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 a. Yes. Scientists want to receive recognition and monetary reward for their work.
b. No. There is no reason for scientists to communicate their results to fellow scientists.
c. Yes. The quality and accuracy of the scientific work can be enhanced by input, further
review, and possibly even repetition by other scientists working in the same field.
d. No. Communication between scientists is discouraged because it can confuse the details of
the experiments.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
MSC: Remembering

5. A scientific hypothesis must be ________; if not, science cannot evaluate it.

a. provable c. accepted
b. testable d. rejected
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Prove Me Wrong
OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
MSC: Remembering

6. Whenever we ________, we are proceeding scientifically.

a. invoke a supernatural power as an explanation for how a natural phenomenon occurred
b. stop questioning our observations
c. try to solve a problem by systematically evaluating the plausibility of various solutions
d. develop an unchangeable and definitive explanation
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.0 Intro
OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
MSC: Applying

7. Is it possible for scientists to study events that happened to animals or plants that lived millions of
years ago?
a. Yes. Apply the laws of physics and nature that we know exist today to evaluate the
evidence of past events. For example, observe modern animal behavior, structure, and
function, and compare them to the structures of fossilized animals to deduce the function
of the fossilized structures.
b. No. The laws of physics that exist today are not the same laws of physics that existed in
the past, so there is no way to compare plant or animal fossils to those of modern
organisms and deduce the function of fossilized structures.
c. Yes. Genetic manipulation of fossils allows scientists to directly test metabolic and
behavioral characteristics of plants and animals from the past.
d. No. There is no way to analyze plant or animal fossils that lived millions of years ago
because the laws of nature that exist today have changed dramatically from the past.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 Prove Me Wrong
OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
MSC: Applying

8. Victoria, who is 10 years old, wants to be a zoologist when she grows up because she loves animals.
So, she decided to begin her training by “doing something scientific.” Specifically, she weighed and
measured the lengths of all the earthworms she could find in her yard and recorded the data in a
notebook. She then made a graph showing the maximum, minimum, and average weights and heights
of the earthworms. Was she doing something scientific?
a. No, because she is too young to think like a scientist.
b. No, because she had no hypothesis to direct her data collection or interpretation.
c. Yes, because scientists always make measurements.
 d. Yes, because scientists always construct graphs with the data they collect.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 Prove Me Wrong
OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
MSC: Understanding

9. A group of researchers conducted an experiment and collected the data presented in the graph below.
The graph shows that the hypothesis was ________ because all members of the control group
________ while most of the members of both treatment groups ________ by the end of the study.

a. proven beyond a doubt; survived; died

b. proven; survived; died
c. not supported; died; survived
d. supported; survived; died
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
MSC: Analyzing

10. A scientist notices that a population of birds has decreased dramatically within one year and suspects
that a newly introduced snail population may be affecting the bird population. Some individuals within
the bird population eat snails, primarily, while other individuals avoid eating snails. Which of the
following statements represents a prediction based on a well-constructed hypothesis for this
observation?
a. If birds are affected by eating snails, then there will be a difference in the survival rate of
birds that eat snails and those that avoid snails.
b. If snails live in moist habitats, then snails will be eaten more frequently by birds.
c. If birds consume snails, then they will have a higher body mass index than birds that do
not eat snails.
d. If snails that are sick leave their shells so that birds will consume them, then snail
populations are protected from illness.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Prove Me Wrong
OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
MSC: Analyzing

11. Recently, beekeepers have noticed an alarming and sudden disappearance of honeybees from their
hives. Some beekeepers and environmentalists worry that crops genetically engineered to produce Bt
insecticidal toxin may be killing the bees. Without data from a scientific experiment, is it reasonable to
state that Bt-containing crops are responsible for the loss of honeybees?
 a. Yes, because it is obviously the Bt crops killing the bees.
b. Yes, because there cannot possibly be any other explanation for the loss of the honeybees.
c. No, because there is no reason to suspect that an insecticide would kill honeybees.
d. No, because there could be some other unknown or unmentioned factor affecting the
survival of honeybees.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Prove Me Wrong
OBJ: 1.2 Develop a hypothesis from a given observation and suggest one or more predictions based
on that hypothesis. MSC: Understanding

12. The hypothesis that there is a common ancestor to all living organisms is strengthened by what
observation?
a. Almost all cells in all living organisms use DNA to direct their structure, function, and
behavior.
b. All living organisms use energy acquired directly from the environment or from other
organisms.
c. All living organisms reproduce.
d. Each type of living organism adheres to the general principles of the biological hierarchy.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Prove Me Wrong
OBJ: 1.2 Develop a hypothesis from a given observation and suggest one or more predictions based
on that hypothesis. MSC: Applying

13. Which of the following statements is true?

a. Once a hypothesis has been proposed, it can never be challenged.
b. A valid scientific hypothesis is self-evident and does not need to be tested by
experimentation.
c. If properly designed, experiments always prove hypotheses to be wrong.
d. The scientific method or process can help people make informed medical and
environmental decisions.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Prove Me Wrong
OBJ: 1.2 Develop a hypothesis from a given observation and suggest one or more predictions based
on that hypothesis. MSC: Applying

14. Which of the following questions could NOT be used to develop a testable hypothesis?
a. Does exposure to secondhand smoke affect the probability of developing lung cancer?
b. Do organic vegetables contain harmful substances?
c. Should everyone drink bottled water only?
d. Does a can of vegetable juice contain more salt than the same size can of iced tea?
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Prove Me Wrong
OBJ: 1.2 Develop a hypothesis from a given observation and suggest one or more predictions based
on that hypothesis. MSC: Applying

15. Recently, beekeepers have noticed an alarming and sudden disappearance of honeybees from their
hives. Some beekeepers and environmentalists worry that crops genetically engineered to produce Bt
insecticidal toxin may be killing the bees. Which of these experiments tests the hypothesis that Bt
toxin is killing the bees?
a. spraying Bt toxin on a field and counting the number of bees present before and after
spraying
b. collecting hundreds of bees; half of the bees would be kept in a facility with plants
genetically engineered to contain the gene for Bt toxin, while the other half would be kept
in a facility with plants not genetically engineered to contain the gene for Bt toxin. The
survival rate for both sets of bees would be calculated and compared.
 c. collecting hundreds of bees and spraying only half of them with Bt toxin; the survival rate
for both sets of bees would be calculated and compared
d. The number of bees in two adjacent fields would be counted before and after spraying one
of the fields with Bt toxin. The survival rate of bees in both fields would be calculated and
compared.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 Prove Me Wrong
OBJ: 1.2 Develop a hypothesis from a given observation and suggest one or more predictions based
on that hypothesis. MSC: Applying

16. Some questions fall outside the realm of science. Which of the following questions could NOT be
answered using the scientific method?
a. What is the function of the appendix in human beings?
b. Why is it so difficult to quit smoking?
c. Why do smokers develop lung cancer more frequently than nonsmokers?
d. Why is it unethical to test newly developed drugs in animals?
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.0 Intro
OBJ: 1.2 Develop a hypothesis from a given observation and suggest one or more predictions based
on that hypothesis. MSC: Applying

17. Researchers hypothesized that a North American fungus not only caused symptoms of white-nose
syndrome (WNS) but also caused death. The results from their experiment are shown in the graph
below. Based on this graph, which of the following hypotheses would be the MOST logical hypothesis
for further studies?

a. “Sham injected” bats have a higher mortality rate than bats that are not injected.
b. Bats injected with the North American fungus are less likely to care for their offspring
than “sham injected” bats.
c. Bats injected with European fungus have a lower mortality rate than “sham injected” bats.
d. Other species of bats injected with European fungus will experience death.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.2 Develop a hypothesis from a given observation and suggest one or more predictions based
on that hypothesis. MSC: Understanding

18. New medications undergo extensive human testing before receiving FDA approval. These tests
represent an experiment, and variations in the dosage given to participants represents the
a. dependent variable. c. correlation coefficient.
b. independent variable. d. invariable.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.3 Identify the use of appropriate variables, treatments, and controls in the design of an
experiment. MSC: Applying

19. The group of 18 bats that were “sham injected” represents a ________ group that experienced
________.

a. control; no change in the independent variable

b. control; a change in the dependent variable
c. treatment; no change in the independent variable
d. treatment; no change in the dependent variable
 ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.3 Identify the use of appropriate variables, treatments, and controls in the design of an
experiment. MSC: Understanding

