ITU SFL

P1-S
COMPULSORY
GRAMMAR
PACK

SPRING 2025

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 CONTENTS
WEEK 1  Present Simple and Present Continuous
 Be used to/Get used to
WEEK 2
 Question Forms
WEEK 3
 Noun Clauses
WEEK 4
 Reduction of Noun Clauses
WEEK 5
 Future Perfect and Future Continuous
WEEK 6
 Causative Forms
WEEK 7
 Relative Clauses
WEEK 8
 Verb Patterns
WEEK 8
 Alternatives to If
WEEK 9
 Time Clauses
WEEK 9
 Wish Clauses (Present)
WEEK 10
 Modals of Deduction
WEEK 11
 Wish Clauses (Past)
WEEK 12
 Didn’t Need to/Didn’t Have to/Needn’t Have Done

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 WEEK 1 – PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE vs PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Introduction – PART A. Discuss the questions with a partner.

1. How do young people in your country usually spend their free time?
2. What are your favorite leisure time activities?
PART B. Read the interview with Pete and put the questions in the correct places.
a. Can you have a look at this list? Tell me, do you do any of these things? If you do, how often?
b. Do you work or are you a student, Pete?
c. What about the next thing on the list: computer games?
d. Do you use a computer for other things?

Interviewer:
Excuse me.
I'm
conducting a
survey on
people and
their free
time. Do you
mind if I ask
you a few
questions?
Pete: Oh,
err, OK. I’m
just waiting
for my
friends –
they're
always late,
so I think I
have a few
minutes!
Interviewer:
Right, now,
can I have
your name?

PART C. Read the dialogue again and find a sentence that is about ….
1. a permanent situation or a fact __________________________________________________
2. everyday habits ______________________________________________________________
3. an action happening at the moment of speaking ____________________________________
4. a temporary situation __________________________________________________________

PART D. Look at the sentences in Part C and circle the correct option.
1. We use the Present Simple Tense/Present Continuous Tense to talk about everyday habits and permanent
situations.
2. We use the Present Simple Tense/Present Continuous Tense to talk about actions happening at the moment of
speaking and temporary situations.

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 Present Simple Tense is used for Present Continuous Tense is used for

- scientific facts: - actions happening at the time of speaking:

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. At the moment, the children are playing upstairs.

- routine and habits: - actions happening around the time of speaking:

The birds return to the island every spring. Nowadays, I’m reading a really interesting book.
I go for a run every morning. I want to get into shape, so nowadays, I am leading a
She attends Spanish lessons three times a week. more active life.

- temporary situations:
- permanent situations: I moved to Istanbul last week, and I’m living with a
I live in a flat in the city center. friend for the time being.
She works for an international law firm. Normally I drive to work; however, this week I am
taking the bus as my car is at the mechanic’s.

- changing situations, or trends (usually with

comparative structures):
The earth is getting warmer as a result of a number of
- timetabled events (also has future meaning): factors.
The drama club meets every Thursday at 7:30. Smartphones are becoming more and more expensive
Our morning classes start at 9:00. with each passing day.
My plane leaves in half an hour. (future meaning) People are becoming more and more dependent on
The bus from Baltimore arrives at 10:45. (future their smartphones.
meaning)
- future arrangements:
They are giving a birthday party next month.
I am flying to Madrid for a budget meeting on Monday.

- annoying repeated actions /complaints (with the

frequency adverbs always and constantly)
My sister is always wearing my clothes without asking
my permission.
He is constantly making fun of me! Tell him to stop!

Time Expressions

every day / week /month / year now, at present, at the moment, right now
once a day / twice a month / three times a year nowadays, today, these days
on Sundays, in the morning, in winter… etc. this week / month / term
tonight, tomorrow, next week / month
on Saturday, in two days… etc.

Frequency Adverbs

Frequency Adverbs Frequency Adverb: always/constantly

(almost) always, very often, usually, generally, always + Present Continuous Tense for annoying repeated
regularly, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally, actions /complaints (see examples above) 4
rarely, seldom, hardly ever, almost never, never, etc.
constantly + Present Continuous Tense for annoying
 Watch Out for The Word Order! repeated actions /complaints (see examples above)
My son sometimes feels nervous before the exams.
My son is sometimes nervous before the exams.
Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. I’m busy right now. I ________________ (fill in) an application form for a new job.
2. My tutor ________________ (see) me for a tutorial every Monday at two o’clock.
3. John ________________ (not/study) very hard at the moment. I ________________ (not/think) he’ll pass his
exams.
4. “What ________________ (he/do)?” “He ________________ (try) to fix the television aerial.”
5. Plants ________________ (take in) carbon dioxide and ________________ (give out) oxygen.
6. Be quiet! I ________________ (want) to hear the news.
7. In my country, we ________________ (drive) on the right-hand side of the road.
8. My friend Joe’s parents ________________ (travel) around the world this summer and probably won’t be back for
a couple of months.
9. The graduation ceremony ________________ (take place) at the same venue every year.
10. The number of wild butterflies ________________ (fall) as a result of changes in farming methods.

OTHER
FORMS TO
TALK
ABOUT
PRESENT
HABITS
You can use
lots of
different
expressions
to say how
often you
do things -
or how
often things
happen.
1. Use TEND
TO +
INFINITIVE
to talk about
things that
you usually
do or that
are
generally
Exercise 2. Error Correction - Find and correct the mistake in each sentence.
1.true.
As a Note
rule, I’m going to the gym every day, but I sometimes skip a day if I’m busy.

2. She has a habit to talk loudly on the phone in public places, and that disturbs everyone.

3. I am going out for dinner with my friends every now and again, but it’s not a regular thing.

4. Busy people tend don’t get enough sleep.

5. You should try to spend from time to time more time in nature; it has many health benefits.

Exercise 3. Below are some annoying situations. Rewrite them using the form HAVE/HAS A HABIT OF + V-ING.

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1. My husband frequently forgets to lock the door when he leaves home.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. My colleague often talks over me in meetings. He doesn’t let me finish my ideas.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. The internet connection keeps disconnecting during video calls. It makes work very difficult for me.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

STATE VERBS
Some verbs are not usually used in the Present Continuous Tense. These verbs express states rather than actions,
and they are called “State / Stative verbs”.
1. STATE OF BEING
be* resemble sound contain
look* appear include consist of
look like exist
2. MENTAL STATE
think* suppose believe imagine
realize notice recognize know
understand feel* doubt remember
forget want need prefer
3. EMOTIONAL STATE
love hate like dislike
appreciate care for fear envy
adore mind desire wish
forgive miss respect
4. POSSESSION
have* possess own belong to
owe
5. SENSES
see* hear smell* taste*
feel* hurt
6. MEASUREMENTS
weigh* measure cost equal

VERBS WITH STATE AND ACTION MEANING

STATE (non-progressive) ACTION (progressive)
 do
What do you do? (What’s your job?) What are you doing? (Explain your actions.)
 be
This house is over 100 years old. (general state) He is being very silly. (temporary state – This is not his
personality. He doesn’t normally act like this.)
 have
Do you have a car? (possession) She can’t come to the phone right now; she is having
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 I have three sisters and a brother. a meeting with the board members now. (activity in
progress)
 think
I think it will rain in the afternoon. (This is my opinion.) What are you thinking about right now? (mental
Some scientists think that there are intelligent life forms process – What is on your mind?)
on other planets. (This is their opinion.) My sister is thinking of/about changing her job. (She
What do you think of my new hairstyle? (What is your is planning to change her job.)
opinion about it?)
 see
Right now, I see lots of people in the street. (referring to I’m seeing my dentist this afternoon. (I have an
the sense – There are lots of people in my view.) appointment with my dentist.)
 smell
These flowers smell very nice. (referring to the sense) Look! My mother is smelling the flowers. (referring to
Your perfume smells of roses. (It has the smell of roses.) the activity)
 taste
The steak tastes of fresh herbs. (It has the taste of fresh Look! The judges are tasting my dish right now. I can’t
herbs.) wait to hear the results. (referring to the activity –
The soup tastes delicious. (referring to the sense) The judges are trying/eating my dish at the moment.)
 feel
This pillow feels very hard. (referring to the sense) I am feeling this fabric; it is so soft. (I am touching it.)
The baby’s skin feels very smooth. (It has a smooth
texture.) I feel better now. / I am feeling better now. (Both can
I feel (that) he was not completely honest with us. (This be used to talk about mood or health.)
is my opinion.)

 look
That ladder doesn’t look safe. (seem/appear) What are you looking at? (referring to the activity)
You look very tired. What happened? (seem/appear) They are looking at their wedding photos.

 weigh
This bag weighs more than 25 kilos. (referring to the The nurse is weighing the baby. (referring to the
state – to say how heavy something is) activity) (The nurse is putting the baby on the scale to
measure its weight.)
Exercise 4. Complete the sentences with the Present Simple or Present Continuous form of the verbs in brackets.

1. Some kinds of fish ______________ (contain) high levels of dangerous metals.

2. What ______________ you ______________ (think) of my new flat? It’s really cozy, isn’t it?
3. Loud music can be really detrimental to the ears. Some people ______________ (not realize) its harmful effects.
4. A package holiday ______________ (cost) less than going on holiday on your own.
5. Technicians report that they ______________ (have) difficulty about the new computer system at the moment.
6. No wine for me! I ______________ (take) antibiotics for an ear infection.
7. Don’t worry about your dog! The vet ______________ (feel) his legs to check that nothing is broken right now.
8. The National Theatre ______________ (think) of putting a new production of Hamlet for the next season.
9. ______________ this wallet ______________ (belong) to you?
10. Everybody ______________ (know) that the world’s rainforests ______________ (disappear) day by day.
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11. We ______________ (see) the bank manager this afternoon. We have an appointment.
12. Fresh strawberries ______________ (always, taste) good. They ______________ (remind) me of home.
13. That girl ______________ (look like) your sister.
14. I ______________ (not understand) you. Could you speak more slowly?
15. A: ______________ you ______________ (think) you have any chance of winning this chess match?
B: Yes, I ______________ (see) a number of good moves that I can make from this position.

Exercise 5. Circle the correct option.

Omar's Visit
My friend Omar 1owns/is owning his own car now. It's brand new. Today he 2drives/is driving to a small
town in the north of the city to visit his aunt. He 3loves/is loving listening to music, so the CD player 4plays/is playing
one of his favorite CDs loudly at the moment. Omar is very happy: he 5drives/is driving his own car and listening to
loud music. He 6looks/is looking forward to his visit with his aunt.
Omar 7visits/is visiting his aunt once a week. She's elderly, and she 8lives/is living alone. She 9thinks/is
thinking Omar is a wonderful nephew. She 10loves/is loving his visits. Omar 11tries/is trying to be helpful and
considerate in every way. His aunt 12doesn’t hear/isn’t hearing well, so Omar 13speaks/is speaking loudly and clearly
when he's with her. When he's there, he 14fixes/is fixing things for her around her apartment. Today he 15helps/is
helping her with her shopping. Omar 16doesn’t stay/isn't staying with his aunt overnight. He usually 17stays/is
staying for a few hours, and then he 18heads/is heading back to the city. He 19kisses/is kissing his aunt good-bye and
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gives/is giving her a hug before he 21leaves/is leaving. Omar is a very good nephew.

Exercise 6. Read the text and write the correct form of the verbs.
Do you worship celebrities?
Do you wake up every night thinking of your favorite singer? Or do you wonder what a TV presenter
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___________ (have) for breakfast in the morning? If so, you may have a newly identified psychological condition:
Celebrity Worship Syndrome (CWS). Following a recent study, psychologists at the University of Leicester now
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___________ (believe) that one in three of us is obsessed with celebrities, and the number 3___________ (go up)
day by day.
One theory is that our modern lives 4___________ (become) more and more dominated by TV, so modern
celebrities often 5___________ (take) the place of relatives, neighbors, and close friends for many people.
The study of around 700 people aged 18 to 60 6___________ (show) that there are three types of Celebrity
Worship Syndrome. Another 12 percent have an intense personal type of relationship with their idol, while the third
group, with the most extreme CWS 8___________ (think) their celebrity knows them. These people are often
introverts, antisocial, and insensitive.
Fortunately, most people’s interest in the rich and famous is perfectly normal and healthy. Dr John Maltby
of Leicester University says, “It is not necessarily a bad thing. Many people are interested in celebrities. However, we
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___________ (begin) to define CWS for the first time and research is suggesting that, generally, people with CWS
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___________ (replace) normal relationships with these fantasy relationships.

WEEK 1 – BE USED TO/GET USED TO

Introduction – PART A. Discuss the following questions with a partner.
1. Do you ever think about your life after finishing university?
2. What kinds of things might make it difficult for young people to get used to professional life?

PART B. Read the paragraph paying attention to the phrases in bold.

