratio, indicates more f inancial stress
on working people and possible political instability.

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 Theories of
Population Growth
and Decline

- Malthusian Theory
- The Demographic
Transition Theory

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 Malthusian Theory
Malthusianism
– is the idea that population growth is potentially exponential
while the
gro w th o f f o o d and o the r re so urc e s is line ar w hic h
eventually reduces
living standards to the point of triggering a population to die
off. Linear Growth – it is when the same amount of growth is
added to a system during each time period.

Exponential Growth – changes is multiplied during each time

period
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and the population doubles every year.
 Malthusian Theory
– it derives from the political and economic thought of
Thomas Robert
Malthus (1766-1834), a famous 18th-c entury British
economist known
for the population growth philosophies outlined in his
1798- Under
book this paradigm, humans will not be able to keep up with
growthAnin Essay on the Principle of Population.
the human population and would eventually be unable to
produce enough
food to sustain themselves, which results to catastrophes
such as disease,
famine, war, and calamity, which results to decrease in
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population in order
 The Demographic
Transition Theory
Demographic Transition
– is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the historical
shift from high birth rates and high death rates in societies with
minimal technology, education (especially of women) and
economic development, to low birth rates and low death rates in
societies with advanced technology, education and economic
development, as well as the stages between these two scenarios.
– The theory is based on an interpretation of demographic
history developed
in 1929 by the Ame ric an de mo graphe r W arre n Tho mpso n
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(1887–1973).
 The Demographic
Transition Theory
Demographic Transition
– This theory predicts that as a country develops, high birth rates
and high
death rates will fall.
– This model also predicts that countries will pass through
periods of
industrialization and urbanization on the way it reduced birth and
death rates.

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 Demographic transition theory suggests that populations grow along
a predictable five-stage model:

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 Demographic transition theory suggests that populations grow along
a predictable five-stage model:

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 Implications
of
Overpopulation

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 Good Side of
Overpopulation

 Better economy
 Efficient utilization of resources
 Medical, agricultural and industrial growth
 Better labor force
 Greater investment in capital formation

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 The Danger/Bad Side
of Overpopulation

 Shortage of food and land

 Environmental problems
 Problem in unemployment
 Poverty and low standard of living
 Inflation
 Conflict and war

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 The Population Clock sets the world population at
8.083 Billion
https://www.worldometers.info/world-
population/

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 The Perils of
Overpopulation

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 Malthus’ prediction that the population growth will inevitably
exhaust world food supply by the middle of the 19th century, was
revived in the late 1960s when American biologist Paul R. Ehrlich
and his wife, Anne, wrote The Population Bomb, which argued that
overpopulation in the 1970s and the 1980s will bring about global
environmental disasters that would, in turn, lead to food shortage
and mass starvation.
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 They proposed that countries like the United States
take the lead in the promotion of global population
control in order to reduce the growth rate to zero. So
their recommendations are the following:
▪ Chemical castration (the use of chemicals or drugs to stop sex
hormone production)
▪ Taxing an additional child and luxury taxes on child related products
▪ Monetary incentives (paying off men who would agree to be
sterilized after two children).
▪ Building and institution as the Department of Population and
Environment.

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 “By limiting the population, vital resources could be used
for economic progress and not be diverted and wasted to
feeding more mouths.”
- this argument became the basis for “government control
programs”
worldwide.

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  As early as 1958, the American policy journal, Foreign
Affairs, had already advocated contraception and
sterilization as the practical solutions to global,
economic, social and political problems.
 Universal access to reproductive technologies such as
condoms, pills, legal abortion and vasectomy, and
other birth control programs, and more importantly,
giving women the right to choose whether to have
children or not.

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It’s the Economy
Not the Babies!

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 Neo-Malthusianism - is the advocacy of human population
planning to ensure resources and environmental integrities for
current and future human populations as well as for other
species.
- Neo-Malthusianism differ from Malthus' theories mainly in
their support for the use of contraception.

Malthus, a devout Christian, believed that "self-control" (i.e.,

abstinence) was preferable to artif ic ial birth control. He also
worried that the effect of contraceptive use would be too powerful
in curbing growth, conf li cting with the common 18th century
perspective that a steadily growing population remained a
necessary factor in the continuing "progress of society".
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  Betsy Hartmann disagrees with the advocates of Neo-
Malthusian Theory and accused governments of using
population control as a substitute for social justice and
mu ch n eeded refor ms – su ch a s l a n d di st r i bu t i on ,
employment creation, provision of mass education and
health care, and emancipation.

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  Others pointed out that the population did grow fast in
many countries in the 1960s, and this growth aided
economic development by spurring technological and
institutional innovation and increasing the supply of human
ingenuity.

 Between 1965-1990, the East Asia’s working age population

grew nearly four times faster than the dependent population.