20. Once supported by a predictable experimental outcome, a scientific hypothesis

a. is never reexamined.
b. still cannot be considered to have been proven true.
c. can be used to predict the outcome of all future similar events.
d. is elevated to the status of theory.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Prove Me Wrong
OBJ: 1.3 Identify the use of appropriate variables, treatments, and controls in the design of an
experiment. MSC: Understanding

21. David Blehert and his research team captured 117 healthy bats to study in the laboratory and divided
them into four groups. Group 1 was housed in an area free from the fungus Geomycesdestructans.
Group 2 was housed in an area that shared the same air as bats infected with WNS, but these bats did
not have direct contact with the infected bats. Group 3 was housed in direct contact with other bats
infected with WNS. Bats in group 4 were directly exposed to Geomycesdestructans when it was
applied to their wings. During the study period the bats were monitored for signs of WNS. Which
group is the control group?
a. group 1 c. group 3
b. group 2 d. group 4
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.3 Identify the use of appropriate variables, treatments, and controls in the design of an
experiment. MSC: Applying

22. Which of the following represents conducting an experiment?

a. dialing a telephone number
b. comparing prices of computers
c. checking midterm grades online
d. predicting the outcome of a basketball game
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.3 Identify the use of appropriate variables, treatments, and controls in the design of an
experiment. MSC: Analyzing

23. David Blehert and his research team captured 117 healthy bats to study in the laboratory and divided
them into four groups. Group 1 was housed in an area free from Geomycesdestructans. Group 2 was
housed in an area that shared the same air as bats infected with WNS, but these bats did not have direct
contact with the infected bats. Group 3 was housed in direct contact with other bats infected with
WNS. Bats in group 4 were directly exposed to Geomycesdestructans when researchers applied it to
the bats’ wings. During the study period the bats were monitored for signs of WNS. What is the
specific hypothesis being tested by the inclusion of group 4 in this experiment?
a. Geomycesdestructans causes WNS, and it can be transmitted through the air.
b. Geomycesdestructans causes WNS, and it is only transmitted by direct contact with other
infected bats.
c. Geomycesdestructans causes WNS, and it can be transmitted by direct contact with the
fungus; no contact with infected bats is needed for transmission of the fungus.
d. Group 4 is the control.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.3 Identify the use of appropriate variables, treatments, and controls in the design of an
experiment. MSC: Analyzing
24. David Blehert and his research team captured 117 healthy bats to study in the laboratory and divided
them into four groups. Group 1 was housed in an area free from Geomycesdestructans. Group 2 was
housed in an area that shared the same air as bats infected with WNS, but these bats did not have direct
contact with the infected bats. Group 3 was housed in direct contact with other bats infected with
WNS. Bats in group 4 were directly exposed to Geomycesdestructans when it was applied to their
wings. During the study period the bats were monitored for signs of WNS. In this experiment, the
independent was ________ and the dependent variable was ________.
a. the type of exposure to Geomycesdestructans; whether the bats became sick with WNS
b. whether the bats became sick with WNS; the type of exposure to Geomycesdestructans
c. whether the bats became sick with WNS; the number of bats included in the study
d. the number of bats included in the study; the type of exposure to Geomycesdestructans
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.3 Identify the use of appropriate variables, treatments, and controls in the design of an
experiment. MSC: Analyzing

25. The information presented in the following figure represents a scientific

a. theory. c. observation.
b. hypothesis. d. fact.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Chapter 1 Infographic
OBJ: 1.4 Give specific examples of a scientific fact and a scientific theory.
MSC: Understanding

26. Scientists are human beings and, like all human beings, are susceptible to personal and group biases
that may influence how they interpret evidence. Before original research work is accepted and added to
a growing body of scientific understanding, perhaps even contributing to our understanding of an
important scientific theory, it must be scrutinized by experts in the field who have no direct connection
to the research under review. The main mechanism for doing this is
a. popular magazines. c. peer-reviewed publications.
b. the Discovery Channel. d. Wikipedia.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.4 Give specific examples of a scientific fact and a scientific theory.
MSC: Understanding

27. A patient is coughing and producing a wheezing sound as she breathes; she also has a fever. She goes
to the doctor who listens to her chest, takes X-rays of her chest, and determines that she probably has
something called croup. Which of the following are the facts in this scenario?
a. The patient is coughing, wheezing, and has a fever.
b. The patient probably has croup.
c. The patient probably has whooping cough.
d. The patient probably needs antibiotics.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.4 Give specific examples of a scientific fact and a scientific theory.
MSC: Applying

28. In science, when a hypothesis or group of hypotheses supported by repeated experimental evidence
holds true through time, it can be developed into a
a. law. c. hypothesis.
b. mathematical theorem. d. theory.
 ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.4 Give specific examples of a scientific fact and a scientific theory.
MSC: Understanding

29. The human heart pumps blood throughout the blood vessels in the body. This is a scientific
a. theory. c. fact.
b. hypothesis. d. experiment.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.4 Give specific examples of a scientific fact and a scientific theory.
MSC: Applying

30. A patient often experiences numbness and pain in the thumb and first two fingers on his right hand. He
goes to the doctor, who suspects that carpal tunnel syndrome is the reason for the numbness and pain.
The doctor then orders a simple test to see how fast nerve impulses are moving up and down the
patient’s arm. The doctor’s preliminary diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome is a(n)
a. theory. c. experiment.
b. fact. d. hypothesis.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.4 Give specific examples of a scientific fact and a scientific theory.
MSC: Analyzing

31. Which of the following would be a theory?

a. Specific pathogens are directly responsible for specific diseases and conditions.
b. A fungal infection is responsible for the spread of white noses and associated higher
mortality across bat populations and species.
c. Bats with white noses have been observed in the wild.
d. A fungal infection causes bats to wake up repeatedly during the winter and use up their fat
reserves.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.4 Give specific examples of a scientific fact and a scientific theory.
MSC: Understanding

32. In 1890, Robert Koch developed a hypothesis regarding the cause of communicable diseases. He
designed an experiment and collected data that supported his hypothesis. Later, his experiment was
repeated by many other scientists who used other pathogens and documented similar results that not
only supported their hypotheses but also supported Koch’s original hypothesis. These many
experiments that supported multiple hypotheses regarding the cause of communicable diseases
contributed to the development of the
a. theory of evolution. c. theory of relativity.
b. germ theory of disease. d. law of gravity.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.4 Give specific examples of a scientific fact and a scientific theory.
MSC: Understanding

33. Scientific understanding can always be challenged, and even changed, with new ways of observing
and with different interpretations. For example, new tools and techniques have resulted in new
observations and the discovery of additional information. This has resulted in revised ways of
understanding how molecules are moved across the plasma membrane of cells. Hence, there is no
certainty in science, only degrees of probability (likelihood) and potential for change. In light of this
understanding, which of the following statements is MOST meaningful?
a. Scientific knowledge is absolute knowledge.
 b. Scientific knowledge is based on current knowledge.
c. Scientific knowledge is a static and unchanging collection of facts.
d. Scientific knowledge is a rigid collection of invariable facts.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.4 Give specific examples of a scientific fact and a scientific theory.
MSC: Applying

34. Which of the following would be a fact?

a. Specific pathogens are directly responsible for specific diseases and conditions.
b. A fungal infection is solely responsible for the spread of white noses and associated higher
mortality across bat populations and species.
c. Bats with white noses have been observed in the wild.
d. A fungal infection causes bats to wake up repeatedly during the winter and use up their fat
reserves.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.4 Give specific examples of a scientific fact and a scientific theory.
MSC: Understanding

35. Which of the following sequences correctly represents the biological hierarchy of a multicellular
organism?
a. cells → tissues → organs → individual
b. tissues → organs → cells → individual
c. individual → cells → organ systems → tissues
d. organ systems → organs → tissues → individual
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.4 No End in Sight
OBJ: 1.5 Create a graphic showing the levels of biological organization.
MSC: Applying

36. A tissue is defined as

a. a group of cells that performs a unique set of tasks in the body.
b. two or more atoms held together by strong chemical bonds.
c. the basic unit of life.
d. a network of organs that perform a wide range of functions.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.4 No End in Sight
OBJ: 1.5 Create a graphic showing the levels of biological organization.
MSC: Remembering