As a person who has recently graduated from university, I am still getting used
to the idea of not being a student anymore. Not having classes to attend or
assignments to complete is a strange feeling, but I am excited to start my new job and
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begin my career. I am also getting used to working from 9 to 5 and waking up early every day. It's definitely a big
change for me because I was used to a flexible schedule as a student. I am also getting used to a set income and not
relying on part-time jobs to make ends meet. It’s challenging, but I am confident that I will get used to it in no time. I
was used to working in a team environment during my college years, but now I have to get used to working
independently. I was used to a more relaxed dress code as a student, but now I have to be dressed professionally at
work. Overall, it's a new phase in my life, and I am ready to take on the challenges that come with it.

PART C. Answer the following questions.

1. What do you think get used to means?

a. tired of b. adapt to c. good at

2. What do you think be used to means?

a. keen on b. interested in c. familiar with

3. What form does the verb take after be/get used to? What else can follow be/get used to?
___________________________________________________________________________

BE USED TO/GET USED TO

Explanation Examples

We use this form to say  I am used to getting up early in the

that a situation is not new morning. I don't mind it.
or strange, or is no longer  I don’t mind the noise at all. I’m used to it.
be used to + gerund / noun new or strange.  Jack comes from Ireland, so he is used to
(We are accustomed to it.) the rain.

We use this form to say  Mike is slowly getting used to working at

that we are becoming night.
accustomed to something.  Have you got used to driving on the
get used to + gerund / noun
mountain roads yet?
 I can’t get used to the food here.

 We can use get used to in all tenses. Be used to is not used with perfect tenses or the continuous form.
I hope I will get used to my new phone.
He is still getting used to working on a farm.
The children aren’t used to going out alone, so they feel reluctant to go out now.
Beverly wasn’t used to wearing high-heeled shoes when she first started work.

 The negative of get used to is often formed with can’t/couldn’t.

Cats sometimes can’t get used to a new home.
Jeremy couldn’t get used to being famous.

Exercise 1. Choose the best option to complete the sentences.

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1. When I started to work here, I needed a lot of help, but now I am used to/get used to doing all the work on my
own.
2. He is used to/is getting used to reading several pages before sleep. He cannot fall asleep any other way.
3. Don't worry; it's a simple program to use. You are used to/will get used to it in no time, I'm sure.
4. My work starts very early in the morning, and it has been this way for years. Therefore, I will get used to/am used
to getting up very early.
5. I'm afraid I was never used to/will never get used to living in this place. I simply don't like it, and I am sure I never
will.
6. I am used to/am getting used to sleeping on a hard and flat pillow. I cannot sleep on anything else.
7. At first, the employees didn't like the new open-space office, but in the end, they got used to/are used to it.

Exercise 2. Rewrite the following sentences using the CORRECT FORMS of “be used to”.

Examples:

I don't mind getting up early in the morning.

I am used to getting up early in the morning.
Jack comes from Ireland, and it rains a lot there, so he is quite familiar with rainy weather.
Jack comes from Ireland, and it rains a lot there, so he is used to rainy weather.

1. When I was younger, I didn’t mind loud music, but now I cannot stand it.
When I was younger I _____________________________________________, but now I cannot stand it.

2. He grew up in a big family. Therefore, he is familiar with being in crowds. He doesn’t mind it.
He grew up in a big family. Therefore, he ____________________________________________. He doesn’t mind it.

3. Before I moved to Istanbul, I was not accustomed to driving in heavy traffic.

Before I moved to Istanbul, I _______________________________________________ in heavy traffic.

4. We live in a very cold climate. Every year, it snows a lot, and the snow stays on the ground for a long time.
Everyone in my town is accustomed to life with a lot of snow.
We live in a very cold climate. Every year, it snows a lot, and the snow stays on the ground for a long time. Everyone
in my town __________________________________________________________.

Exercise 3. Rewrite the following sentences using the CORRECT FORMS of “get used to”.

Example:

Jenny is from Alaska, where the weather is almost always cold. Now she lives in Miami, one of the hottest cities in
the USA. She says hot weather is not familiar to her. She thinks she can never become accustomed to the hot
weather in Miami. What can we write about Jenny?
 Jenny thinks she will never get used to the hot weather in Miami.
 She isn’t getting used to the weather in Miami.
 She cannot get used to living in a very hot climate.

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1. John is a very adaptable person. He started working for our company only a week ago, and he has already made
friends. He is also doing great at his position. What can we say about John?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

2. You are an adaptable person. You are moving to a new city soon. What can your friends say about you?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

3. When you were at high school, your teachers never gave you much homework. Now, you are a university student,
and you are overwhelmed with the assignments which your professors give. You are finding student life at university
very difficult. What can you say about yourself?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 4. Read the letter from Michael, who has recently moved to Japan, to his friend Jenny. Fill in the blanks
with the correct forms of “be used to” or “get used to”. In some cases, more than one answer is possible.

Dear Jenny,

How is life? A quick note just to let you know I’m gradually 1___________ my new life here. However, I
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___________ (not/get up) so early! These futons (Japanese beds) are so comfortable, and it is difficult to get out of
bed! I have to admit that the food here is something else, and no, it didn’t take me a long time to 3______________
(eat) with chopsticks (Everyone asks me that!). By the way, I really love the huge bowls of noodle soup here. The
sushi restaurants are cool, but I don’t think I 4_____________ the raw fish in the sushi. There are vending machines
everywhere here – one for every 30 people in the country apparently! People here 5_________________ machines,
and the machines sell all kinds of things, including bunches of flowers and even toilet paper!
Anyway, that’s all from me for now. Take care! Bye…
Michael

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of “be used to” or “get used to”. In some cases, more than one
answer is possible.
1. I have always had lessons in the afternoon and never in the morning, so I _______________________ (not/get up)
so early.

2. Most teenagers nowadays _________________________ (send) text messages, but older people don’t prefer
them so much.

3. Helen loves living in the city today, but when she first moved here, she _________________________ (live) in
such a noisy neighborhood.

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4. My father has just bought a computer, so now instead of calling his clients, he is trying to ___________________
(send) emails.

5. Amy moved to Scotland only a few months ago, and she is trying to _________________________ (survive) in the
cold weather.

6. When he started his new job as a postman, he found it very hard to _________________________ (walk) such
long hours.

7. At first, people a_________________________ (surf) the Internet, but everyone b_________________ (use) the
Internet after some time.

8. After the holidays, it takes me a week to _________________________ (get up) early again.

Exercise 6. Fill in the blanks using the phrases in the box below.

didn’t getting got used living eating share

people there were know values

A few years ago, we used to live in a very small flat in a very poor area. We were used to 1____________
with very little. We 2____________ have good furniture or a good TV, and of course, we didn't 3____________ what
it was like to have an Internet connection. In our neighborhood, the streets 4____________ dark and dirty, and
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____________ used to be a lot of robberies.

Then, we won the lottery and everything changed for us. We bought a new flat in a very nice area of the city;
we have been living here for the last three years. We 6____________ to sleeping in comfy beds and 7____________
good food very quickly, but it wasn't so easy to get used to the 8____________. They are the kind of people who
don’t talk to each other, and they are used to 9____________ everything very easily. We 10____________ the same
neighborhood, but we don't share the same 11____________.

WEEK 2 – QUESTION FORMS

INTRODUCTION
PART A. Read the following dialogue between Emma and Jack, paying attention to the question forms.

Emma: Hey, Jack! Have you ever traveled abroad?

Jack: No, I haven’t. But I really want to! Have you?
Emma: Yes, I have. I went to Italy last year. It was amazing!
Jack: That sounds great! Did you visit Rome?
Emma: Of course! Who wouldn’t like to see the Colosseum?
Jack: So true! How many days did you stay there?

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Emma: I stayed for two weeks. It wasn’t enough to see everything, though.
Jack: Are you planning to travel again soon?
Emma: Yes! I’m going to Spain next summer.
Jack: Wow! Where are you going to stay?
Emma: I haven’t booked a hotel yet because I’m thinking of renting an apartment. What do you think?
Jack: That sounds like a good idea. Will you visit Barcelona while you’re there?
Emma: Yes, definitely! I love cities with a lot of history. Do you like historical places?
Jack: I do, but I just prefer nature more. Who doesn’t enjoy a beautiful landscape?
Emma: That’s true. So, do you want to come with me?
Jack: I wish I could! But I have to work during the summer.
Emma: Oh no! Can’t you take some days off?
Jack: I don’t think so. My boss doesn’t like giving summer vacations.
Emma: That’s unfair! Who works all summer without a break?
Jack: Unfortunately, I do!
Emma: Well, maybe you should talk to your boss again. Did you ask him about it before?
Jack: No, I didn’t. But I’ll try. What should I say?
Emma: Just explain that you need some time to relax. Isn’t it important to take a break sometimes?
Jack: You’re right. I’ll ask him tomorrow. If he says yes, I’ll join you!
Emma: That would be awesome! Let’s hope for the best!

PART B. Read the conversation again and identify the Yes/No Questions and Wh- Questions in the dialogue. Later
in this chapter, we will discuss Wh- Questions in terms of object and subject questions. But for now, just focus on
finding the Wh- Questions.

Yes/No Questions Wh- Questions

1. YES/NO QUESTIONS AND TENSES IN ENGLISH

PRESENT SIMPLE QUESTIONS

Use simple present questions to ask about regular or Do you easily make friends?
habitual actions and general truths or states. Use the Does she work on Saturdays?
auxiliary verb do/does. Don’t you work at a bank?

In questions with the verb to be (am/is/are) and with Is he the best person for the job?
modal verbs, put the verb before the subject. Can you take me to the airport tomorrow?
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 Should I look for a new job?
Aren’t you happy with the results?

PAST SIMPLE QUESTIONS

Use past simple questions to ask about a past action. To Did you talk to your boss about a pay-rise?
form questions in the simple past tense, use the auxiliary Did you have a lot of friends at school?
verb did. Didn’t she help you with the project?

In questions with the verb to be (was/were) put the Was she pleased with the gift that you gave her?
verb before the subject. Were they aware of their mistakes?
Were you an ambitious student?
Weren’t they at school yesterday?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS QUESTIONS

Use present continuous questions to ask about an action Is he talking to the candidates at the moment?
happening at the moment or around the time of Are they planning to move to another town?
speaking or about a changing situation. Form this Aren’t you taking Chemistry this semester?
question by putting the verb to be (am/is/are) before
the subject.

PAST CONTINUOUS QUESTIONS

Use past continuous questions to ask about an action in Were you cleaning when he arrived?
progress in the past. Form this question by putting the Was he talking about me when I entered the room?
verb to be (was/were) before the subject. Wasn’t it raining when you left home this morning?

PRESENT PERFECT QUESTIONS

Use this question to ask about the recent past or an Have you heard from them recently?
event at an unknown time. Form this question by putting Has he ever been rude to you?
the auxiliary verb have/has before the subject. Haven’t they offered you the position?

PAST PERFECT QUESTIONS

Use this question to ask about a past event that took Had you finished the chores before mum arrived?
place BEFORE another event in the past. Form this Had they dated for a long time before they got
question by putting the auxiliary verb had before the married?
subject. Hadn’t she bought presents for everyone before
Christmas?

FUTURE QUESTIONS (WILL FUTURE)

Use this question to ask about actions in the future or to Will you join us later?
make requests. Form this question by putting the Won’t you drink something with the cake?
auxiliary verb will before the subject. Will you leave as soon as the meeting ends?
Will you help me with these shopping bags?
FUTURE QUESTIONS (BE GOING TO FUTURE)
Use this question to ask about planned actions in the Isn’t she going to move to Canada next month?
future. Form this question by putting the auxiliary verb Aren’t they going to announce the results on Friday?
am/is/are before the subject Are you going to have some time off next week?
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 QUESTIONS WITH MODAL VERBS (CAN, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, COULD …etc.)
To form questions with modals verbs, simply put the Can Suzie speak any foreign languages?
modal verb before the subject of the sentence. Could you read when you were 5 years old?
Should I apply for another job?

QUESTIONS WITH HAVE TO/NEED TO

Use this question form to ask about obligations or Do British citizens have to get a visa to visit the USA?
necessities. For obligations in the present, use the Doesn’t your sister have to work on Saturdays?
auxiliary verb do/does; for obligations in the past, use Did you have to wear a school uniform when you were
the auxiliary verb did before the subject of the sentence. a high school student?
Do we need to pay to visit the Natural History Museum
in London?
Did you need to take a taxi to catch the train?

2. SUBJECT AND OBJECT QUESTIONS

OBJECT QUESTIONS
These questions ask about the object of a sentence. The What did John give you?
most common word order for object questions is as Who are you going to live with next year in college?
follows: How many jackets do you have?
Wh- word + auxiliary verb + subject + verb What kind of music does she enjoy?
Wh- word + modal verb + subject + verb What can you tell me about your new boss?
What should I do to improve my English?

SUBJECT QUESTIONS
These questions ask about the subject of a sentence. In Who designed the White House?
this question type, the question word is the subject of James Hoban designed the White House.
the sentence. The most common word order for subject
questions is as follows: Who annoys you most?
Wh- word (who/which/what) + verb + object Rude people annoy me the most.