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  Population growth has, in fact, spurred technological and
institutional innovations and increase the supply of human
ingenuity. The “Green Revolution” created high yielding
varieties of rice and other cereals and along with the
development of new methods of cultivation, increased
yields globally, but more particularly in developing the world.
 Lately, scholars and policy-makers agree with the neo-
malthusians but suggest that if government pursue
population control programs, they must include “more
inclusive growth” and “greener economic growth”. .

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 Woman and
Reproductive
Rights

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 The reproductive right supporters and the government argue
that if population control and economic development were to
reach their goals, women must have control over whether they
will have children or not, and when they will have their
progenies, if any.

By giving women this power, they will be able to pursue their

vocations – be they economic, social, or political – and
contribute to economic growth.
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 This serial correlation between fertility, family and fortune have
motivated countries with growing economies to introduce or
strengthen their reproductive health laws, including abortion.

In North America, 73% of governments allow abortion upon

mother’s request. This is to give mothers the choice if they
want to have baby or not, and to control the population of that
certain country.

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 “The more educated a woman is, the better are
her prospects of improving her economic
position.”

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 Most countries implement reproductive health laws because
they worry about the health of the mother.
In Bolivia:
1960 - Bolivia’s average total fertility rate (TFR) was 6.7
children (per month).
1978 - the Bolivian government put into effect a family
planning program that
included the legalization of abortion.
1985 - the TFR rate went down to 5.13, and then in 2008, it
further declined
In Ghana: to 3.46.
After their government expanded reproductive health laws
out of the same concern as that of the Bolivian government. So as
a result, fertility declined steeply, and continued to decline in 1994.
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 Thus, in 2014, the United Nations report noted that the
proportion of countries allowing abortion to preserve the
physical health of a woman increased from 63% to 67%, and
those to preserve the mental health of woman increased from
52% to 64%.

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 DISAGREEMENT / CRITIQUES:

 Some people or countries that are against it regard

reproductive rights as nothing but false front of
abortion. They contend that this method of preventing
conception endangers the life of the mother and must
be banned.
 The religious wing of the anti-reproductive rights
describes abortion as a debauchery that damages the
name of God; it will send a mother to hell and prevents
a new soul, the baby, to become human.

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 DISAGREEMENT / CRITIQUES:
Va rious pa r t s of t he developing world rema in very
* Poland, Croatia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and even Russia. The
conservative.
unfailing pressure by Christian groups compelled the governments
of these countries to impose restrictive reproductive health
programs, including making access to condoms and other
technologies difficult.
* Muslim countries do not condone abortion and limit wives to
domestic chores and delivering babies.
* Senegal only allows abortion when the mother’s life is threatened.
* Philippines, with a Catholic majority, now has a reproductive health
law in place, but conservative politicians have enfeebled it through
budget cuts and stalled its implementation by f iling a case against
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the law in the Supreme Court.
The Feminist
Perspective

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 Feminism - is a range of socio-political movements and
ideologies that aim to def in e and establish the political,
economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes.
- It is the advocacy of women's rights on the basis of the
equality of the sexes.

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 Feminists - are, foremost, against any form of population control
because they are compulsory by nature, resulting to a carrot-and-
stick approach that actually does not empower women.
- They believe that the government assumptions that poverty
and
environmental degradation are caused by overpopulation are
wrong.
- They believe that the fo llo w ing are the fac to rs w hic h
contributes to poverty:
* unequal distribution of wealth
* the lack of public safety nets like universal health
care, education and gender equality programs.
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 The United Nations International Conference on Population
and Development was held on 1994, and one of its goals is
the recognition of issue regarding feminists’ perspective on
overpopulation and poverty.
It was agreed that women should receive family planning and
counseling on:
▪ abortion
▪ the dangers of sexually transmitted diseases
▪ the nature of human sexuality
▪ the main elements of responsible
parenthood

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Population Growth
And Food Security

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 Today’s global population has reached more than 8 billion,
and it is estimated to increase to 9.5 billion in 2050, then
11.2 billion by 2100. And 95% of this population growth
happens in the developing countries.

The decline in fer t ilit y a nd t he exist ence of a young

productive population, however, may not be enough to offset
the concern over food security.

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 The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) warns that in
order for countries to mitigate the impact of population
growth…
 food production must increase by 70 percent;
 annual cereal production must rise to 3 billion tons from the
current 2.1 billion;
 yearly meat production must go up to 200 million tons to reach
470 million.

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 To achieve those…

 FAO recommends that countries increase their investments in

agriculture, craft long-term policies aimed at f ighting poverty,
and invest in research and development.
 The UN bo dy a lso sugge sts tha t c o untrie s de v e lo p a
comprehensive social service program that includes food
assistanc e, c onsistent delivery of health servic es, and
education especially for the poor.
 If domestic production is not enough, it becomes essential for
nations to import.
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Thanks for listening! 