37. A researcher studying a group of individuals of the same species living and interacting in a shared
environment is said to be working at the level of a
a. biome. c. community.
b. biosphere. d. population.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.4 No End in Sight
OBJ: 1.5 Create a graphic showing the levels of biological organization.
MSC: Understanding

38. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms are held together by chemical bonds to form ________ of sugar.
a. organ systems c. cells
b. molecules d. atoms
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.4 No End in Sight
 OBJ: 1.5 Create a graphic showing the levels of biological organization.
MSC: Understanding

39. Bats use echolocation to orient themselves and locate objects. Doing this requires special adaptations
in their inner ear, midbrain, and auditory cortex of their cerebrum. The echolocation system of bats is
an example of a(n)
a. cell. c. organ.
b. tissue. d. organ system.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.4 No End in Sight
OBJ: 1.5 Create a graphic showing the levels of biological organization.
MSC: Understanding

40. The caves in upstate New York, where Alan Hicks’s team first noticed the deaths of thousands of bats,
represent the ________ where the bats lived.
a. biosphere c. ecosystem
b. biome d. community
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.4 No End in Sight
OBJ: 1.5 Create a graphic showing the levels of biological organization.
MSC: Applying

41. Which term best describes the temperate deciduous forests that cover the northeastern United States,
including the Adirondack Mountains?
a. biosphere c. ecosystem
b. biome d. community
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.4 No End in Sight
OBJ: 1.5 Create a graphic showing the levels of biological organization.
MSC: Analyzing

42. Land biomes are most commonly defined by

a. their climate, physical characteristics, and dominant animal life.
b. only the dominant plant life in them.
c. the dominant plant life that influences the dominant animal life in them.
d. their climate and physical characteristics that influence the dominant plant life and,
subsequently, animal life in them.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.4 No End in Sight
OBJ: 1.5 Create a graphic showing the levels of biological organization.
MSC: Applying

43. What characteristic is NOT shared by all living organisms?

a. They make their own energy.
b. They grow and develop.
c. They evolve through time.
d. They are composed of one or more cells.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy
OBJ: 1.6 Determine whether something is living or nonliving based on the characteristics of living
things. MSC: Remembering

44. Living organisms maintain a constant internal environment by sensing and responding to their internal
conditions. This stable maintenance of internal conditions is known as
a. homeostasis. c. reproduction.
 b. evolution. d. sensation.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy
OBJ: 1.6 Determine whether something is living or nonliving based on the characteristics of living
things. MSC: Remembering

45. DNA is one of the features common to all known forms of life; it
a. forms the protective outer membrane of cells.
b. is used to transfer information from parents to their offspring.
c. is used to obtain energy from the environment.
d. is used in sensing changes within the environment.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy
OBJ: 1.6 Determine whether something is living or nonliving based on the characteristics of living
things. MSC: Remembering

46. The roots of a sunflower plant growing downward while the shoot grows upward and the flower turns
toward the sun are examples of what characteristic of all living organisms?
a. They reproduce using DNA.
b. They evolve through time.
c. They make their own energy.
d. They sense the environment and respond to it.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy
OBJ: 1.6 Determine whether something is living or nonliving based on the characteristics of living
things. MSC: Understanding

47. A species of butterflies gradually becomes darker in color over many generations; this is an example
of which characteristic of living organisms?
a. They reproduce using DNA.
b. They obtain energy from the environment to support metabolism.
c. They can evolve as groups.
d. They sense the environment and respond to it.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy
OBJ: 1.6 Determine whether something is living or nonliving based on the characteristics of living
things. MSC: Analyzing

48. Which of these characteristics of living organisms are present in viruses?

a. composed of one or more cells
b. can evolve as groups
c. maintain a constant internal environment
d. obtain energy from their environment
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy
OBJ: 1.6 Determine whether something is living or nonliving based on the characteristics of living
things. MSC: Understanding

49. What is the MOST likely explanation for why all living organisms use the same genetic code stored in
DNA?
a. DNA is a molecule that was found in the earliest life-form and has been passed on to all
offspring.
b. DNA is more compact than other molecules and therefore fits more easily into cells.
c. DNA is required for organisms to sense and respond to changes in the environment.
 d. DNA is required for organisms to maintain a stable internal environment when conditions
vary.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy
OBJ: 1.6 Determine whether something is living or nonliving based on the characteristics of living
things. MSC: Evaluating

50. A small, potentially living object was found. For this object to be considered alive, the object must
a. be composed of tissues. c. have evolved from a known life-form.
b. be found with offspring. d. contain one or more cells.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy
OBJ: 1.6 Determine whether something is living or nonliving based on the characteristics of living
things. MSC: Applying

COMPLETION

1. The first two steps of the scientific process typically include making ________ and forming a
________.

ANS: observations; hypothesis

DIF: Easy REF: 1.0 Intro

OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
MSC: Remembering

2. After observing that students who regularly attend class appear to be making good grades, I propose
the hypothesis that regular class attendance increases the probability that students earn higher grades.
If I attend classes regularly this semester, I should make higher grades than I did last semester when I
often missed class. This is a ________.

ANS: prediction

DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Prove Me Wrong

OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
MSC: Applying

3. When a hypothesis is well constructed, a prediction can be made using a(n) “________” statement.

ANS:
if
then

DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Prove Me Wrong

OBJ: 1.2 Develop a hypothesis from a given observation and suggest one or more predictions based
on that hypothesis. MSC: Remembering

4. When Dr. Blehert and his team set out to determine the cause of death for thousands of bats, they
determined that the sick and dead bats had a strange white fuzz on their noses and wings along with
depleted fat reserves and damaged wing tissue. After performing observational studies, the researchers
used a branch of mathematics called ________ to quantify the reliability of their data.

ANS: statistics
 DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Prove Me Wrong
OBJ: 1.3 Identify the use of appropriate variables, treatments, and controls in the design of an
experiment. MSC: Applying

5. During an experimental study, a control group is maintained under a standard set of conditions with no
change in the independent variable. The ________ group is maintained under the same standard set of
conditions as the control group, but the independent variable is adjusted.

ANS:
treatment
experimental

DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit

OBJ: 1.3 Identify the use of appropriate variables, treatments, and controls in the design of an
experiment. MSC: Remembering

6. A direct and repeatable observation of any aspect of the natural world can be considered a scientific
________.

ANS: fact

DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit

OBJ: 1.4 Give specific examples of a scientific fact and a scientific theory.
MSC: Remembering

7. A way to visualize the breadth and scope of life, from the smallest structures of atoms and cells to the
broadest interactions between living and nonliving systems that we can comprehend, is typically
referred to as the biological ________.

ANS: hierarchy

DIF: Easy REF: 1.4 No End in Sight

OBJ: 1.5 Create a graphic showing the levels of biological organization.
MSC: Remembering

8. The genetic material used for reproduction by those organisms conventionally considered to be living
is ________.

ANS: DNA

DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy

OBJ: 1.6 Determine whether something is living or nonliving based on the characteristics of living
things. MSC: Applying

SHORT ANSWER

1. Explain the self-correcting nature of science.

ANS:
 The process of science is based on evidence that can be demonstrated through observations and
experiments. Scientific findings are subject to peer review and independent validation and can,
therefore, be challenged by anyone on the basis of evidence. When new evidence demonstrates that
current scientific thinking is incorrect, hypotheses are adjusted or discarded and investigation
continues.

DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy | 1.2 Prove Me Wrong

OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
MSC: Applying

2. Explain why hypotheses can be supported, but never proven absolutely true.

ANS:
A hypothesis is based on the best evidence available at a given time. There may be alternative
explanations for supported hypotheses.

DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Prove Me Wrong

OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
MSC: Understanding

3. A student complains about the requirement of taking a biology course. She states that she is capable of
following the “set recipe” of the scientific method, but she does not believe that science is useful
because it cannot answer all questions. Explain to this student the types of questions science can
answer. Also address her misunderstanding of the scientific method.

ANS:
Science provides answers to questions about the natural world. Science cannot provide answers to
questions regarding supernatural beings or anything that cannot be detected and measured. Science is
often referred to as a process to emphasize that science is more flexible than a “set recipe.” Scientists
do not follow a rigid pattern to answer questions. Instead, scientists use evidence-based methods for
acquiring knowledge. Evidence is used to support hypotheses and the best evidence at any given time
may change previously held ideas.

