Scribd
Upload
12 views34 pages

Lecture 8 Muscle and Nervous Tissues

This lecture covers the structure and function of muscle and nervous tissues, detailing the three types of muscle: smooth, skeletal, and cardiac. It explains the mechanism of muscle contraction involving actin and myosin, as well as the role of neurons in transmitting signals for muscle movement. Additionally, it discusses the properties of muscle cells, the neuromuscular junction, and the energy sources for muscle contraction.

Uploaded by

aboudyk06
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views34 pages

Lecture 8 Muscle and Nervous Tissues

This lecture covers the structure and function of muscle and nervous tissues, detailing the three types of muscle: smooth, skeletal, and cardiac. It explains the mechanism of muscle contraction involving actin and myosin, as well as the role of neurons in transmitting signals for muscle movement. Additionally, it discusses the properties of muscle cells, the neuromuscular junction, and the energy sources for muscle contraction.

Uploaded by

aboudyk06
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

Lecture 9

Muscle tissue

Nervous tissue
Learning outcome
By the end of this lecture, you will be able to:
1- Describe the general structure of muscle and
nerve tissues.
2- Explain the function of muscle and nerve
tissue.
3- Differentiate between the types of muscles.
4- Explain the mechanism of muscle
contraction.
5- Know how the nerve and muscle tissue
working together.
Muscle tissue
1- Smooth muscle
2- Skeletal (striated) muscles
3- Cardiac muscle

Nervous tissue

Nerve impulse and muscle contraction


mechanism
Muscle tissue

• Contraction is the basic feature of muscle


tissue.
• This due to interaction of two protein (Actin
and Myosin).
• Cell length is greater than its width, so called
muscle fiber.
• Three types of muscles: Smooth, skeleton
and cardiac.
1- Smooth muscle

• The cells are spindle-shaped with single


nucleus.
• Smooth looking (not striated)
• Found in hollow organs.
• Involuntary controlled by autonomic nervous
system.
• The muscle cells are arranged in two layers:
outer (longitudinal) and inner (circular).
• Contraction in digestive tract called
peristalsis.
Smooth muscle
Organ : wall of the small intestine (transverse and
longitudinal sections
Stain: hematoxylin and eosin
2- Skeletal (striated) muscles
• Cells are long, thin and multinucleated.
• Striated with alternative light (actin) and dark
(myosin).
• Makes up 40% of total body weight.
• Voluntary (central nervous system).
• Skeleton muscles are attached to skeleton by
tow points (see next slide).
Origin: the place on a
bone that remains
immobile for an action.

Insertion: the place on


the bone that moves
during the action.
Connective Tissue covering muscle tissue:
• Epimysium: surrounds whole muscle
• Perimysium: surrounds fascicles within a muscle
• Endomysium: surrounds muscle fibers (cells) within a
fascicle
Skeletal (striated) muscles
Organ: tongue (longitudinal section)
Stain: Masson's trichrome
3- Cardiac muscle
• Found only in heart.
• Short, branched, uninucleated cells.
• The plasma membranes are tightly joined
together. This allows waves of electrical
excitation to pass.
• The branches are connected through
intercalated disk.
• Myogenic: means naturally contracts and
relaxes by itself.
• Involuntary: under the control of autonomic
nervous system.
Cardiac muscle (longitudinal section)
Stain: Masson's trichrome
Nervous tissue
• Makes up brain, spinal cord and various
nerves of the body.
• Controls and coordinates body activities.
• Nerve cell called neuron which is
conduction cell.
• Very long cells (nerve fiber).
• Neuroglia: supporting cells.
• Cell body contain nucleus, rootlike extension
called Dendrites and long thin extension
called Axon.
Neuron structure

In brain : 100 billion neurons


Neurons and Neuroglia: The cells that make up the
nervous system

Neurons: are the message carriers. They transmit sensory


signals and motor commands.

Neuroglia support the neurons and other structures that


supply and surround nervous tissue. These cells include:
1- Astrocytes: neuroglia in the brain, surround capillaries,
maintain a barrier between the bloodstream and the neurons,
and control what gets through that barrier

2- Microglia, 3- Ependymal cells, and 4- Oligodendrocytes,


maintain neuronal homeostasis, remove pathogens, circulate
cerebrospinal fluid, protect neurons, and affect their signaling
speed.
Neurons and Neuroglia: The Cells That Make Up the
Nervous System
Nervous tissue
Neurotransmitters: The biological messenger
molecules, e.g Acetylcholine(ACh), dopamine,
GABA ….etc
Nerve impulse and muscle contraction
mechanism :

• How the nerve does supply muscles with


commands?

• How the muscle fibre does contract after


receiving a signal?
Muscle cell posses four properties

1- Excitability: can be excited by stimulus.


2- Conductivity: The response travel through
the cell.
3- Contractility: The response is contraction
4- Elasticity: return to its original shape after
contraction.
Skeletal muscle fiber (muscle cell) structure:
•Sarcolemma (cell membrane)
•Sarcoplasm (cytoplasm)

•Many myofibrils which consist of:


-Thin actin filaments
-Thick myosin filaments

•Sarcomeres: between two Z zones


•Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR): Network of membranous
channels around each myofibril, stores calcium and pumping
calcium in and out

•Transverse (‘T’) tubule: inward folds of Sarcolemma for


electrical impulses conduction.
•Triad: 1 T tubule and 2 SR cisternae
Skeletal muscle fiber (muscle cell)
Sarcomeres structure
Actin and myosin filaments
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Motor neuron can bring impulses
to several fibers

Neuromuscular junction is
where the motor neuron brings
electrical impulses to all the
muscle fibers that it innervates
Motor Units
• A motor neuron + all of the muscle fibers it controls
• A whole muscle consists of many motor units

Fine motor movements


Ocular muscle: 1 motor
nerve innervates 10
muscle cells

Gross motor movements


Arm muscle: 1 motor nerve
innervates 150 muscle cells
Stimulus for Contraction
Neuromuscular Junction
Acetylcholine(ACh) neurotransmitter

Nerve impulse causes


release of ACh from
synaptic vesicles.
Ach causes changes in
membrane permeability
to Na+and K+ ions,
which generates a
muscle impulse
(action potential)
Muscle Relaxation
• Acetylcholinesterase(enzyme) rapidly
decomposes ACh remaining in the synapse
• Muscle impulse stops when ACh decomposed
• Stimulus to sarcolemma and muscle fiber
membrane ceases
• Calcium Ca+ ions uptake by sarcoplasmic
reticulum (SR)
• Troponin-tropomyosin complex again covers
binding sites on actin
• Myosin and actin binding is now prevented
• Muscle fiber relaxes
Energy source for muscle contraction
Chemical energy (ATP) mechanical energy
(contraction)

Actin + myosin + ATP actomyosin + ADP


+PO2 + energy.

Four source of ATP:


1- Phosphocreatine +ADP = Creatine + ATP
2- Aerobic: Glucose = 38 ATP + CO2 + H2O
3- Anaerobic: Glycolysis = 2ATP + 2 Lactic acid
4- Free fatty acids = CO2 + H2O + ATP
Smooth muscle actin and myosin
These videos give more details
• Neuromuscular Junction:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbo0i1r1pXA

• Muscle Contraction - Cross Bridge Cycle


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVcgO4p88AA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nTZnBdeIb5c&t
=2s

You might also like