DO NOT use the auxiliary verb in subject questions. Which student should get the highest grade?
Timmy should get the highest grade.
Subject questions are formed in the singular form. The
answer may be singular or plural. What happened on the motorway?
An accident happened.

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks to form questions.

1. A: __________ he the right person for the job? B: Yes, definitely.
2. A: __________ he work well in a team? B: Yes, he’s good with other people.
3. A: What exactly __________ she tell you? B: She said she was running late.
4. A: __________ they completed all their work? B: Yes, they have.
5. A: What __________ you working on at the moment? B: I’m working on a proposal for a film.
6. A: __________ we ask you a few questions? B: Yes, of course.
7. A: When __________ your youngest sister born? B: In 2012.
15
8. A: What __________ you study at university? B: Medicine, from 2001 to 2007.
9. A: __________ she taken her final exam yet? B: Yes. She took it last week.

Exercise 2. Ask questions for the underlined parts in the sentences.

1. The school organized a writing competition last week.
________________________________________________________________________________?
2. Yes, French sculptor Auguste Bartholdi designed the Eiffel Tower.
________________________________________________________________________________?
3. Jenny will go to the concert with her cousins.
________________________________________________________________________________?
4. Tim usually works on Saturdays.
________________________________________________________________________________?
5. No, I don’t have an Instagram account.
________________________________________________________________________________?
6. This café closes at 20:30 on weekdays.
________________________________________________________________________________?
7. Julia generally wakes up late, goes for a run, and then relaxes at home at weekends.
________________________________________________________________________________?
8. I am disappointed with myself because I failed my driver’s license. Again!
________________________________________________________________________________?
9. In Amsterdam, most people go to work by bike.
________________________________________________________________________________?
10. She has lived in Toledo – a small town near Madrid – for the last ten years.
________________________________________________________________________________?
11. That red jacket on the sofa is Phillip’s.
________________________________________________________________________________?
12. Sandra will help me with my homework.
________________________________________________________________________________?
13. Eating well, exercising regularly, and sleeping enough make us healthy.
________________________________________________________________________________?
14. Spiders and heights scare me.
________________________________________________________________________________?
15. The Williams family live in the house up the hill.
________________________________________________________________________________?
16. Those pink gloves belong to Michael.
________________________________________________________________________________?
Exercise 3. Read the statements and then write subject or object questions for the answers given.
Examples: Who ate the apple? Toby did. What did Toby eat? An apple.
1. Ed ate one of the sandwiches.
__________________________________________________? One of the sandwiches.
2. Adam made Suzie cry.
__________________________________________________? Adam did.
3. George met Emma at the gate of the museum.
__________________________________________________? Emma.
4. Fred was flirting with Sarah.
__________________________________________________? Fred was.
16
5. Mary was writing a horror story.
__________________________________________________? Horror.

Exercise 4. Read the statements and then write subject or object questions.
Examples:
Something is making a strange noise. What’s making a strange noise?
One of the boys will play in goal. Who will play in goal?

1. Pete has got something in his bag. What ________________________________________?

2. Marcus gave me something to eat. What ________________________________________?
3. Something is missing from the cupboard. What ________________________________________?
4. Jess saw somebody in the park. Who ________________________________________?
5. I’d like the mushroom pizza. Which _______________________________________?
6. Somebody phoned Sally last night. Who ________________________________________?

EXTRA SPEAKING ACTIVITY

Put the words in order to make questions. Then work with a partner to ask and answer the questions you formed.
1. you / worried / do / get / ever __________________________________________________________
2. confident / you / person / are / a ________________________________________________________
3. easily / you / friends / do / make ________________________________________________________
4. happy / what / you / makes ____________________________________________________________
5. who / you / worried / you / call / do / are / when ___________________________________________
6. in / who / the / person / most / life / important / is / your ____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7. worries / the / you / what / most ________________________________________________________
8. best / you / the / gives / who / advice ____________________________________________________

For extra online activities on making questions, you may visit:

1. https://www.english-grammar.at/worksheets/question-negation/question-negations.htm

2. https://www.english-grammar.at/worksheets/question-negation/qn006.pdf

3. https://www.english-grammar.at/worksheets/question-negation/qn4.pdf

WEEK 3 – NOUN CLAUSES

Introduction

Read the short story below paying attention to the parts written in bold. These are “Noun Clauses”. You are going
to learn about “Noun Clauses” in detail further in this chapter.

There once was a lady who had three sons. The relationship between the woman and her boys was great.
The sons were good citizens; they were rich and admirable people overall. However, their rivalry was not so
17
admirable. Each brother constantly tried to figure out how he could outdo the other two. What the sons wanted
was a secure place in their mother's heart. They didn't understand that their mother loved each boy equally. It had
always bothered the lady that the boys were intensely competitive, but she didn't know what she could do about
it.

Time passed, and as the mother aged, she began to lose her sight. Before long, she was almost blind. The
boys realized that their mother's final days were approaching, and, as they were very competitive, each searched
for a way to outdo the others. Each promised to buy her what she wanted. Their mother said that she needed
nothing, but the boys didn't believe her. Moe, son number one, bought his mother a mansion. He was sure that the
mansion was going to be her favorite gift. Joe, son number two, felt that he had to outdo Moe, so he bought his
mother a luxury car with a chauffeur. Curly, son number three, was wondering what he could do to top his brothers.
While he was in downtown one day, he saw a beautiful parrot in a pet store window. The store owner told him that
this parrot had memorized the entire Wikipedia. You could ask the parrot what you wanted to know, and the
parrot could answer accurately. Curly bought the parrot for his mother, and was extremely happy about it.

Soon the mother invited the boys over to her mansion. “Boys,” she said, “I want to thank you all for your
wonderful gifts. However, dear Moe, this gorgeous house is too big for me. Please sell it. And Joe, that car is
beautiful and luxurious, but I have no use for it. Please sell it.” Then she turned to Curly, saying, “But Curly, yours
was the best gift of all. I just can't thank you enough.” Curly was pleased that he was now number one in his
mother's heart. “That's great, Mom. Have you learned a lot from him?” he asked. His mother was confused and said,
“I don't know what you mean, son. All I know is that the chicken you gave me was delicious.”

Exercise 1. TRUE or FALSE? Answer the following questions according to the text.
_______ 1. The sons were helpful toward each other and did not have any competition between one another.
_______ 2. Each son desired to be first in his mother’s affections.
_______ 3. The mother encouraged rivalry between the boys.
_______ 4. The boys’ mother told them she needed a lot of things.
_______ 5. All three brothers bought their mother things to earn her love.
_______ 6. The mother was pleased by the gifts of all three brothers.
_______ 7. The parrot knew a great deal.
_______ 8. The mother was aware of what the parrot could do.

WHAT IS A NOUN CLAUSE?

A noun clause is a group of words acting together as a noun. These clauses are always dependent clauses. That is,
they do NOT form a complete sentence.

Exercise 2. Which of the following sentences are (independent) or clauses (dependent)? Identify them as Sentence
(S) or Clause (C).

a) I have learned English ____ e) My family has raised me well ____

b) That I have learned English ____ f) That my family has raised me well ____
c) How I have learned English ____ g) Why my family raised me well ____
d) Whether/If I have learned English well ____ h) If my family raised me well ____
1) NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH “THAT”

Sentence Subject Noun Clause Object Noun Clause

She loves her family. That she loves her family is obvious. It is obvious (that) she loves her family.

They never give gifts. That they never give gifts is It is unfortunate (that) they never give gifts.
unfortunate.
18
 Children develop a sense of That children develop a sense of It is important (that) children develop a
humor. humor is important. sense of humor.
Humor is healthy. That humor is healthy is beyond I believe (that) humor is healthy.
argument.
He can laugh despite his loss. (The fact) that he can laugh despite His friends are happy about the fact that he
his loss makes him happy. can laugh despite his loss.

Watch Out!

 We use the word “that” to introduce certain noun clauses. In such cases, “that” is a grammatical word
that has no concrete meaning.

Examples:
It is clear that he is lying to us.
Some people still believe that the Earth is flat at this day and age.

 “That” can be omitted when it introduces an object noun clause, but it is NEVER OMITTED when it
introduces a subject noun clause.

Examples:
I think (that) Istanbul is a great city to live if you are rich. (OBJECT NOUN CLAUSE - “THAT” CAN BE OMITTED.)
That you are lying is clear to me. (SUBJECT NOUN CLAUSE - “THAT” CANNOT BE OMITTED.)

 Subject noun clauses beginning with “that” are formal.

Examples:
It is obvious that she works a lot. (NOT FORMAL)
That she works a lot is obvious. (FORMAL)

 “The fact that” must be used in place of “that” in noun clauses that are objects of prepositions.

Examples:
I feel happy about that he can laugh despite his loss. INCORRECT
I feel happy about the fact that he can laugh despite his loss. CORRECT

Exercise 3. Underline each noun clause in the sentences below and identify them as Subject Noun Clause (S) or
Object Noun Clause (O).

____ 1. I am sure that he will buy me the best gift.

____ 2. I know that my father was right about his warning.
____ 3. Their mother knew that there was nothing wrong with her children.
____ 4. That the minister will visit the library tomorrow is already known.
____ 5. The fact that change is inevitable proves itself every day.

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Exercise 4. Complete the sentences with true information about yourself using noun clauses with “that”.

What do you think about your English learning process?

1. About my English learning process, I think (that) ______________________________________________________

What is one thing that you are sure about the Proficiency exam?
2. About the Proficiency exam, I am sure (that) _________________________________________________________

What worries you about your future life?

3. The fact that ________________________________________________________ worries me about my future life.

What is your main problem as a student who lives in Istanbul?

4. That ______________________________________________________________ is my main problem as a student
who lives in Istanbul.

What has always bothered you in the classroom?

5. That ______________________________________________________ has always bothered me in the classroom.

What did your parents tell you when you left home for Istanbul/university?
6. They said (that) ________________________________________________________________________________

What do you know about your career opportunities after graduation?

7. I know (that) ___________________________________________________________________________________

What have you learned about life?

8. About life, I have learned (that) ____________________________________________________________________

Exercise 5. Work with a partner and decide if each sentence below is correct or incorrect. If the sentence is
correct, write ‘C’; if not, write ‘I’ next to it and correct the mistake.

1. That everyone here wants to take a vacation is obvious. ____

2. Our teacher thinks that we should study more. ____
3. That students need to study for the upcoming exam it seems clear. ____
4. It is unlikely what we will get extra vacation time. ____
5. Kristy is excited about that she is going on holiday soon. ____
6. It seems likely that will be cold again tomorrow. ____
7. I am surprised by that he does not want to work with us. _____

2) NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH “WHETHER/IF”

We use “if” and “whether (or not)” to introduce embedded yes/no questions. Note that “if” and “whether (or
not)” are similar in meaning and can often be used interchangeably.

Yes/No Question Subject Noun Clause Object Noun Clause

Do you come to work Whether (or not) you come to work I want to know whether you come to work
20
 every day? every day is not known. every day (or not).

Will his plan work? Whether (or not) his plan will work is a People debate if his plan will work (or
hot debate issue now. not).

Did she get the job? Whether (or not) she got the job is a People are curious if she got the job (or
curious case. not).

Is it too late to call her? Whether (or not) it is too late to call I am concerned whether (or not) it is too
her concerns me. late to call her.

Watch Out!

 DO NOT use “if” to introduce a subject noun clause.

Examples:
Whether she will like our gift is uncertain. CORRECT
If she will like our gift is uncertain. INCORRECT
 DO NOT omit “if” or “whether (or not)” in embedded questions.
Examples:
It is hard to tell whether/if she will like the plan (or not). CORRECT
It is hard to tell she will like the plan (or not). INCORRECT

 While “whether or not” is a correct form, “if or not” is incorrect.

Examples:
We don’t know whether or not she got the job. CORRECT
We don’t know whether she got the job or not. CORRECT

We don’t know if she got the job (or not). CORRECT

We don’t know if or not she got the job. INCORRECT

Exercise 6. Combine the two sentences using “if” or “whether (or not).
1. Do you know? Did she come?
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Have they got here? Do you want to learn?
____________________________________________________________
3. Will I attend the conference? I haven’t decided yet.
______________________________________________________
21
4. Could he afford it? He wondered.
____________________________________________________________________
5. I’m not sure. Is her name Alice?
______________________________________________________________________

Exercise 7. Complete the sentences using noun clauses.

1. Has Steve left?

Do you know __________________________________________________________?
2. Should I accept the offer?
I don’t know ___________________________________________________________.
3. Is Pat feeling better today?
I wonder ______________________________________________________________.
4. Does the bus stop here?
Sam wants to know _____________________________________________________.
5. Is there life on other planets?
___________________________________________________________ is not certain.
6. Is she an effective worker?
__________________________________________________________ is unclear.