DIF: Moderate REF: 1.0 Intro

OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
MSC: Understanding

4. Describe the main mechanism used to reduce researcher bias, or even prevent fraud, in science.

ANS:
When scientists communicate their results to fellow scientists during the peer-reviewed publication
process, reviewers who are subject experts with no direct contact in the study being reviewed
scrutinize the submitted work. If there are any concerns about the methodology, results, or analysis,
the researcher submitting the work must address those concerns before his or her work is published.

DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit

OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
MSC: Understanding

5. People who exercise regularly have a lower average resting heart rate and blood pressure than people
who do not exercise. Given this observation, develop a hypothesis and provide one prediction relating
to that hypothesis.

ANS:
 Hypothesis: Daily exercise reduces average resting heart rate and blood pressure.
Prediction: If one group of people exercises for thirty minutes every day and another group does not
exercise, the first group will experience a reduction in average resting heart rate and blood pressure.
The second group will not experience a change in average resting heart rate and blood pressure.

DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 Prove Me Wrong

OBJ: 1.2 Develop a hypothesis from a given observation and suggest one or more predictions based
on that hypothesis. MSC: Applying

6. A parent heard a celebrity on television stating there was a study published in 1998 that asserted a
connection between the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and the onset of autism in children.
The celebrity went on to say that after the MMR vaccine replaced the old simple measles vaccine in
1988 there was a 273 percent increase in autism rates during the next 11 years. The celebrity, however,
did not reveal that the study published in 1998 included a sample size of 12 children who were already
known to have some form of autism or similar developmental difficulties. He also did not present the
evidence from hundreds of studies conducted since 1998 that show no connection between vaccines
and the onset of autism. What was the hypothesis, regarding vaccines and autism, implied by the
celebrity? State at least two obvious problems with the structure of the 1998 study.

ANS:
The celebrity’s implied hypothesis was, “Vaccines cause autism.” Two obvious problems with the
structure of the 1998 study include the extremely small sample size of 12 children and the bias
introduced because all of the children had already been diagnosed with some form of autism or
developmental difficulties. It was hardly a random sample.

DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 Prove Me Wrong

OBJ: 1.2 Develop a hypothesis from a given observation and suggest one or more predictions based
on that hypothesis. MSC: Applying

7. The claim has been made that women may be able to achieve significant improvements in memory by
taking Gingko biloba supplements. To determine if the claim is fraudulent and prior to accepting this
claim, what type of evidence would you like to see? Provide brief details of an investigative design.

ANS:
The hypothesis to be examined is, “Taking Gingko biloba supplements significantly improves the
memory of women.” The prediction is that if women take Gingko biloba supplements their memory
function will improve. This can be tested by setting up an experiment that includes a control group of
randomly selected women who receive a placebo and an experimental group of women who will
actually receive Gingko biloba supplements. Consuming the Gingko biloba supplement would be the
independent variable. The experiment should attempt to control for other possible factors such as age,
amount of daily exercise, and other dietary considerations when selecting participants. Both groups of
women would be tested before the study begins to determine their average memory capabilities
(dependent variable) prior to the experiment. Both groups of women would be retested at the end of
the experiment. Statistical analyses should be conducted to determine if any differences in memory
function between the two groups are significant and if the data supports the hypothesis.

DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit

OBJ: 1.3 Identify the use of appropriate variables, treatments, and controls in the design of an
experiment. MSC: Evaluating
 8. Terrance observes that tomato seeds sprouting in his fresh compost pile seem to grow at a faster rate
than tomato seeds that he planted in potting soil that was previously used to grow house plants.
Describe an experiment that he could use to test the hypothesis that tomato seeds grown in fresh
compost grow faster than those grown in used potting soil. Include information about appropriate
variables, treatments, and controls.

ANS:
A large group of tomato seeds would be randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group, the
control group, would be grown in used potting soil. The second group, the experimental group, would
be grown in fresh compost. The only difference in the treatment of the groups would be the single
independent variable of the compost. The dependent variable would be the measured growth rate.

DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit

OBJ: 1.3 Identify the use of appropriate variables, treatments, and controls in the design of an
experiment. MSC: Applying

9. Your friend says to you, “You do not need to understand evolution to understand biology because
evolution is just a theory.” How would you explain to your friend that a “theory” in science is not “just
a theory”?

ANS:
In science, a theory usually consists of a group of well-researched and supported hypotheses that are
interrelated. There are so many diverse and independent lines of investigation supporting these related
hypotheses that form the theory that we can rely on the theory to help guide our understanding of all
related topics. In the nonscience vernacular, the word theory usually refers to an untested explanation.

DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit

OBJ: 1.4 Give specific examples of a scientific fact and a scientific theory.
MSC: Understanding

10. Organize the following concepts in order of broadest interactions between groups to the smallest
structure and give a brief explanation of the concepts: biome, biosphere, community, ecosystem,
organism, and population.

ANS:
Organism (an individual), population (a group of individuals of the same species living and interacting
in a shared environment), community (the populations of different species that live and interact with
one another in a particular place), ecosystem (a particular physical environment and all the
communities found there), biome (a large region of the world defined by its physical characteristics,
especially climate, and a distinctive community of organisms), biosphere (all the world’s living
organisms and the places where they live)

DIF: Moderate REF: 1.4 No End in Sight

OBJ: 1.5 Create a graphic showing the levels of biological organization.
MSC: Remembering

11. Describe how DNA makes it possible for organisms to make new individuals like themselves.

ANS:
No matter how simple or complex the life-form, the genetic code found in DNA provides the
instructions to build new cellular components, carry out cellular metabolism, and dictate cellular
behavior, including the initiation of cell reproduction and the transfer of information from one
generation to the next. The DNA is read to produce proteins that direct cellular reproduction, produce
new cellular components, and initiate cellular reproduction.
 DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy
OBJ: 1.6 Determine whether something is living or nonliving based on the characteristics of living
things. MSC: Applying

12. Consider the characteristics of living organisms. Would you classify viruses as living or nonliving?
Justify your response.

ANS:
Viruses are typically considered nonliving because they lack most of the characteristics of life. Viruses
can evolve as groups, but they do not display any of the other characteristics of life. Viruses are not
composed of cells. They are not capable of reproducing without a host cell’s machinery. They also are
not capable of capturing energy from their environment, sensing their environment, or maintaining
homeostasis.

DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy

OBJ: 1.6 Determine whether something is living or nonliving based on the characteristics of living
things. MSC: Evaluating

MATCHING

Match the correct terms with the sentences below.

a. tests
b. communicate
c. accept, reject, or modify
d. observe
e. analyze
f. hypothesis
g. predictions
1. ________and ask questions about the natural world.
2. Suggest a ________ to explain your observations and questions.
3. Generate ________ to test your hypothesis.
4. Design ________ of the predictions of your hypothesis.
5. ________your results to fellow scientists for their review and input.
6. ________your hypothesis, predictions, or test according to the results.
7. ________the results.

1. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy | 1.2 Prove Me Wrong
OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
MSC: Understanding
2. ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy | 1.2 Prove Me Wrong
OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
MSC: Understanding
3. ANS: G DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy | 1.2 Prove Me Wrong
OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
MSC: Understanding
4. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy | 1.2 Prove Me Wrong
OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
MSC: Understanding
5. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy | 1.2 Prove Me Wrong
OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
 MSC: Understanding
6. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy | 1.2 Prove Me Wrong
OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
MSC: Understanding
7. ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy | 1.2 Prove Me Wrong
OBJ: 1.1 Caption a diagram of the scientific method, identifying each step in the process.
MSC: Understanding

Read the summary of an experiment below. Then match the correct term with each statement. Terms
may be used more than once or not at all.
Dead mice within a cave where bats are infected with white-nose syndrome (WNS) have white fuzz on
their noses that appears to be similar to the white fuzz seen on the noses of bats ill with WNS. A
researcher hypothesizes that mice are also susceptible to WNS when they live in close contact with
infected bats. To test this hypothesis, the researcher captures 50 healthy mice and randomly separates
them into two groups. One group is housed in an area that contains healthy bats. The other group of
mice is housed in an enclosure that contains bats that have WNS. The mice in both groups are
monitored for signs of WNS.
a. independent variable
b. dependent variable
c. control group
d. treatment group
8. Presence or absence of any signs of WNS in the mice.
9. Mice housed in an area with healthy bats.
10. Mice housed in an area with bats that have WNS.
11. Presence or absence of WNS in the bats.

8. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit

OBJ: 1.3 Identify the use of appropriate variables, treatments, and controls in the design of an
experiment. MSC: Applying
9. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.3 Identify the use of appropriate variables, treatments, and controls in the design of an
experiment. MSC: Applying
10. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.3 Identify the use of appropriate variables, treatments, and controls in the design of an
experiment. MSC: Applying
11. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.3 Identify the use of appropriate variables, treatments, and controls in the design of an
experiment. MSC: Applying

Read each statement and identify whether the statement is a scientific fact, a scientific theory, or an
opinion. Choices may be used more than once or not at all.
a. scientific fact
b. scientific theory
c. opinion
12. The most beautiful sunsets are those observed in deserts.
13. White-nose syndrome in bats is a disease that is spreading across the United States.
14. Treating human infections and maintaining hygiene is based on substantial knowledge of germs.
15. A disease that affects tomatoes, tomato blight, is caused by a fungus.

12. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit

OBJ: 1.4 Give specific examples of a scientific fact and a scientific theory.
 MSC: Analyzing
13. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.4 Give specific examples of a scientific fact and a scientific theory.
MSC: Analyzing
14. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.4 Give specific examples of a scientific fact and a scientific theory.
MSC: Analyzing
15. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Catching the Culprit
OBJ: 1.4 Give specific examples of a scientific fact and a scientific theory.
MSC: Analyzing

Match each term describing a level of biological hierarchy with its proper description. Terms may be
used more than once or not at all.
a. organism
b. organ
c. molecules
d. biome
e. ecosystem
f. atoms
g. biosphere
16. The individual building blocks of life, such as oxygen, are referred to as ________.
17. Chemical bonds hold hydrogen and oxygen atoms together to form ________.
18. The physical environment, especially the climate, and the organisms that live in deserts throughout the
world make up a(n) ________.
19. The liver, a body part composed of different tissue types, is considered a(n) ________.

16. ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 1.4 No End in Sight

OBJ: 1.5 Create a graphic showing the levels of biological organization.
MSC: Understanding
17. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.4 No End in Sight
OBJ: 1.5 Create a graphic showing the levels of biological organization.
MSC: Understanding
18. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.4 No End in Sight
OBJ: 1.5 Create a graphic showing the levels of biological organization.
MSC: Understanding
19. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.4 No End in Sight
OBJ: 1.5 Create a graphic showing the levels of biological organization.
MSC: Understanding

Match the following terms with the corresponding characteristic of life.