3) NOUN CLAUSES WITH QUESTION WORDS

Wh- Questions Subject Noun Clause Object Noun Clause

How much does she love How much she loves her family is It is amazing how much she loves her family.
her family? amazing.
How often do they give How often they give gifts to each It is not known how often they give gifts to
gifts to each other? other is not known. each other.
How do children develop How children develop a sense of It should be studied how children develop a
a sense of humor? humor should be studied. sense of humor.
What is your name? What your name is does not It does not concern me what your name is.
concern me.
What kind of personality What kind of personality she has I am interested in what kind of personality she
does she have? interests me. has.
Who is going with us? Who is going with us is not certain. It is not certain who is going with us.

Watch Out!
 A question that is changed to a noun clause is called an embedded question. We use statement word
order in embedded questions, NOT question word order.
Examples:
I don’t know how we can get there on time. CORRECT
I don’t know how can we get there on time. INCORRECT

22
  An embedded question can appear within a statement or within another question.
Examples:
We want to know how far the station is. (AN EMBEDDED QUESTION WITHIN A STATEMENT)
Do you know how far the station is? (AN EMBEDDED QUESTION WITHIN A QUESTION)

 If the embedded question is a SUBJECT QUESTION, then the word order in the noun clause remains the
same.
Examples:
Who is Jenny talking to? ==== I wonder who Jenny is talking to. (OBJECT QUESTION)
Who is helping mom? ==== I wonder who is helping mom. (SUBJECT QUESTION)

 Be careful! DO NOT use the auxiliary verbs “do, does, or did” in embedded questions.
Examples:
Where does Jim work? ==== I don’t know where Jim works.
What did she say? ==== I want to know what she said.
What do you think? ==== We wonder what you think.

 Be careful! DO NOT omit question words in embedded questions.

Examples:
I want to know when the next bus to Bristol leaves. (CORRECT)
I want to know the next bus to Bristol leaves. (INCORRECT)

Exercise 8. Combine the two sentences using Noun Clauses.

1. What did he say? I do not remember it. ____________________________________________________________
2. When will he come back? It is not clear. ____________________________________________________________
3. Where will he spend his holiday? This does not concern me. ____________________________________________
4. How did he secure credit? This must be investigated. _________________________________________________
5. Why is he against the plan? We have no idea. _______________________________________________________
6. When did she arrive? Do you know? _______________________________________________________________

Exercise 9. Correct the errors in the sentences.

1. No one seems to know when will Maria arrive.
2. I wonder why was Bob late for class.
3. I don’t know what does that word mean.
4. I wonder does the teacher know the answer.
5. What should they do about the hole in their roof is their most pressing problem.
6. I’ll ask her would she like some coffee or not.
7. Be sure to tell the doctor where does it hurt.
8. Why am I unhappy is something I can’t explain.
WEEK 4 – REDUCTION OF NOUN CLAUSES

Introduction: Read the text below. Pay attention to the phrases in bold.

TAKING UP A HOBBY
If you're planning to start a new hobby, there are many options for you. First, you
should think about 1 what to do. Would you like to try something creative like
painting, knitting, or photography? Or perhaps something more active like hiking,
23
yoga, or dancing? After this decision, it is 2 important to think about 3 how to get started. Should you take a class,
watch online tutorials, or join a local group? There are many resources available. Next, you'll need to decide 4 where
to go. Are there any nearby studios, parks, or community centers that offer classes for your chosen hobby? I am sure
you will find so many options. Finally, you'll have to decide 5 which one to choose. With so many options, it can be
difficult to know 6 where to start. However, you should take the time to explore your interests and try new things
because it can lead to an enjoyable hobby.

In the paragraph above, the parts written in bold are reduced noun clauses. You may replace each part in bold
with the phrases below if you want the longer version of the text.

1. what to do = what you would like to do

2. important to think = important that you think
3. how to get started = how you can get started
4. where to go = where you can go
5. which one to choose = which one you should choose
6. where to start = where you need to start

RULES FOR MAKING REDUCED NOUN CLAUSES

RULE 1. Noun clauses that contain modal verbs can be reduced to infinitive phrases. As a rule, the subjects of the
main clause and the noun clause must be the same.

1. I wonder how I can do this homework. → I wonder how to do this homework.

2. We don’t know where we need to go next. → We don’t know where to go next.
3. She can’t decide whether she should stay or go. → She can’t decide whether to stay or go.
4. Could you tell me how I can get to the station? → Could you tell me how to get to the station?
5. We don’t know how John might go there. → We don’t know how to go there. (meaning changes)

RULE 2. Noun clauses that follow adjectives can be reduced to infinitive phrases. As a rule, the subjects of the main
clause and the noun clause must be the same.

1. He is happy that he is here. → He is happy to be here.

2. We are glad that you are here. → We are glad to be here. (meaning changes)

RULE 3. That clauses following “it’s important/necessary/essential, etc. (that) somebody (should) do something”
can be reduced to “it’s important/necessary/essential, etc. for somebody to do something”.

1. It is very safe that children swim here. → It is very safe for children to swim here.
2. It is dangerous that people take photos here. → It is dangerous for people to take photos here.
Exercise 1. Reduce the following noun clauses.
1. I watched a YouTube tutorial and learned how I could fix the leak in the sink.
________________________________________________________________________________
2. I really don’t know where I should meet you.
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Don had an excuse for being late for his date, but Sandy didn’t know whether she should believe him or not.
________________________________________________________________________________
4. It is important that she should stay here.
________________________________________________________________________________
5. Jim found two shirts he liked, but he had trouble deciding which one he should buy.
24
________________________________________________________________________________
6. She is happy that she is alive after that awful accident.
________________________________________________________________________________
7. I have done everything I can think of to help Andy, and I don’t know what else I can do.
________________________________________________________________________________
8. They wondered whether they should buy an expensive present or a cheap one.
________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Read the text below and fill in the blanks with the prompts in the box. Make necessary changes to the
prompts in the box so that you have reduced noun clauses to fill in the blanks.

which ones / choose where / stay

how / say what / do

If you're planning a trip to Paris, there are many things that you need to think about and plan. Firstly, you'll
need to decide 1_____________ during your stay. Do you want to visit famous landmarks like the Eiffel Tower, the
Louvre Museum, or Notre-Dame Cathedral? Or would you prefer to take a boat trip, watch a cabaret, stroll through
beautiful parks, or do some shopping?
You will also need to think about and try to learn 2____________ some things in French. While many people
in Paris speak English, it's always a good idea to learn a few key phrases like "bonjour" (hello), "merci" (thank you),
and "au revoir" (goodbye).
Of course, knowing 3_____________ is also important. Should you stay in the lively city center or go for a
quieter, more residential area? There are plenty of neighborhoods that you can choose from, and each of them has
its own unique character.
Finally, there are countless hotels, restaurants, and cafés in Paris; do you know 4_____________? With so
many options, it can be overwhelming, but doing some research beforehand can help ensure you have a memorable
trip.

RESTATEMENT QUESTIONS WITH NOUN CLAUSES

Which of the following sentences best expresses the meaning in the given sentence?
1. What I suggested was rejected by the committee.
A) The committee accepted only few of my suggestions.
B) I suggested something, but the committee didn’t accept it.
C) Most of my suggestions were rejected by the committee.
D) The committee rejected any suggestion that I made, and that made me angry.

2. NASA is still trying to find out why the Mars Climate Orbiter mission became unsuccessful.
A) NASA hasn’t discovered yet what caused the Mars Climate Orbiter mission to fail.
B) The reason behind the failure of the Mars Climate Orbiter will stay unknown to NASA.
C) Why the Mars Climate Orbiter mission didn’t succeed is not a question for NASA anymore.
D) NASA is working on the Mars Climate Orbiter mission to make it successful in the future.

3. What I hate about my colleagues is that they are so impolite and untrustworthy.
A) I can’t rely on my colleagues anymore because I found out that they are very untrustworthy.
B) Because I know that my colleagues are not reliable and polite, I avoid talking to them.
C) My colleagues’ rude and offensive attitudes make me hate them even more.
25
D) The thing I can’t stand about my colleagues is their rudeness and unreliability.

4. When more fossil fuels are used to produce electricity, more greenhouse gas is created.
A) A greater amount of greenhouse gas may sometimes occur if the use of fossil fuels increases.
B) Producing electricity by burning a greater amount of fossil fuel results in increased greenhouse gases.
C) As soon as fossil fuels replace other sources of fuel for electricity, there will be more greenhouse gas.
D) Whichever fossil fuel is used to generate electricity, it significantly reduces the greenhouse gas produced.

5. That she loves her husband is obvious.

A) The question is whether she loves her husband or not.
B) She loves her husband, and it is obvious.
C) It is obvious why she loves her husband.
D) We wonder how obviously she loves her husband.

6. Our research indicates that excessive Internet use is associated with depression, but what we don't know is
which comes first.
A) Our research shows that there is a link between Internet addiction and depression; however, we aren’t sure if
depressed people become addicted to the Internet, or the Internet causes depression.
B) Our research proves that most people aren’t aware of the fact that being an Internet addict is linked to
depression.
C) We have had research done on the extreme use of the Internet, and it has proved that it might result in
depression.
D) Our main finding is that especially people with depression become addicted to the Internet much more easily
than those who are not depressed.

7. Researchers believe that the importance of preserving ancient cultures should not be minimized, or losing them
will be a loss to humankind.
A) It was necessary for researchers to spend more effort in protecting the customs of very old cultures and stop
ignoring their significance.
B) According to researchers, it is possible to protect prehistoric cultures from losing their significance for the whole
world.
C) Researchers think if we ignore the significance of protecting very old cultures, it will be a disadvantage to the
entire civilization.
D) According to researchers, very old civilizations cannot escape from losing their significance for the entire
civilization unless they protect their cultures.

8. Health experts claim that every dollar a country invests in clean water eventually saves $8 in other costs.
A) Over time, $1 spent on hygienic water results in $8 saved for a country, according to health experts.
B) For a country to save $8 in the long run, health experts suggest investing a few extra dollars in water purification
today.
C) $8 in other costs prevents countries from spending the money needed to make their water cleaner over time,
health experts report.
D) Health experts inform us that in order to save money, $1 out of every $8 that countries spend should be used for
purifying water.

9. She is so miserable these days that she dismisses whatever I suggest as boring.
26
A) She is really unhappy, and I admit that everything I recommend these days is particularly boring,
B) I am trying to cheer her up at the moment by suggesting interesting things to do, but she is still bored.
C) Because she is very unhappy at the moment, she rejects anything I suggest on the grounds that it is boring.
D) She rejects me as boring, but, at least, I'm not as miserable as she is.

10. Why this car broke down on the mountain will probably remain a mystery forever.
A) It appears that it will take a very short time to prove why this car broke down on the mountain.
B) The reason for the breakdown of the car has to be discovered.
C) It isn't yet clear why such a breakdown of the car on a mountain top took place.
D) It is likely that the reason for the breakdown of this car on the mountain will never be known.

11. He should face the fact that he'll never be as great a pianist as his father.
A) The father is a wonderful pianist, but the son shows even more promise than his father.
B) The father is a great pianist, and the son is hoping to be at least his equal in the future.
C) I don't think he'll ever admit that his father is the greatest pianist in the family.
D) It is a good idea for him to accept the fact that he’s not the equal of his father as a pianist and never will be.

12. He really doesn’t mind who he works for, but the pay has to be good.
A) It is the money that interests him, not his employer.
B) With him, it is the money that matters, not the type of work.
C) To his way of thinking, the job should be well-paid.
D) He is the kind of person who will do anything for money.

13. When he asked which one I wanted, I said that I didn't mind.
A) He said I could choose, but I said it didn't matter to me.
B) He said that I had to choose, but I didn't want to.
C) It was up to me to choose between the two, but I really didn't want to.
D) He wanted me to choose for him, and I agreed to do so.

14. It is well-known that celebrities themselves inform journalists about the places they’ll visit.
A) Journalists learn about the places that celebrities will visit from celebrities themselves as everyone knows.
B) Everybody knows that celebrities and journalists visit the places where they can see each other.
C) Famous people often give advice to journalists about popular places to hang around.
D) Journalists often find out celebrities’ places themselves, not learning from someone else.

WEEK 5 - FUTURE PERFECT AND FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Introduction – PART A. Discuss the following questions with a partner.

1. What are some of the things you will have accomplished by the time you graduate from university?
2. Where do you see yourself 10 years from now?

PART B. Read the dialogue and pay attention to the phrases in bold.