a. evolution
b. homeostasis
c. metabolism
d. cell
e. DNA
20. maintaining a relatively constant internal environment
21. genetic material used to transfer information from parent to offspring
22. the smallest living unit
23. a change in the characteristics of a group of organisms over time
24. the way organisms capture, store, and use energy from the environment
20. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy
OBJ: 1.6 Determine whether something is living or nonliving based on the characteristics of living
things. MSC: Remembering
21. ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy
OBJ: 1.6 Determine whether something is living or nonliving based on the characteristics of living
things. MSC: Remembering
22. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy
OBJ: 1.6 Determine whether something is living or nonliving based on the characteristics of living
things. MSC: Remembering
23. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy
OBJ: 1.6 Determine whether something is living or nonliving based on the characteristics of living
things. MSC: Remembering
24. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Bat Crazy
OBJ: 1.6 Determine whether something is living or nonliving based on the characteristics of living
things. MSC: Remembering
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Thus it came about that I had the courage to reject the Bishop's
teachings, drawing an entirely different conclusion from the premises
he placed before his reader, and with it went also my worldly-minded
uncle's hope that some day I should be a respectable, Episcopalian
clergyman. Everything now was gone, my mind a contented
negation. At school my ethics had been based on fear of the school-
master and now was gone fear of God and God's justice. I went to
Church when I couldn't help it, that is once every Sunday. I do not
know how it is now-a-days, but at that time Churches were so
crowded that young men, unable to find a seat, remained the whole
service through standing in the aisle. This exactly suited my
inclinations, especially in one of the Kingstown churches down by
the sea, for there I could stand all the two hours at the front door,
half within and half without, so that while listening to the clergyman
I could at the same time comfort my eye and soothe my spirit by
looking toward the sea and sky. The Reverend Hugh Hamilton, Dean
of Dromore, reckoned the most learned man in the Diocese, had
determined that my father should, on presenting himself for
ordination, be rejected because of his love for hunting, shooting and
fishing and I may add, dancing, but was so impressed by his
profound knowledge and understanding of Butler's Analogy that he
became and continued from that hour on his constant friend. Yet this
book that made my father a proudly orthodox man had shattered all
my orthodoxy, so that I preferred sea & sky and floating clouds to
the finest pulpit oratory of the Reverend Richard Brooke, father of
the brilliantly successful Stopford. Yet I dared not say so, poetic and
artistic intuitions not having reached at that time the dignity of any
sort of opinion, theory, or doctrine. The finest feelings are nothing if
you cannot bulwark them with opinions about which men wrangle
and fight. Looking back I am convinced that I might have talked with
my father, that he would have met me and come with me half way,
but only half way. On a perilous journey one is more apt to quarrel
with the man who accompanies you for part of the way and then
stops, than with him who refuses even to set out on the journey. My
father, a rector of the Episcopalian Church and at one time an
eloquent preacher of the Evangelical form of doctrine, could not
have come all the way. My aunt, dear old Mickey, would not have
said a word in opposition, but would have been greatly distressed
and prayed her hardest in secret communion with God. My uncle
Robert, would have been amused and, on worldly grounds,
somewhat alarmed.
I used to know pretty well an intellectual and cultivated priest and
we had many talks together. I said to him that I liked so much.
Catholic philosophy and was so attracted by his Church's stupendous
history, and high pomp of good and evil that I would join it but for
one difficulty; and when with some eagerness he asked what that
was, I answered: 'How could I ever believe in the supernatural? Give
that up,' I said, 'and I will join you.' I was much amused to notice
that he seemed to hesitate, as if he thought there was something in
what I said, and that with some adroitness a concession might be
granted. Then he threw up his arms and shouted in his deep Kerry
voice: 'No, impossible; we should collapse altogether.'
Some weeks after this conversation I was lunching with my friend
John Dowden and told him of what I said to the priest. 'What did he
reply?' he asked looking very much alive. 'That it was impossible, for
without the supernatural you would collapse altogether.' 'Of course
we would, of course we would,' he repeated in a musing, grumbling
kind of voice; & to myself I laughed thinking many things which I did
not utter aloud.
Now and again I went down to the pretty village of Monasterevan in
County Kildare, thirty miles from Dublin, to stay with my uncle John
Yeats, the County Surveyor. There was a house full of children, blue-
eyed fair-haired, all gay and all lively, like a crystal fountain welling
out of a rock, for there was little money and no pleasure and
excitement. All these little people had just to depend on themselves
for instruction and amusement and were yet happy, being like
canaries in a cage who, having been born there, know no other life;
partly also because of a certain inexhaustible vitality and its natural
accompaniment, good temper and kindness. I loved to be with these
people, little and big: merely to be in the same room with my uncle
or to be in the same field (for he was a sort of amateur farmer) was
happiness. He was very clever and, if he was ever unhappy, it was
when he remembered that no one knew how clever he was: but I
knew all about his cleverness and relished his laconic and
fragmentary talk on men and things. In his eyes to be happy was to
be good, and yet he had some reasons for being uneasy.
The County Grand Juries will not hold an honoured place in Irish
history, particularly when, as in Kildare, made up of rich men. One of
these landlords wrote to my uncle, asking him to pass the account of
a certain contractor engaged in mending the road, stating frankly
that if that account was not passed the landlord's rent would not be
forthcoming. This letter was written politely, addressed on the
envelope to 'John Yeats, Esq.' commencing with the usual 'Dear Mr.
Yeats.' The work was not well done and my uncle did not pass the
account. Thereupon my uncle received another letter addressed to
'Mr. Yeats,' the letter itself commencing with the formal unfriendly
'Dear Sir' and containing an angry complaint that the trees near the
writer's park gate were not kept pruned, so that his coachman's hat
had been knocked off. The rich Irish landlords were a banditti whom
the laws safe-guarded, since it was supposed that upon their
allegiance depended the safety of the English connection, and if
some were good and kind from the spirit of order many of them
were like the man who wrote that impertinent note to my uncle;
some indeed were good and kind in themselves but forced to be
rapacious and cruel because of the mortgagees who had them in
their grip. These mortgagees themselves were often kind old ladies
who read their Protestant Bibles and were as gentle as their
necessities and piety would permit them to be.
Not for worlds, not for anything you could reasonably offer would I
revisit Monasterevan. The stones in the walls and the very twisting
of the roads would bring back to me all that lost happiness & my
Uncle and Aunt & all the little children so innocent and so clever.
Perhaps their cleverness was of little avail because of their
innocence. To be cut off from sin and evil is to be cut off from so
much that, entering into our intricate being, is necessary to mental
power and effectiveness. These people lived for other people. To be
with them was to find yourself among those to whom your
happiness was all that mattered. And I may add that they had great
nervous energy, an incessant activity, as the law of their existence. I
remember also that they were physically intrepid. The eldest son
would ride the wildest horses over the biggest jumps, each time
taking his life in his hand, for he never learned to ride well, had
some natural incapacity for it which nothing would overcome. The
four sons are all dead and gone, happy to the last and unsuccessful.
One of the girls is now an old maid, shut away from everyone by
some kind of religion of which no one but herself can make head or
tail. All these people were merry because they asked nothing for
themselves. Yet asking nothing for themselves they got nothing, for
so are things constituted.
Civilization is always putting people into positions where no one can
remain good except by becoming heroically virtuous. No one
expected our Irish landlords to be heroes. For one thing they had no
country. England disowned them and they disowned Ireland. There
are so many bad angels that one needs all the good angels to fight
against them, and one of these good angels has always been for
Irishmen a love of his native land. The Englishman is proud of his
empire on which the sun never sets. The good Irishman loves
Ireland as in Shakespeare's day the Englishman loved England,
affection not vanity the essence of the relation. The historic sense,
which is so fatally lacking in America, abounds among the Irish
peasants when they gather in their cottages and talk together and
scheme, and hope intensifies this affection. The American, like the
Englishman, is very proud of his vast country, its wealth and its
millions of people. The Irishman has nothing to boast of except that
his country's history is sorrowful and lovable. In life there are a few
great rhythms; there is friendship and domestic affection, and
conjugal love and the feeling of a youth for a maiden; sovereign
over all is patriotism, compared to which internationalism is cold and
abstract like a mathematical formula, intelligible only to the
ideologue, who is himself a bloodless person, a Rousseau dropping
his five children into the foundling basket. I think the Irishman,
unspoiled by too much contact with the Englishman, has the charm
of being natural. Sir Walter Scott, after making amusing comparisons
between him and the English and the Scotch, wrote that, given his
chance, the Irishman would be 'the best of the triune.' Of course it
was this naturalness, this constant and most potent spontaneity that
won the heart of the great writer. It is our second thoughts that lead
us astray; first thoughts in conduct are right, as Blake says they are
in art.
There is one idealism always present and alive in the Irish peasant-
heart, war with England. The soil is volcanic with it, so that if you
scratch the surface it is ready to blaze forth. When my brother-in-law
and I were out shooting, we met an old man, and looking into an
empty barn, my brother-in-law asked how many men it would
accommodate as sleeping quarters? He gave us a sharp look and
said, 'When you bring yer men, we will find a better place than that
for them.' I think this anecdote would please Sir Walter Scott and be
a mere foolishness to George Bernard Shaw and his teacher Sam
Butler. I am now writing of the Island that used to be, when poverty,
conversation, and idleness kept company with each other around the
turf fire in the winter, or on the hillside in summer, an ancient
spirituality was always present there and a kind of humour,
sometimes gentle like Goldsmith's and often, especially in the cities,
iconoclastic like Swift's, or like Tim Healy's when he was first in
Parliament. The soul of Ireland was partly pagan and that was good
for lovers and for sensuous poetry; partly Catholic and Christian and
that was good for the sorrowful and for lovers also; and partly
patriotic and that was good for the courageous, whether young or
old.
My niece writes to me of the 'appalling commonness of the
Australian mind.' The Irish peasant mind is not common, is indeed
so interesting that the peasants in the west of Ireland can enjoy
themselves in solitude, poetized, if I may use such a word, by their
religion, by their folk lore, and by their national history, and by living
under a changeable sky which, from north to south and from west to
east is a perpetual decoration like the scenery in some vast theatre.
Synge, spiritually the most fastidious man I ever knew and the