27
Sarah: Hey, Tom! Do you have any plans for next weekend?
Tom: Actually, yes! By this time next week, I will have finished all my work, and I will be preparing for the big
conference. It's next Saturday.
Sarah: That sounds exciting! What will you be doing exactly?
Tom: Well, at 9 a.m. on Saturday, I will be presenting my research to the audience. By the end of the day, I will have
shared all my findings with the team. I’ve been working on this project for months.
Sarah: Wow, that sounds like a lot of work! Will you be practising before the presentation?
Tom: Yes, I will be practising my speech tomorrow morning. I will be reviewing my slides, too. By then, I will have
rehearsed everything at least three times.
Sarah: That’s a good idea! What time will you be done?
Tom: The conference will finish by 5 p.m., so by that time, I will have completed my part. After that, I will be
meeting some colleagues for dinner.
Sarah: That sounds like a busy but fun day! After the conference, what are your plans?
Tom: Well, after the conference ends, I will be relaxing for the evening. I will have worked on this project for over a
year, so I’ll definitely need a break.
Sarah: Sounds like you’ll deserve it! By the way, in five years’ time, do you think your career will look different?
Tom: Hmm, in five years, I think I will have moved into a higher position. I will have worked my way up to
management.
Sarah: That’s great! By then, I’m sure you will have achieved a lot. I hope I will be attending your promotion
celebration!
Tom: I hope so too! By then, I will have worked in the industry for a long time, so a celebration is definitely in order!

PART C. Answer the following questions.

1. What do you think "will have finished" means?
a. something completed in the future before a certain time
b. something ongoing in the future
c. something completed in the past

2. What do you think "will be meeting" refers to?

a. something completed in the future
b. something happening at a specific time in the future
c. something happening repeatedly in the future

3. What is the difference between the use of "will have finished" and "will be meeting" in the dialogue?

4. What form do the verbs take after "will have" and "will be"?

5. What are some of the time expressions used in the dialogue?

Future Perfect Tense (will have V3) Future Continuous Tense (will be Ving)

We use the FUTURE PERFECT TENSE to talk about We use the FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE to talk
actions that will be finished by a specific time in about actions that will be in progress at a specific
the future: time in the future:

They will have finished their project by Friday next Tomorrow morning, I will be driving to Boston to

28
 week. see my parents.
By 2050, researchers will have found a cure for When you get off the train, Jason will be waiting for
cancer. you on the platform.

We can use the FUTURE PERFECT to talk about We use can the FUTURE CONTINUOUS for future
the duration of a situation until a certain time in events that have already been planned or decided.
the future: (future arrangements):

By the time I leave, I will have been in England for We will be coming next weekend.
6 months.
We will be leaving at 8 a.m. tomorrow.
In 2 years, we will have been married for 20 years.

Time expressions: Time expressions:

By: by tomorrow, by next week, by the end of the This time: this time tomorrow, this time next week,
year, by 2050, etc. etc.
By this time: by this time tomorrow, by this time When
next week, etc. At + time: at 7 tomorrow, at midday next Monday,
In: in 2 weeks, in 5 years, etc. at midnight next Friday, etc.
In …’ time: in 2 weeks’ time, in 3 months’ time, in 5 In: in 2 weeks, in 3 months, in 5 years, in a decade,
years’ time, etc. in fifty years, etc.
When/Before … In …’ time: in 2 weeks’ time, in 3 months’ time, in 5
years’ time, etc.
 By + time expression means ‘no later than’, ‘at’
or ‘before’ a certain time.

Examples:

This time next week, we will be travelling to Paris.

Tomorrow at 10, you will be doing your exam.
In two months’ time, we will be lying on the beach and drinking a mojito.

By 2050, many countries will have replaced fossil fuels with solar or wind power.
By this time next year, I will have graduated and found a job.
When you arrive tomorrow, we will have left.

Exercise 1. Circle the correct option.

1. When we arrive in Los Angeles, we'll need to rest because we _______ about 800 miles.
a. will be driving
b. will have driven

29
2. By the time you arrive, I _______ something spectacular and it will be on the table waiting for you.
a. will have cooked
b. will be cooking

3. Don’t worry about getting a taxi. When your plane lands, we _______ for you at the airport.
a. will be waiting
b. will have waited

4. We _______ on the first train next Monday.

a. will be leaving
b. will have left

5. When I travel to England next year, I ________ English for over four years, so I think I'll be ready.
a. will be studying
b. will have studied

6. Don't call me between 7 and 8. We ________ dinner then.

a. will have had
b. will be having

Exercise 2. Read each numbered statement. Circle the letter of the sentence that is similar in meaning.

1. By this time tomorrow, I’ll have decided which car to buy.

a. I know which car I’m going to buy.
b. I haven’t made a decision yet.

2. By the time you get home, we’ll have finished studying.

a. You will get home after we finish studying.
b. You will get home while we are studying.

3. I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom by 10:00.

a. I think I will finish cleaning before 10:00.
b. I think I will keep cleaning after 10:00.

4. By the time Mary graduates from university, she will have already gotten married.
a. Mary will get married after she graduates from university.
b. Mary will be married when she graduates from university.

5. By the weekend, Tim will have left hospital.

a. Tim won’t be in hospital at the weekend.
b. Tim will leave hospital after the weekend.

Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks using the FUTURE PERFECT or the FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE.

1. I’m reading the book very fast because it is very interesting. By the evening, I _____________ (read) half of it.
2. Nina is going on vacation. She _____________ (lie) on the beach this time next week.
3. I usually have my lunch at work. At 1 pm today, I _____________ (have) my lunch and won’t be able to talk to you.
30
4. John started the project last week. By next Friday, he _____________ (complete) it.
5. Pete is driving to visit his grandmother in Pittsburg. By 10 pm tonight, he _____________ (reach) his destination.
6. The film starts at 7 pm. At 7:30 tonight, I _____________ (watch) it.
7. Kelly is cooking dinner now. By the time her guests arrive, she _____________ (prepare) everything.
8. The student is answering the test questions at the moment. By the end of the test, he _____________ (answer) all
of the questions.
9. We have already completed this work. From 4 to 6 pm, we _____________(check) the results of the experiment
and then we will be ready to leave for home.
10. I _____________ (discuss) all the changes in the company with my colleagues the whole day tomorrow.

RESTATEMENT QUESTIONS

1. I have almost no doubt that the mail will have been delivered to us by three o’clock this afternoon.
A. The post might be here by three o’clock this afternoon, though I very much doubt it.
B. Without doubt, the letters are going to be posted before three o’clock today.
C. I’m pretty sure that we will have received the mail at or before three o’clock today.
D. I want to make sure that the mail is delivered today no later than 3 p.m.

2. By the end of December, 6000 people worldwide will have lost their jobs in the company because of its cost-
cutting plan.
A. The company's cost-cutting plan will result in the loss of 6000 employees globally before the New Year.
B. The company won’t terminate the contracts of 6000 employees until it cuts costs by the end of December.
C. By Christmas, the government’s cost-cutting plan will be executed, which will cause 6000 people to lose their jobs.
D. The company is going to terminate the contract of 6000 of its workers all over the world before December.

3. The company will have hired ten new engineers by the end of January.
A. The company is going to hire ten new engineers before January comes.
B. Ten new engineers will be hired by the company before January ends.
C. At the end of January, ten of the new engineers will be hired.
D. Ten new engineers will be hired in January.

4. Although people are now angry about what he did, I’m sure that his behaviour will soon have been forgotten.
A. It is definitely possible for him to forget his behaviour soon.
B. Most people believe that his behaviour will be forgotten even though they feel annoyed.
C. Despite the anger people feel, I believe they will quickly forget about the way he behaved.
D. People will forget their anger after he changes his disturbing behaviour .

WEEK 6 – CAUSATIVE FORMS

Introduction: Read the text below paying attention to the parts written in bold. They are examples of causative
forms.

31
 Last weekend, Sarah decided to have her apartment redecorated. She
had a professional painter repaint the walls in vibrant colors. She got
her friend, Mark, to rearrange the furniture to create a more spacious
living room. Sarah also got the curtains replaced with new ones that
she had bought online. While the work was in progress, Sarah made
her brother, Jake, pick up some decorative items from the store. Jake
even had his cousin, Lily, help him choose the right accessories. By the
end of the weekend, the apartment looked completely transformed.
Sarah was delighted with the results. She had successfully turned her
dull space into a lively and cozy home. She thanked everyone who had
helped her and treated them to a homemade dinner as a gesture of
her appreciation.

Exercise 1. Decide if the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.

_________ 1. Sarah painted the walls herself.
_________ 2. Sarah and Mark rearranged the furniture.
_________ 3. Sarah picked up some decorative items from the store.
_________ 4. Jake helped Lily to choose the right accessories.

What is the causative structure and why do we use it?

The causative form is used when we do not do something ourselves, but arrange someone else (e.g. an expert) to do
it for us. It means that the subject causes the action to happen, but doesn't do it themselves. Maybe they pay, or ask,
or persuade another person to do it.

Below are the causative structures and their uses.

EXAMPLE SENTENCE USE STRUCTURE

We have recently had a barbecue built This form is used to talk about have something done (V3)
in our back yard. things that other people do for get something done (V3) (more
We’re also going to get the back us, but the focus is on the things informal)
windows painted. instead of the person.

We have the gardener mow the lawn This form is used to explain that have somebody do (Vbase) something
once a fortnight in the summer. we pay someone else to do
something for us.

Yesterday, I got my friend to write an This form is used to explain that get somebody to do (Vbase) something
essay for me. we ask or persuade someone
else to do something for us.

32
 We also use have/get something done when somebody does something to us that we didn’t want or
ask for, often something bad, such as accidents or misfortunes. Look at the examples below:
Grace had/got her handbag stolen yesterday.
We had/got our flight delayed due to bad weather.

 Causative structures can be used with all the tenses in English. Look at the examples below.
The customs officer had me open my suitcase.
I’m sorry about the mess in your room, sir. I will have someone clean it immediately.
Gerald is having a tailor make a winter suit for him.
I have already got the children to clear out their rooms.
When you go to the shop, get them to give your money back.
The secretary is going to get the patients to fill in the forms.
Where did you have/get your hair cut? I have been looking for a good hair salon for ages.
My father is having/getting his car repaired today, so he cannot drive us to school.
Penny will have/get her suit cleaned tomorrow. She needs it for a job interview.
The neighbors haven’t had/got their house painted yet.

Exercise 2. Read about “The Spoil Yourself Club” and choose the correct option.

THE SPOIL YOURSELF CLUB

The Spoil Yourself Club is there for your every need. Once you pay the $10,000 membership fee, you can call
us at any time and get us 1arrange/to arrange almost anything you want.

What can you get for me?

We can get almost anything for you. For example, if you need a new designer dress for a special party, we
can have a top designer 2produce/produced something for you within a few days. If you need a table at a five-star
restaurant, we can 3had/have the best table 4reserved/to reserve for you in just an hour’s notice. If you have 5cancel
a flight/a flight cancelled, we can get one of our pilots 6to fly/fly you anywhere you desire in one of our private jets.

What about other services?

If you have had a hard day at the office and just want a relaxing massage, we have a team of excellent
massage therapists ready to help. You can have your hair and make-up 7done/to be done by our expert beauticians.
We also haven’t forgotten about those everyday problems. For example, if your central heating system breaks down,
we will get a plumber 8coming/to come to your house in half an hour. If your car needs servicing, we can have a
mechanic 9collect/to collect your car and return it to you later the same day.

Exercise 3. Choose the correct answers.

1. Brian will ____________ by the dentist tomorrow.
a. get his teeth polished b. polish his teeth c. have his teeth polish

2. When ______________ your new carpet fitted?

a. had you b. did you have c. you had

3. He often _______________ at the dry-cleaner’s.

a. has his suits cleaned b. has cleaned his suits c. cleans his suits
4. Debbie knows how to sew and ________________ herself.
a. has all her clothes made b. gets all her clothes made c. makes all her clothes
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5. Please, ________________ the accounts checked by the accountant first thing tomorrow morning.
a. you have b. have c. will have

6. Jake ________________ her passport renewed last week.

a. didn’t have b. hadn’t c. not had

7. We postponed _______________ because we didn’t have enough money.

a. having painted our house b. have painted our house c. having our house painted

8. She ________________ while shopping yesterday.

a. had stolen wallet b. stole her wallet c. had her wallet stolen

Exercise 4. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one using the word given.
1.Someone is fixing George’s motorbike for him today. (GETTING)
George is __________________________________________________ today.
2. My sister helped me by checking my essay for me. (CHECK)
I got _____________________________________________________ my essay.
3. Pauline told her secretary to send the e-mail immediately. (SEND)
Pauline had ________________________________________________ immediately.
4. The dentist is whitening my teeth tomorrow. (HAVING)
I am ______________________________________________________ tomorrow.
5. The washing machine does not need fixing – it works fine. (GET)
We do not need to __________________________________________ – it works fine.
6. Does the same hairdresser always cut your hair? (HAVE)
Do you always ________________________________________ by the same hairdresser?
7. A plumber is repairing my dishwasher this afternoon. (REPAIRED)
I __________________________________________________ this afternoon.

EXTRA SPEAKING ACTIVITY: Complete the questions in your own words, then ask and answer them with a partner.
1. How often ______________________ your hair ____________?
2. Have you ever ______________________ your car _____________?
3. When did you last ______________________ your teeth ___________________?
4. Have you ever _____________ a tattoo artist __________________________?
5. Have you ever_____________ a maid _____________ your home?
6. Has your family ever ___________________ you ___________________?
7. Do you ___________________ your pet ___________________?
8. Where do you ___________________ your computer ___________________?
9. Have you ever ___________________ your house ___________________?
10. Would you prefer to ___________________ your dinner ___________________ for you, or would you
prefer to do it yourself?

RESTATEMENTS QUESTIONS WITH CAUSATIVE FORMS

34
1. I must get my car repaired before going on holiday next week, so I will visit the mechanic.
A. I will go to the mechanic since I must have him fix my car before my vacation next week.
B. Since the mechanic will be on holiday, I must have my car repaired before next week.
C. As I will be on holiday next week, I won’t be able to have my car repaired by the mechanic.
D. Since my car has to be fixed, I will visit the mechanic next week.

2. If you have had your car modified, it is still covered by your auto insurance.
A. If you decide to get somebody to modify your car, that person should be from your insurance company.
B. If you hadn’t had your car modified a year ago, your car would be covered by auto insurance now.
C. Unless your car is covered by auto insurance, you can’t modify your car.
D. Your auto insurance still covers your car even if your car has been modified.

3. The police forced the criminals to evacuate the building belonging to the government immediately.
A. The police got the criminals to abandon the governmental building instantly.
B. The police made the criminals leave the building that belonged to the government rapidly.
C. The police convinced the criminals to leave the building that belonged to the government as soon as possible.
D. The criminals were asked by the police to leave the governmental building instantly.

4. Jane’s parents made her leave her boyfriend.

A. Jane didn’t leave her boyfriend even though her parents put pressure on her.
B. Jane’s parents forced her to break up with her boyfriend.
C. Jane’s boyfriend was forced to break up with her because of her parents.
D. Jane would leave her boyfriend if her parents didn’t like him.

5. The employee was forced to apologize for his rude words by the disciplinary committee.
A. The unkind words which were said by the worker shocked the disciplinary committee.
B. The employee was forced to say impolite sentences by the disciplinary committee.
C. The disciplinary committee made the worker apologize for his unkind words.
D. When the rude employee apologized, the disciplinary committee was forced to release him.

WEEK 7 – RELATIVE CLAUSES

35
 NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Introduction: Read the paragraph below. Pay attention to the relative clauses.

My best friend John, who had just returned from a trip to Japan, brought me a
souvenir, which was a beautiful and delicate paper fan. The fan, which was decorated
with traditional Japanese motifs, had been carefully made by a local artisan with
decades of experience in his work. As we admired the fan, John told me about his trip,
which had taken him to many different parts of the country. He showed me his holiday
photos, which were full of stunning landscapes and fascinating cultural landmarks,
such as ancient temples and lively marketplaces. Despite the language barrier, John had managed to communicate
with many of the locals, who were friendly and welcoming to him. He also tried some of the local cuisine, which he
found exotic and spicy, but very delicious. I was impressed by John's adventurous spirit and his new experiences.
They inspired me to plan my own trip abroad someday.

What is a non-defining relative clause?

A “non-defining relative clause” is the type of relative clause that provides additional information about a
noun/noun phrase in a sentence, but is NOT essential to understanding its meaning. Unlike “defining relative
clauses”, which are used to identify which particular person or thing is being referred to, non-defining relative
clauses simply provide extra information about something that has already been identified/something that is
already known.

Here's an example to illustrate the difference between a defining and a non-defining relative clause:

Defining relative clause: The man who stole my wallet has been caught.

In this sentence, the relative clause “who stole my wallet” is a defining relative clause because it identifies which
man is being talked about. Without the relative clause, we wouldn't know which man has been caught. Read the
sentence without the defining relative clause:
 The man has been caught.
Which man? We cannot know this without some essential information. Without a defining relative clause, we lose
the most essential part of the general meaning in our sentences.

Non-defining relative clause: My oldest brother, who lives in Paris, is coming to visit me next month.

In this sentence, the relative clause “who lives in Paris” is a non-defining relative clause because it simply provides
additional information about the oldest brother who has already been identified. Even if we remove the relative
clause, we still know who the subject of the sentence is since a person can only have “one” oldest brother.

In the paragraph above, there are several non-defining relative clauses that provide additional information about the
nouns they modify. These non-defining relative clauses provide us with extra information; however, we do not need
them to understand what exactly is being talked about. Read the clauses again. Would you be able to identify what
was being referred to without them?

My best friend John, who had just returned from a trip to Japan, brought me a souvenir….

36
 … a souvenir, which was a beautiful fan made of delicate paper.
The fan, which was decorated with traditional Japanese motifs, …
… his trip, which had taken him to many different parts of the country, …
… his holiday photos, which were full of stunning landscapes and fascinating cultural landmarks, …
… many of the locals, who were friendly and welcoming to him.
… some of the local cuisine, which he found exotic and spicy, but very delicious.
Each of these clauses adds more detail or description to the sentence, but they are not necessary/essential to
understand what is being talked about.

Exercise 1. Discuss the difference in meaning for the sentences below. Match the numbers (1 and 2) with the
meanings (a and b).
1. My sister who lives in Manhattan is a lawyer at a big international company.
2. My sister, who lives in Manhattan, is a lawyer at a big international company.
a. I have only one sister. She is a lawyer in Manhattan.
b. I have more than one sister, and one of them is a lawyer in Manhattan.

Exercise 2. Read the information given and choose the best option.
1. You have two houses.
a. My house which is in Miami is very expensive.
b. My house, which is in Miami, is very expensive.
2. You have only one sister.
a. My sister, who works in a hotel, got a promotion at work.
b. My sister who works for a hotel got a promotion at work.
3. You have only one grandfather.
a. My grandfather who is a carpenter just turned 92.
b. My grandfather, who is a carpenter, just turned 92.
4. There are several jackets in the room.
a. The jacket, which is on the coat stand, is mine.
b. The jacket which is on the coat stand is mine.
5. There are several houses in the street.
a. The house which is at the end of the street is my friend’s.
b. The house, which is at the end of the street, is my friend’s.

Exercise 3. Decide if the following relative clauses are defining (D) or non-defining (ND) relative clauses. Put
commas where necessary.
1. London which is the capital of England is one of the largest cities in the world. ____
2. This is the dress my mother has made for me. ____
3. Queen Elizabeth II who was 96 when she died served as the Queen of England for 70 years and 214 days. ____
4. That's the dog that bit me. ____
5. Tom Cruise who has starred in many action movies is a famous American actor. ____
6. The village where I grew up is very small. ____
7. Greg Hills whose job involves travelling a lot has been to nearly all the countries in the world. ____
8. The office which I have just rented is near my home. ____
9. This is the officer that arrested the burglar. ____

37
 SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSION
who who/ whom whose
His wife Sarah, who is French, His wife Sarah, who/whom I His wife Sarah, whose car
PEOPLE
speaks three languages. met in Paris, is French. car was stolen, called the
police.
which which whose

THINGS/ Her first book, which was Her first book, which I read Her first book, whose title I
ANIMALS published in 2011, is last week, is brilliant. can’t remember, has already
brilliant. sold thousands of copies.

ADVERB OF PLACE / TIME SUBJECT OBJECT

where which which
Lyon, where I grew up, is Lyon, which we visited last
the third largest city in Lyon, which is located in east- year, is a beautiful city with
PLACE France, after Paris and central France, is known as so many attractions. (We
Marseille. the capital of gastronomy. (It visited it last year.)
is known as the capital of
gastronomy.)
when which which
December, when Christmas is December, which is my December, which I always
celebrated, is a summer month favorite month of the year, is spend with my family, is a
TIME in the southern hemisphere. a summer month in southern summer month in southern
(Christmas is celebrated then.) hemisphere. (It is my favorite hemisphere. (I spend it/this
month.) month with my family.)

WATCH OUT!

 In non-defining relative clauses, “that” cannot be used as a relative pronoun because “that” cannot be used
after a comma “,”.
Colin told me about his new job, that he is enjoying very much. (INCORRECT)
Colin told me about his new job, which he is enjoying very much. (CORRECT)

 The relative pronoun cannot be omitted in non-defining relative clauses even if it is the object of the
sentence:
Clare, who I work with, is running the London marathon this year.
Clare, I work with, is running the London marathon this year. (“who” cannot be omitted)

 Relative pronoun “which” can also refer to a whole sentence. This structure will be covered in more detail
later under “Special Uses of Relative Clauses”.
She received a rather low grade in the exam, which surprised me.

38
Exercise 4. Combine the two sentences using the second sentence as a non-defining relative clause. Be careful to
choose the correct relative pronouns and put commas where necessary.
1. The police want to interview Robert Watson. He was driving a white van on the day of the murder.

2. The Shire Café is more prestigious than the others in West Bromwich. It has just opened.

3. Tina Larson is now a famous local musician. Maria taught her how to play the guitar.

4. The Wisteria Building no longer has flats for rent. We were hoping to move into this building.

5. We've booked our holiday with Wonderlux Travel. Its tours combine hiking with luxury hotel accommodation.

6. That's a painting of the Bodiam Castle. My uncle worked there as a cook in the 80s.

7. I joined the company in late 1995. I graduated from college then.

8. The Svart Hotel is the world’s first energy-positive hotel. We stayed there for 3 nights last year.

9. The island country Madagascar is located in the Indian Ocean. Many unique species such as lemurs live there.

10. 5th December 1934 is an important date for Turkish political history. Turkish women were granted the right to
run for office and vote then.

11. 15th September 1998 was the happiest day of my life. I met your mother then.

Defining Relative Clauses vs Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Defining Relative Clauses Non-Defining Relative Clauses

 Never use commas to separate the relative  Always use commas to separate the relative
clause from the main clause. clause from the main clause.
 We can use “THAT” as a relative pronoun in  We CANNOT use “THAT” as a relative
defining relative clauses. pronoun in non-defining relative clauses.
 We can omit relative pronouns if they are in  We CANNOT omit relative pronouns even if
the object position in defining relative they are in the object position in non-
clauses. defining relative clauses.
 The information given in the relative clause  The information given in the relative clause is
is essential to understand what is being EXTRA and not crucial to understand what is
talked about. being referred to.

Exercise 5. Each of the relative clauses below has a mistake in it. Find the mistake and correct it.

1. Professor Marvin, whose was always early, was there already.

2. The Empire State building, that has a height of 443 meters, is one of the most famous structures in the world.
3. Tarantino, which latest movie was not a big success, announced that he was leaving the movie sector.
4. Jenny Michaels, that you met yesterday in class, is our team captain.
5. Istanbul, which about 17 million people live, is the most populous city in Europe.
6. Last July, which we opened our restaurant, was the hottest month of the year.
39
 OTHER USES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES

A. RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH PREPOSITIONS

Relative pronouns “where” and “when” can be replaced by “preposition + which”. The prepositions can be used
either before the relative pronoun or at the end of the sentence. Their position depends on formality.

Informal / Neutral Formal

My grandparents didn’t own the My grandparents didn’t own the My grandparents didn’t own the
house where they lived. house (which/that) they lived in. house in which they lived.

That’s the spot where the statue That’s the spot (which/that) the That’s the spot at which the statue
will be built. statue will be built at. will be built.

That was the year when I That was the year (which/that) I That was the year in which I
graduated. graduated in. graduated.

WATCH OUT!

Relative pronouns “WHERE” and “WHEN” cannot be used with a preposition:

Correct: That is the hotel where we stayed.
Incorrect: That is the hotel where we stayed in.

We NEVER put a preposition before the relative pronoun “THAT”.

Correct: They didn’t own the house in which they lived.
Incorrect: They didn’t own the house in that they lived.

If we put a preposition before “WHO”, the pronoun always becomes “WHOM”.

Correct: The patients, among whom there were several immigrants, had to undergo a series of tests.
Incorrect: The patients, among who there were several immigrants, had to undergo a series of tests.

Compare:
The girl who/that I'm sharing the flat with is very messy.
The girl with whom I'm sharing the flat is very messy.

Exercise 1. Rewrite the following sentences using a relative clause with prepositions.

1. This is the hall. The conference will be held in this hall.

__________________________________________________________________________________
2. I know a small restaurant. You can have a nice dinner there enjoying the magnificent Bosphorus view.
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Is that a photograph of the church? You got married there.
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. I want to introduce you to the woman. I'm thinking of doing business with her.
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. The theory didn't seem very sound. He based his argument on it.
__________________________________________________________________________________

40
B. USING “WHICH” TO REFER TO A WHOLE SENTENCE

We can use which to refer to the sentence or clause that comes before it, not just the word before it. Look at the
examples below:

The books which are in the blue bag belong to Jack. I am going to take them to his room later.
 The relative pronoun “which” refers to the word “books”.
She has lied to me several times, which makes it impossible for me to trust her again.
 The relative pronoun “which” refers to the sentence before it.
which = she has lied to me several times

Tina got very good marks in the exam, which pleased all her teachers.
The fact that Tina got very good marks in the exam made her teachers happy.