proudest, who turned away from modern French literature, told me
that he preferred their society to the comforts of the best hotel.
They are so happy in themselves and in each other's conversation
that they are conservative, as conservative as the people behind the
barriers of privilege. It is, the people with 'common minds' who
quarrel with themselves and with life, and are a homeless people
and seek for change, for experiment and for progress. It is the
unhappy people who make the world go round. Yet these happy
people might also help progress if the impossible should take place
and we could teach them the technique of the arts. Perhaps they
might not think it worth the trouble? Yet it is among people of this
sort, whose imagination is vivid and whose will has been broken by
dreams & visions, that the arts have always flourished. And
remember if these peasants have not the will power which has made
the dull people of Belfast such an edifying success, all the same they
have their own intensity, and I myself and there are more like me,
would rather listen to a Mayo man whistling a tune, or telling a fairy
tale or ghost story, than to the greatest man out of Belfast or
Liverpool, talking of his commercial triumphs. Synge spoke of their
poetical language, and ranked it above any written in his plays. I
heard of a servant girl who on her master the priest's return from
America told him that she was glad to see him back for there had
been the 'colour of loneliness' in the air. I fancy that in
Shakespeare's age I can find three things: conversation, freedom of
thought and idleness, and there was a fourth—the soul of romance
and of laughter. In my youth, Ireland possessed all of these except
freedom of thought. The last she now has; may she be allowed to
keep it. The others are under sentence to quit, if they are not
already gone, the passion for material success, and the remorseless
logic it inculcates, will have none of them. It is as if a flower garden,
enjoyed by women and children and simple souls had been turned
into a cabbage patch. I suppose the change is pleasing to G. B.
Shaw and to reformers generally. Reformers must work with public
opinion and public opinion has gross appetites.
Let me now tell a story of the city and therefore unlovely. Before the
police came, Dublin and towns generally were in the guardianship of
watchmen nicknamed 'Charlies', and a state of war existed between
them and the young men. My uncle, Arthur Corbet, has told me
some of the tricks he and his friends used to play on these old
rascals, such as bundling one of them into a cab and carrying him
off into the country and leaving him there to find his way back, and
to explain to his superior why he was absent from his post. But the
old rascals could sometimes retaliate. One morning before dawn my
uncle was walking with dog and gun through the quiet streets
toward the open country for a day's shooting. As my uncle hurried
through the dark, noiseless morning mist, he was confronted by a
'Charlie,' and the 'Charlie' flung himself down on the pavement &
sprung his rattle & roared for help. My uncle was well aware of the
diabolical nature of the 'Charlie' mind; he himself and others had
done the best to make it so, therefore he did not delay, but without
a word ran with his dog by another street, parallel to the one where
he was stopped, until he got away a good distance and then in the
foggy misty light cautiously crossed the street. At its far end he
could see the 'Charlie' standing among a crowd of other 'Charlies.'
My uncle indulged in many such escapades in his youth. It was
considered good style and was no doubt a tradition; but I think
these things afterwards burthened my uncle's memory when he was
old and was trying to comfort his chilly and solitary bachelor
existence with Bible Christianity. He was a disappointed man. He
stammered in his speech. All his brothers became officers in the
Army. For him this was impossible because of his stammer. He
became a clerk in the Bank of Ireland, yet could not be promoted
because of his stammer. Luck in every way was against him. He had
great gifts as a caricaturist, and would sometimes compliment his
friends by doing pictures of them which turned them into enemies. I
think he disapproved of me, yet on fishing or shooting expeditions
he was the pleasantest of companions. He was both affectionate and
cranky, but in the open country, the day fine and the fishing good,
he was companionable and affectionate and no longer cranky.
In my post graduate year I won the prize in Political Economy. It was
ten pounds and my first earnings, and with that money in my pocket
I visited Sligo and stayed with my old school friend, George
Pollexfen. At that time you reached Sligo by taking the train to
Enniskillen and then by public car to Sligo. To catch that train I had
to rise early, and on such occasions the family trusted in my father,
he was our alarm clock, which never failed. I remember that on that
morning he said to me 'I see you are very sleepy, I will return a little
later,' and his tall, white figure flitted from the room. When dressed
and ready I sat for some time at his bedroom door, and as he lay in
bed he talked of Sligo, which he had not seen since his father died in
1846, and of how he would like to go there, and take a car early
some morning, and visit all the places that he had known and then
get away before any one was awake. Only thus would he visit a
place where he had been so happy and young, his heart of course
too full for company.
I have never forgotten the first evening of my arrival in Sligo. Five
miles from the town, at the mouth of the river, is a village called
Rosses Point, and the Pollexfens were staying there for the summer.
George and I walked on the sand hills which were high above the
sea. The sign of happiness in the Pollexfens has always been a great
talkativeness,—I suppose birds sing and children chatter for a similar
reason. George talked endlessly—what about I forget, excepting that
he several times sang one of Moore's melodies, which he had lately
heard at a concert. Indeed, I think the talk was mostly about that
concert. The place was strange to me and very beautiful in the
deepening twilight. A little way from us, and far down from where
we talked, the Atlantic kept up its ceaseless tumult, foaming around
the rocks called Dead Man's Point. Dublin and my uneasy life there &
Trinity College, though but a short day's journey, were obliterated,
and I was again with my school friend, the man self-centered and
tranquil and on that evening so companionable. I had been
extraordinarily fond of him at school where I was passive in his
hands. I have sometimes an amused curiosity in thinking whether he
cared for me at all, or how much he cared, but it has been only
curiosity. I was always quite content with my own liking for him.
In my family, and in the society which I frequented in Dublin, the
master desire was for enjoyment. Yet do not mistake me; it was not
pleasure, which is animalism efflorescent. By enjoyment I mean the
gratification of the affections and the sympathies and of the spirit of
hopefulness. We lived in the sunlight and did our very best to keep
there. It was demoralizing but all the same delightful, and from a
moral point of view it had its good side. We solved all our doubts in
matters of conduct by thinking well of our fellow creatures, which is
exactly the opposite of what the puritans do, and we prided
ourselves upon it; we considered it a gentlemanly trait. Our
censorious neighbours, who thought badly of each other, we
dismissed from our minds as vulgar people. Or rather we considered
that the puritan conception of human nature was admirably adapted
to the kind of people who believed in it, but was never intended for
us or for our friends. It was a shock to pass from a society, where
people enjoy themselves and laugh gaily, not being at all concerned
about moral issues, to a society where no one thought of enjoyment,
and if they laughed did so with a grim humour that was not always
good-natured, where the air itself was heavy with moral
disapprobation of the world generally and of themselves in particular.
Yet in my bones I felt it to be something salutary. At home and
among my friends everyone did as they liked, provided that they
were tactful and sympathetic with each other. We were a city
without rules, and might verge at times into being a city of misrule.
Here on the contrary was rule and strictest order.
A man, suddenly come amongst my wife's relations, would think that
they were a people of strong primitive instinct, and great natural
kindliness, all smothered in business. I very quickly came to a
different conclusion for I had known intimately my old friend George.
The master principle in that family was what I may describe as self-
loyalty, each member of that family a concrete embodiment of
Shakespearean teaching:
 'To thine own self be true;
And it must follow as the night the day,
Thou canst not then be false to any man.'
In my society we were loyal to the social principle. We lived for
society and worshipped its pleasant needs, and for reward we had
our social conceit. This conceit was a feather in our caps, which we
wore gallantly and lightly, not at all flauntingly. In this, and in all
matters, we escaped the vice of pretension. Our wit and humour for
instance, and that of Dublin society generally, was wit for wit's sake;
and with delighted superiority we thought of the English, who would
incorporate their dull morality into the most trivial actions and words.
We ridiculed and criticised each other with great freedom, and with
French malice, but since we had no mission to reform anybody we
would keep the joke to ourselves, the victim knowing nothing of it.
Thus we spared his feelings and the joke was all the better. It was,
perhaps, demoralizing, because in our pursuit of enjoyment we put
aside what did not quite suit us; we never, for one thing, looked into
the lower abysses of human nature. We did not absolutely deny that
there were such things as hatred and rage and unbridled appetite
and lust, but we forgot all about them. Indeed, it was not good form
to mention such things. Thus we lived pleasantly, but falsely, and yet
we did believe in human nature, at least in our human nature, in
parental affection & in conjugal faith and loyalty between friends. On
this matter we had a trustfulness that was at once romantic and
robust. Parents and children and husbands and Wives and friends
and comrades, at least in our circles, would have stood by each
other to the death. As regards Ireland our feelings were curious, and
though exceedingly selfish not altogether so. We intended as good
Protestants and Loyalists to keep the papists under our feet. We
impoverished them, though we loved them, and their religion by its
doctrine of submission and obedience unintentionally helped us, yet
we were convinced that an Irishman, whether a Protestant or
Catholic, was superior to every Englishman, that he was a better
comrade and physically stronger and of greater courage. My
mother's family had been for generations officers in the English army
and I fancy drew that strong faith from their experience in many
military campaigns. I might in my youthful impudence have sneered
at many things and nobody would have taken the trouble to
contradict me, but I did not venture to doubt the superiority of
Irishmen to everybody in England.
At Sligo, I was the social man where it was individual man that
counted. It is a curious fact that entering this sombre house of stern
preoccupation with business I for the first time in my life felt my self
to be a free man, and that I was invited by the example of everyone
around me to be my very self, thereby receiving the most important
lesson in my life. The malady of puritanism is self-exaggeration, 'self-
saturation' is the medical term. Even Shakespeare had experience of
it, if we interpret as personal and literal the first line in one of his
sonnets: 'Sin of self-love possesseth all mine eye.'
That is the malady, the excess, and there's plenty of it in puritan
middle-class England, but the good side is that the puritan belongs
to himself, whereas the votary of the religion of social enjoyment
belongs to his neighbours and to society, so that not even on his
death-bed can he return to himself. The Pollexfen charm was in their
entire sincerity, John Pollexfen the seaman once told me, he was
greatly troubled because it took him so long to make up his mind.
Napoleon might have made a similar admission. This slow vacillation
is always characteristic of entire sincerity. The man of society
possesses a quick facility in making up his mind. He does not belong
to himself, and the rules of society are written on his heart and
brain. He is what is called well-bred. The individual man of entire
sincerity has to wrestle with himself, unless transported by rage or
passion; he has so much mind to make up, with none to help him
and no guide except his conscience; and conscience after all, is but
a feeble glimmer in a labyrinthine cavern of darkness.
I think it was Shakespeare the poet, and not the thinking
Shakespeare or the wise Shakespeare, who made that discovery
about the importance of self-loyalty, for it is the root of every kind of
poetical distinction, and without distinction poetry is of little avail. It
is reported that Swinburne in some fit of petulance said that he and
Shelley were better poets than anybody else because they were
gentlemen. My criticism is that both these poets are lacking in the
entire sincerity of the greatest poets, that because Keats has this
entire sincerity he is better than either. I find, indeed, in Shelley and
Swinburne activity, animation, eloquence. I find in Keats force as of
mother nature. 'What man,' says the Bible, 'by taking thought can
add one cubit to his stature?'
Yet let any young poet stay for a while among the puritans and
practise all the restraints of self-loyalty, and he will turn his sociable
activity and animated sympathy into something which is much
better, namely force. It is a foolish question, yet I wonder did
Shakespeare undergo that kind of discipline?
It is evident from what I have written that to live amongst my
people was pleasanter, but that to live amongst the Pollexfens was
good training. Which of these two civilizations was best for the
human product I have never, in my own mind, been able to decide.
What we all seek is neither happiness nor pleasure but to be
ourselves through and through. The man born or made sorrowful
would go on being sorrowful, and the man who is joyous would be
more joyous, & the spiritually minded man more spiritual, and the
materialistic more materialistic. Thus like the plants & the animals
we would grow, each after its own kind. It is obvious that the
puritan doctrine of self-loyalty is serviceable to this kind of growth.
Yet the puritan doctrine would cut off the sunshine of enjoyment and
pleasure and easy relaxation, and the poet or artist, though self-
loyalty be the condition of every excellence, must have enjoyment.
He must have tears and laughter & romance and vision and
relaxation and ease, otherwise his soul for poetry and beauty withers
and dies away. Among my friends and in their type of civilization we
made enjoyment of first importance, and for that reason we were
eager for art and poetry, which are all made of enjoyment. Yet it was
bound to come to nothing, because we had not that deep sincerity,
which is another name for what may be indifferently called human
force or, better still, genius. Inarticulate as the sea cliffs were the
Pollexfen heart and brain, lying buried under mountains of silence.
They were released from bondage by contact with the joyous
amiability of my family, and of my bringing up, and so all my four
children are articulate, and yet with the Pollexfen force.
Commerce is war, each man watching to take the bread out of his
neighbour's mouth, and puritanism with the doctrine of the inherent
badness of human nature is well calculated to hearten the fighters.
My old friend George, as full of human nature as an egg is of meat,
held the puritan doctrine. He condemned all his neighbours
impartially; he had not however like the ordinary man any self-
complacent acrimony, no, that was not his way. He was an indulgent
and compassionate puritan, because a consistent puritan. If he
condemned others he condemned himself also, and he sadly saw
himself in those predestined sinners and transgressors and
backsliders. Now he was a chief of story tellers. I remember the late
York Powell, that Savant who by some strange accident was also a
man of genius, praising one of his stories, saying it was the best he
had ever listened to. He would tell a story that would take at least
two hours in the telling and it would be about nothing at all, yet as it
grew and developed, the mere nothing became everything, because
he would mass together such richness of significant detail. Long ago
at school he slept in a room known as number twelve, and in it slept
all the bigger boys of the school. There was a rule that every boy
should keep perfectly silent once in bed and the gas turned out.
George would keep all that room awake—sleepy schoolboys though
they were—telling them in a whisper long stories made in the
fashion of Dumas & Fenimore Cooper. All his life he delighted
compassionately in the foibles of dandies from the time of Dumas
down to our own times, especially if they were military. He had a gift
for every kind of indulgence. He never showed capacity for any
religions or poetic ecstasy. I could not conceive his reading Shelley
with understanding, yet Keats would have pleased him. He was
pitiful for men and women and animals and the very plants in the
garden. He was as pitiful as St. Francis of Assisi. In this I do not in
the least exaggerate. A convinced puritan, holding the doctrine as
profoundly as he held all his beliefs, he was naturally a melancholy
man. His doctor said of him after his death that he was by no means
a delicate man, 'but very low spirited.' The ordinary puritan, in the
buoyant strength of high animal spirits, reacts against every kind of
depression. He is pessimist as regards other men, as regards himself
a confirmed optimist. My old friend, because of his uncheered
solitary existence in a small town under a rainy sky beside the sad
sea wave, suffered in some degree from what I have called the
puritan malady self-exaggeration. He was full of himself and that self
all doubt and dreariness, yet among genial friends who loved him it
soon passed away. When he came to my house he would invariably
dedicate the first evening, or part of it, to this kind of sorrowful
personal preoccupation, sighing and shaking his head, complaining
aloud of everything, and we who knew him would wait, and be
outwardly sympathetic, while inwardly we smiled. At hand grips with
hard times we were naturally a little incredulous of the sorrows of an
old bachelor who was exceedingly well off and knew how to take
care of his money. He had small eyes, very blue, and straight
eyebrows and a long skull stretching far back such as I have always
found in conjunction with a marked capacity for detail. He was at the
same time an exceedingly good listener, and well as he talked I think
he preferred listening. Had the destinies permitted he might have
become a great student and a recluse and buried himself in a
university. His expression was strangely wistful, his eyes seemed to
peep at you like stars in the early twilight. Although a successful
trader he said that his success and I believe him—was due entirely
to his chief clerk and an elder brother's advice. He did not look as if
he belonged to the actual world. Indeed he had become the denizen
of another world. My stammering uncle tried to comfort his latter
years with Bible Christianity and an occasional prayer meeting.
George chose better, he studied books on magic and he practised in
the ancient science of astrology. It was my son W. B. Yeats who put
him on the track of these wonders, and what was in some degree
only occasional with my son was to my friend the passion of his life.
I think my son looks a poet; I know George looked an astrologer. His
eyes were the eyes of second sight. I think indeed he knew the
future better than he knew the present and the past. He had a
scared look, as if he saw ghosts that no one else could see, & his
horoscopes as many can testify were verified. He foresaw and
predicted almost to the day, and certainly to the week, when my
friend York Powell would die, and he did this more than a year
before, when York Powell was in perfect health. When the London
'Times' announced that York Powell was making good recovery, 'No'
said George 'the stars are still there.' The last weeks of his life were
characteristic. My eldest daughter always spent her summer holidays
with him. Arriving one evening she was surprised to find him in bed
and he at once said to her, 'Lily I think I am going'. He lived on for
six weeks spending his time calmly reading novels for which she
searched the country. He would read only what is called serious
fiction, and not once again did he speak of death till two days before
the end, when he gave her minute directions as to certain things she
was to do after his death, how she was to distribute certain small
sums of money which she would find in his pockets. He died at day-
break while the Banshee, heard by my daughter and two nurses,
was wailing around the house. Business men cried when told of his
death; they said he had an attractive personality.
Puritans claim to be fervent Christians who draw all their wisdom
from the Bible. In my mind they have no Christianity at all. They
cling to their creed of the badness of human nature, because it helps
them in their unnatural war of commercial selfishness. As you would
get the better of your opponents, and to the commercial mind all the
neighbours are opponents except here and there a fellow
conspirator, it is a mighty encouragement to be able religiously to
believe the worst of them; that is why puritanism flourishes among
traders. This combination of selfishness and religion results in the
belief, implied rather than expressed, that a successful man is a sort
of a secular saint, and it lay like a heavy stone on George's
conscience. He tried to cast it from him; he expressed his scorn of it;
I've heard him do so again and again; yet he could not altogether
get rid of the obstruction. At any rate I cannot otherwise account for
the fact that I myself, who was his oldest and indeed his only friend,
was in the latter years of his life an exile from his affections. But my
son was the pride of his life. (Ah, if he had only been called Pollexfen
instead of Yeats.) An applauded poet is better after all than a rich
trader, a more conspicuous success. He would have liked to have
kept him always with him, that he might watch over him as he did
over his race-horses. My son tells me that dining with him was like
taking a doctor's prescription, so careful was George that he should
eat the right food and chew it properly. The racing men of Sligo,
when in the evening they visited the old bachelor to benefit by his
knowledge of the racing world, always opened operations by
inquiring about the nephew, & when he had exhausted this subject
which took some time and must have bored them terribly, those
poor fellows who cared as much for poetry as they did for Sanscrit,
would artfully lead him to the other subject of his affections. After
which they would depart and make their bets. He himself never
made a bet. I think indeed he once lost or won, I forget which, ten
shillings. He has told me with perfect sincerity, indeed with shame
and contrition of spirit, that he disliked making money because it put
him to so much trouble, and yet he was most careful of it, and
though he would lend money to a friend and ask no security, he had
to be perfectly satisfied in the most meticulous way as to the nature
of the demand so that he might lend on some ascertained principle.
The same sense of order, the same physical moral and mental
neatness kept him a lonely bachelor. In his eyes marriage and
domestic entanglements were things disorderly, all chance and
change, a sort of wild experiment. More than once he had expressed
to me his wonder, that sensible men would incur such risks.
Now what would have happened had this man been born into
conditions that were not puritanical? It is my belief that he would
have become a writer of note and power. At school his education
was backward. His commercial family and he himself had attached
no importance to things of the mind. When I entered the university I
implored him to remain on at school, and prepare himself for Trinity
College, and I remember that my father became greatly interested,
but Dis aliter visum—he entered his father's office and began his
dreary and uncongenial pilgrimage remote from books & intellectual
companionship.

Here ends 'EARLY MEMORIES: SOME CHAPTERS OF

AUTOBIOGRAPHY BY JOHN BUTLER YEATS.' Five hundred copies of
this book have been printed and published by Elizabeth C. Yeats at
the Cuala Press, Churchtown, Dundrum, in the County of Dublin
Ireland. Finished in the last week of July nineteen hundred and
twenty three, the second year of THE IRISH FREE STATE.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY MEMORIES;
SOME CHAPTERS OF AUTOBIOGRAPHY ***

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