They invited me to their wedding, which I appreciated very much.

I appreciated the fact that they invited me to their wedding.

They got divorced only two months after they got married, which came as a shock to everybody who knows the
couple.
They got divorced only two months after they got married. This/That/It/This situation came as a shock to
everybody who knows the couple.

My sister takes my clothes without asking for my permission, which drives me mad.
The fact that my sister takes my clothes without asking for my permission drives me mad.

Exercise 2. Join the following sentences using which.

1. We won’t be able to catch the train. This will cause us to be late for the wedding ceremony.

2. He didn’t offer to help his parents. That was a little selfish of him.

3. She is rather bad-tempered. This makes her a difficult person to work with.

4. I am having a few days off next week. I am really looking forward to that.

5. Inflation rates are at an all-time high in the country. That gives rise to public unrest.

6. Quitting a job and pursuing a new career is highly challenging. This leads many people to stay at jobs that they are
unhappy with.

7. The new boss has high expectations from the sales team. This puts a lot of stress on the employees and causes
frustration among them.

8. Istanbul offers a variety of job opportunities to its citizens. This causes many people to move to the city.

41
 REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
Introduction PART A. Answer the following questions.

1. Can you name a famous person born in the 1980s or 1990s? What makes them unique?

2. Think about people growing up in the 80s or 90s. How do you think their childhood was different from yours?

3. How do you feel about participation awards? Should everyone competing get a reward, or should only the
winners receive one?

4. Which generation do you belong to? What do you know about it?

PART B. Read the following text. Pay attention to the phrases in bold.

MILLENNIALS IN THE WORKFORCE

Millennials, also known as Generation Y, are people born in the 1980s and
1990s. There are over 70 million of them in the United States alone, where they
are now the fastest-growing group in the workplace. It is hard to generalize
about such a large group, but these young workers often share certain positive
and negative traits.

This group has high opinions and expectations of themselves. Bruce Tulgan, a
Generation Y expert, believes this is the result of the way they were raised. They were raised at a time when parents
and teachers believed in a lot of praising and rewarding. For example, everyone playing a game was often given a
reward, not just the members of the winning team.

Generation Y is the first generation to grow up in the digital world of 20 th century. Millennials, raised in the era of
computers, cell phones, and the Internet, understand technology very well. They are also multitasking experts. They
can text, listen to music, and chat online at the same time. Their experience with technology usually makes them
good at technology-based jobs. These are the traits helping them succeed in workplaces around the world.

PART C. Read the sentences below. What words could you add to the phrases in bold to make them relative
clauses?

1. Millennials are people born in the 1980s and 1990s.

2. Bruce Tulgan, a Generation Y expert, believes this is the result of the way they were raised.

3. For example, everyone playing a game was often given a prize, not just the members of the winning team.

4. Millennials, raised in the era of computers, cell phones, and the Internet, understand technology very well.

5. These are the traits helping them succeed in workplaces around the world.

42
 REDUCING RELATIVE CLAUSES
We sometimes shorten adjective clauses to adjective phrases with the same meaning. However, we can only make
reduced relative clauses when the relative pronoun is the subject of the relative clause.

The woman who lives upstairs is very noisy. (relative pronoun in subject position)
The woman living upstairs is very noisy. (reduced relative clause)

You should securely store the boxes which contain important documents. (subject position)
You should securely store the boxes containing important documents. (reduced relative clause)

The money which was stolen from the bank has been recovered. (subject position)
The money stolen from the bank has been recovered. (reduced relative clause)

RULES FOR MAKING REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES

RULE 1: Tenses in the active form are replaced with a PRESENT PARTICIPLE (Ving).

Delete the relative pronoun and change the verb to its -ing form. This can be done only when “who, which, or
that” is in the subject position. When you make reduced non-defining relative clauses, keep the comma(s).
Note that the present participle (Ving) can replace various active tenses, not only the present continuous.

EXAMPLES
1. We stood on the bridge which connects the two halves of the city.
We stood on the bridge connecting the two halves of the city.

2. He was the actor who played the king.

He was the actor playing the king.

3. Avatar, which stars Sam Worthington, is the top-earning film of the year 2009.
Avatar, starring Sam Worthington, is the top-earning film of the year 2009.

4. The children who were playing in the rain seemed very happy.
The children playing in the rain seemed very happy.

Exercise 1. Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases.

1. The woman who is sitting at the corner table seems familiar to me.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
2. The students who participated in the school play designed their own costumes.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
3. I prefer to buy a house which overlooks the sea rather than the mountains.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
43
 RULE 2: Passive simple forms are replaced by the PAST PARTICIPLE (V3).

In passive simple forms, delete the relative pronoun and “be” of the passive structure.
In non-defining relative clauses, keep the comma(s).

EXAMPLES
1. The information which is given in the brochure is wrong.
The information given in the brochure is wrong.

2. The boy who was attacked by a dog was taken to hospital.

The boy attacked by a dog was taken to hospital.

3. The Maldives, which is visited by lots of honeymooners, consists of 1192 coral islands.
The Maldives, visited by lots of honeymooners, consists of 1192 coral islands.
Visited by lots of honeymooners, the Maldives consists of 1192 coral islands.

RULE 3: Passive Continuous forms are replaced by BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)

In passive continuous forms (present or past), delete the relative pronoun and “be” of the passive structure.
Keep “being” and “V3”. In non-defining relative clauses, keep the comma(s).

EXAMPLES
1. The innovative skyscraper “The Peak”, which is being built by Green-Tech Construction, is a sustainable
architectural achievement.
The innovative skyscraper “The Peak”, being built by Green-Tech Construction, is a sustainable architectural
achievement.
Being built by Green-Tech Construction, the innovative skyscraper “The Peak” is a sustainable architectural
achievement.

2. The issues which are being discussed at the board meeting need urgent solutions.
The issues being discussed at the board meeting need urgent solutions.

3. Everybody was amazed by the song which was being played so beautifully by the orchestra.
Everybody was amazed by the song being played so beautifully by the orchestra.

Exercise 2. Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases.

1. His first book, which was published in 1975, didn’t get as much praise as he expected.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
2. None of the models that have been inspected so far have passed the test.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
3. The saplings which are being planted today will one day grow into huge trees.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
4. The driver who was stopped by the police was three times over the legal limit.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

44
RULE 4: Non-Defining Relative Clauses with VERB TO BE

In non-defining relative clauses, verb “to be” can be omitted to reduce the relative clause. The commas cannot
be omitted.

EXAMPLES
1. Mr. Thomas Belcher, who is the owner of Meta-Tech Industries, is willing to offer internships to more than 100
university students.
Mr. Thomas Belcher, the owner of Meta-Tech Industries, is willing to offer internships to more than 100 university
students.
The owner of Meta-Tech Industries, Mr. Thomas Belcher, is willing to offer internships to more than 100 university
students.

2. The Nile, which is the longest river in the world, flows through several countries in Africa before reaching the
Mediterranean in Egypt.
The Nile, the longest river in the world, flows through several countries in Africa before reaching the Mediterranean
in Egypt.
The longest river in the world, the Nile, flows through several countries in Africa before reaching the Mediterranean
in Egypt.

Exercise 3. Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases.

1. February, which is my favorite month, lasts 29 days every four years.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
2. The team was weakened when Gordon Hamilton, who was the star player of the World Cup team last season,
withdrew yesterday because of a back injury.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Kudzu (Pueraria Montana), which is an invasive plant species, is often called "the vine that ate the South" because
of how aggressively it spread in the southeastern USA.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

WATCH OUT!
Omitting the relative pronoun is something different from reduction.
If the relative pronoun is the object of the verb in a defining relative clause, then it can be omitted:

• This is the skirt that I bought in the sales.

• This is the skirt which I bought in the sales.
• This is the skirt I bought in the sales.

In this sentence ‘skirt’ is the object of the verb (buy). ‘I’ is the subject. When the relative pronoun is the object, it
can be omitted. Note that if the relative pronoun is the subject of the verb, then it cannot be omitted.

45
Exercise 4. Rewrite the sentences below, reducing the adjective clauses.

1. The new law which was put in effect last month will benefit the whole country.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Julie Andersen, who is the youngest member of our choir, is going to sing “Silent Night”.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
3. The students who are involved in cheating should get severe punishments.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
4. The woman who has been chosen to play Juliet is a famous Australian actor.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
5. The woman who was being interviewed by reporters pointed out some serious issues about local elections.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
6. For a balanced diet, you should eat vegetables which contain high amounts of vitamins and fibre.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Passengers who wanted to go to Liverpool had to change in Manchester.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
8. The students that adopt good study habits and know how to plan their time efficiently will definitely be successful.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
9. I don’t know much about the games which are being played by children nowadays.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Mr. Charles Demsey, who is the delegate from New Zealand, did not take part in the final vote.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
11. One of the houses that overlook the park is for sale.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
12. Paris, which is the capital of France, is a lively city with grand hotels.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 5. Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.

1. The criminals _______________ at the high school have not been caught.
a. responsible for the vandalism c. who responsible for the vandalism
b. are responsible for the vandalism d. been responsible for the vandalism

2. Star Wars, __________________, is considered one of the greatest science fiction movies in history.
a. directing by George Lucas c. was directed by George Lucas
b. directed by George Lucas d. which directed by George Lucas

3. ____________________, Star Wars is considered one of the greatest science fiction movies in history.
a. Directing by George Lucas c. Directed by George Lucas
b. The film was directed by George Lucas d. Is directed by George Lucas

4. John Grisham has written many novels, _______________________.

a. included The Firm, The Pelican Brief, and The Brethren
b. it includes The Firm, The Pelican Brief, and The Brethren
c. which was included The Firm, The Pelican Brief, and The Brethren
d. including The Firm, The Pelican Brief, and The Brethren

46
5. ______________________, Martha, is going to advance her language skills in an attempt to increase her potential
to earn more.
a. A student studying in the U.S. c. A student is studying in the U.S.
b. A student studies in the U.S. d. She studies in the U.
RESTATEMENT QUESTIONS WITH RELATIVE CLAUSES

1. My mother-in-law has made an appointment with a chiropodist to ask about her left foot, which has been
troubling her lately.
A. A chiropodist is treating my mother-in-law's left foot, which has been unbearably painful for ages.
B. My mother-in-law should go and see a chiropodist about her left foot because it has been very painful to walk on
lately.
C. My mother-in-law suggested that I arrange to visit a chiropodist about my left foot, which has been quite sore
lately.
D. In order to find out what is wrong with her left foot, from which she has been experiencing pain lately, my
mother-in-law has arranged to see a chiropodist.

2. Canaima is home to the yellow-banded poison dart frog, easily differentiated from other species by its brightly-
coloured body.
A. Canaima is the natural habitat of the yellow-banded poison dart frog, whose colours cannot be detected easily by
other animal species.
B. The natural habitat of the yellow-banded poison dart frog, whose brightly-coloured body enables us to distinguish
it easily from other animals, is in Canaima.
C. In Canaima, a yellow-banded dart frog that has a very different type of poison from other animals became extinct.
D. Canaima, which is a yellow-banded poison dart frog, draws our attention with its different bright colours on its
body.

3. The eye, one of our most delicate organs, needs to be protected with great care.
A. The eye is the organ which is so delicate that it needs the most care.
B. The most delicate of our organs is the eye; thus, it should be well-protected.
C. We should protect our eyes with great care as they are among the most delicate organs of our body.
D. The eye, which is one of our most delicate organs, requires special care and treatment in case of an injury.

4. Gorillas, which are vegetarians by nature, have been observed to demonstrate gentle behaviour toward small
creatures in the wild.
A. All gorillas are naturally vegetarian, and people have seen them in the wild treating small animals gently.
B. Observation reveals that those gorillas that treat small creatures gently in the wild are only the vegetarian ones.
C. Only vegetarian gorillas have been observed demonstrating gentle behaviour toward small creatures in the wild.
D. All vegetarians have been observed to demonstrate gentle behaviour toward gorillas and small creatures in the
wild.

5. The Pyramids, built by the Egyptians, were lit up by a laser show at 11.59 p.m. on December 31, which amazed
the audience.

A. The Pyramids, which amazed the audience, were built by the Egyptians by a laser show at 11.59 p.m. on
December 31.
B. That the Pyramids, which were built by the Egyptians, were lit up by a laser show at 11.59 p.m. on December 31
amazed the audience.
C. The Pyramids amazed the audience when they were lit up by a laser show at 11.59 p.m. on December 31.
D. After amazing the audience, pyramids that were built by the Egyptians were lit up by a laser show at 11.59 p.m. on
December 31.
47
6. The world’s longest fence, located in Australia, was erected to keep wild dogs away from sheep.
A. Despite finding another way to protect sheep from wild dogs, Australians built the world’s longest fence.
B. While Australians were building the longest fence in the world, they didn’t let wild dogs eat their sheep.
C. Wild dogs attacking their sheep kept the Australians from making a fence longer than any other in the world.
D. In order to save their sheep from wild dogs, Australians constructed the world’s longest fence.

WEEK 8 – VERB PATTERNS – GERUNDS and INFINITIVES

Introduction – PART A. Think about the following questions.
1. Do you like dancing? Are you interested in learning to dance?
How does dance make you feel?
2. How important is dancing in your country?
3. What are some health benefits of dancing?
4. Why do we dance?

PART B. Now, watch the video in the link. Why do people dance? Write down the purposes of dancing you hear.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kClzsIO7G1k
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
PART C. Read the text and underline the ideas either you have mentioned while discussing the questions above or
you have heard while watching the video.
Dance Like Nobody’s Watching, Science Says.
It's Good for You.

If you have never considered adding dance into your lifestyle, reading this article will be a milestone in your
life. Dancing is fun, exciting, and creative; and recently, research has shown that it has unique health benefits as
well. Like most sports, dancing improves heart and lung functions, muscular strength, and weight management.
Dancing also increases bone strength, flexibility, coordination, and balance.
If you're not motivated by the physical benefits of dancing, consider this: new research suggests that just five
minutes of dancing can enhance cognitive functions. In a study by the Universities of York and Sheffield, participants
who chose to dance displayed improved problem-solving skills and increased mood levels compared to participants
who only listened to music or exercised on a stationary bike during the experiment.
While most forms of exercise stimulate endorphins, dancing seems to release more endorphins than typical
aerobic movement. Dancing is also effective in lowering cortisol levels. Since cortisol is a stress hormone, this is
another reason why dancing can increase feelings of happiness and relaxation. As you dance, you may find that you
become good at expressing your emotions and connecting with the music on a deeper level.
Fitness expert Dr. Matt Roots also explains that dancing gives us an opportunity to free up our bodies by
allowing us to move freely and that in today’s society, we just don’t do that quite enough. He states that modern
living often leaves us feeling disconnected from our bodies because we spend so much time sitting down and
without moving. Dancing makes you feel good because it makes you feel so alive. There is also a social element to
dancing, where we connect to other people through our movement and through the music.
Regardless of your age, background, or gender, dancing has something for everyone. Incorporating dance
into your routine may take some time, but as you keep practicing, you'll discover the great pleasure and satisfaction
it brings. So, put on your favorite music, move to the rhythm, and let the dance floor be your canvas for self-
expression and well-being. Your body, mind, and spirit will thank you.
48
PART D. Pay attention to the parts written in bold in the text above to answer the following questions.
1. A gerund can be the subject of a sentence. TRUE / FALSE
2. We use enough + infinitive after an adjective. TRUE / FALSE
3. Many preposition combinations are followed by infinitives. TRUE / FALSE
4. To express purpose, we use a gerund. TRUE / FALSE

GERUNDS (Ving)

RULE EXAMPLE
A gerund can be the subject of a sentence. It is Dancing makes you feel good and alive.
always singular. Use the third-person-singular Cheating is not allowed.
form of the verb after gerunds.
Not calling her was a big mistake.
Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not". Not sharing your emotions is not healthy.

A gerund can be the object of certain verbs. Use a If you don’t wash your hands after going to the
gerund after these verbs: toilet, you risk catching diseases.
I cannot imagine not needing money to live.
admit, advise, appreciate, enjoy, imagine, mind, Do you mind waiting here for a few minutes?
spend, avoid, consider, deny, fancy, recommend, The job involves traveling to Japan frequently.
involve, practice, keep, risk, suggest, quit, He spent all his time doing research on
suggest, finish, can’t help endangered species.
I can’t help worrying about his health.

Use gerunds after prepositions such as: I read this article without looking up any words
in the dictionary.
about, before, for, on, against, between, in, to, People from different cultures have different
at, by, of, with, without. ways of keeping clean.
I’m against smoking in public.

Use a gerund after expressions with prepositions: It is difficult for women to succeed in building
careers in a male dominated business world.
verb + preposition: believe in, apologize for, feel I can’t get used to working for such a large
like, succeed in, worry about, advise against, look company.
forward to, get used to, be used to…

adjective + preposition: afraid of, interested in, The team were worried about losing in the
fed up with, excited about, keen on, sorry for, second half because their best player had been
opposed to… injured.

After certain expressions such as: She is busy writing her end-of-term paper.

49
 There is no point in getting angry with him. It’s
it’s no use, it’s (not) worth, there is no point (in), not his fault.
can’t stand, have difficulty (in), have trouble, be It’s no use asking Paul. He won’t be able to help
busy, etc. you.

INFINITIVES (TO+VERB)

RULE EXAMPLE
Certain verbs are followed directly by an The children have promised to play more quietly.
infinitive. Some of these verbs are: She agreed to give a presentation at the meeting.
She is very talented. She deserves to win the prize.
afford, agree, appear, attempt, choose, decide, He hesitated to tell me what the problem was.
deserve, expect, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, The client demands to speak to Mr. Harris.
offer, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, He managed to open the door without the key.
volunteer, wish, would like, would love

The children promised not to make too much noise.

Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not". After hours of discussion, we have decided not to launch
the project.

Some verbs, such as the ones below, need an I warned Stan to make the payments.
object before the infinitive: He had reminded me to buy the tickets.
We told Nancy to come early.
advise, allow, convince, encourage, expect, force, I finally persuaded her to go out for a drink with me.
invite, persuade, recommend, remind, teach, tell, I wouldn’t recommend you to walk home alone.
warn
We often use the words too and enough before We are too tired to do any work today.
infinitives. Mia ran fast enough to win the race.

“To + infinitive” is also used to express purpose. She does yoga every morning to improve her flexibility.
To solve the water shortages in the region, the
government is building a new dam.

Certain adjectives can be followed by an Martin is reluctant to tell us what happened.

infinitive. These adjectives often express feelings Helen was fortunate to get a job.
about the action described in the infinitive. Some I am sorry to interrupt you, but I have to clarify a point
of these adjectives are: here.

afraid, fortunate, reluctant, sorry, glad, willing,

important, excited, proud

The verbs “let” and “make” are followed by They made me sing in front of a large number of people.
50
 infinitives without “to”. The verb “help” can be I let her win because she really cared about it.
followed by either “to infinitive” or infinitive I helped her (to) get out of the car.
without “to”. A university degree helps individuals (to) find better jobs
in the job market.

WATCH OUT!

The verbs “like, love, hate, prefer, start, continue, begin” are followed either by a full infinitive or by a gerund with
almost no difference in meaning. Look at the examples below:

They continued to study for the exam after midnight.

They continued studying for the exam after midnight.

I hate to wait for others.

I hate waiting for others.

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences using the verb in brackets in the correct gerund or infinitive form.

Dear Ms. Collins,

I am writing 1___________ (express) my interest in the position of Personal Assistant, which was advertised
in the local newspaper last week. I am proficient at 2___________ (type), and I know how to use most word-
processing software. I also have excellent organizational abilities since I used to work for a very big company as an
event planner. I always tend 3___________ (look) forward to new challenges that can make me 4___________ (grow)
in my position. I enjoy 5___________ (work) with people, I am flexible, and I don't mind 6___________ (work)
overtime. As you can see from the attached letters of reference, my previous employers considered me to be a
skilled secretary and a fast learner. I would like 7___________ (extend) my career by working for a prestigious
company like yours.
I look forward to 8___________ (hear) from you.
Yours sincerely,
Jessica Jones

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with the gerund or infinitive forms of the verbs in parentheses.
1
___________ (travel) to Mars might become reality sooner than you think. Scientists are planning to send
astronauts 2___________ (explore) Mars in the near future. Even though they know that it may be risky
3
___________ (send) people rather than animals to Mars, they insist on 4___________ (use) people for this mission.
The scientists believe that it’s the only way to find out if there has ever been life on the planet and if there could
ever be. “We think it is important 5___________ (check) the chances of being able 6___________ (live) on another
planet. After all, it doesn’t seem impossible 7___________ (create) Earth-like conditions on Mars,” says Professor
Huxley from Michigan University.

51
 Some other experts in the field, however, do not like this idea. They are trying to stop their colleagues from
8
__________ (send) people up there so soon in the experiment. “We need 9__________ (study) the planet and the
conditions there before we start doing anything like this. There will be many challenges that we have to consider,”
says a group of scientists from the same university.

The argument is likely to continue for a long time, and this might be bad news for those who are looking
forward to 10___________ (start) a completely different life on another planet.

Exercise 3. Rewrite the sentences using the words given in brackets.

1. Mary’s parents didn’t allow her to go to the disco, and she had to stay at home. (MADE)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. If you want to get this job, you need to speak English fluently. (IMPORTANT)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. It is difficult to download large files from the Internet. (DOWNLOADING)
________________________________________________________________________________________ difficult.
4. Dylan never studies for his lessons, but he watches TV all the time. (INSTEAD OF)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
5. He thinks that Nicolas Cage will get the star role in the film. (EXPECT)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
6. It’s not a problem for me to prepare the slides for the oral presentation. (MIND)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
7. They put a plaster on his wound. They did not clean it. (WITHOUT)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Katrina does not think about anything except making money. (OBSESSED)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
9. I am very sorry. I just can’t remember people’s names. (GOOD)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Mick showed me how I could solve a Sudoku puzzle. (TO)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
11. I am afraid Jessica won’t be able to finish all the work by herself. (MANAGE)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
12. Using the photocopier is not allowed. (ALLOW)
We ____________________________________________________________________________________________
13. It was difficult for Ms. Sun to read some of the students’ handwriting. (DIFFICULTY)
Ms. Sun ________________________________________________________________________________________
14. Could you give me a lift to the office, please? (MIND)
Would _________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4. Circle the correct option.

1
Making/Make money from your hobby is not easy, but Sarah Amari is lucky 2 earning/to earn money from
her hobby: photography. At first, she didn’t expect 3 making/to make money from photography, but now she runs a
successful business.

Sarah was always interested in 4 taking/to take photographs. She was also good at 5 editing/to edit them on
her computer by using the Photoshop program. She always continued working on her photographs until she was
happy with the result. Although she had a lot of excellent photographs, she never planned 6 giving/to give them to
people.

52
 Then one day, a friend wanted 7 using/to use one of Sarah’s photographs. He wanted 8 putting/to put it on a
birthday card. 9 Using/Use a photograph on a card gave Sarah an idea. She decided 10 making/to make greeting cards
with her photographs. She learned 11 designing/to design her own website, and then she started selling her cards
online. She kept 12 adding/to add new cards for different holidays and celebrations.

Her business is growing every day. Now, she is looking forward to 13 opening/to open a photo studio. It is not
important for her 14 earning/to earn a lot of money from that business; she is happy to do something she likes.

VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS or INFINITIVES with a DIFFERENCE in MEANING

The verbs forget, remember, regret, try, stop, mean, and go on can be followed by to-infinitive or the -ing form,
but with a change in meaning. Look at the table below to see the changes in meaning.
Gerund (Ving) Infinitive (to V1)
I will never forget visiting Paris. Don’t forget to call me when you land.
Don’t worry! Dan remembers locking I remembered to post the letters on my way
forget the door. back home.
remember (= We refer to something that has (= to remember or not to forget a duty or a
already happened.) responsibility)

I regret shouting at my little sister. I regret to say that I cannot join you tonight.
(= to be sorry for something you did in (= to be sorry to communicate bad news; this
regret the past) form is used as a form of formal apology.)

Try sleeping for a while. It might make I’m very busy, but I’ll try to come to your
your headache go away. house for dinner tonight.
(= to express that we will do something The little kitten tried to climb over the wall,
Try to see if it will work) but couldn’t.
(= to make an effort to do something)

Glen stopped smoking two years ago. Kate stopped to drink a cup of coffee on her
(= to not continue an action or quit way home.
stop doing something) (= to pause in order to do something else, to
take a break from doing something)

Working in Istanbul means leaving I don’t mean to hurt you by criticizing, but it’s
home at 6 am to be on time for work. for your own sake.
(= to express that something involves (= to express our intention; I didn’t intend to
mean another thing) hurt you; I didn’t want to hurt you; this was
not my intention.)

53
 The kids went on laughing even after Janet attended Edinburg High School and
the teacher told them to stop. then went on to study philosophy at
go on (= to continue doing an action, keep on Cambridge.
doing something) (= to state that we stop one action and start
another)

Exercise 5. Match the pairs with the explanations.

1. Martha stopped eating ice cream. _____

2. Martha stopped to eat ice cream. _____
a. She took a break in order to eat ice cream.
b. She doesn’t eat ice cream anymore.
3. Richard remembered mailing the invitation. _____
4. Richard remembered to mail the invitation. _____
a. He mailed the invitation. He fulfilled his responsibility.
b. First, he mailed the invitation. Then he remembered that he did it.
5. Martha forgot meeting Richard. _____
6. Martha forgot to meet Richard. _____
a. Martha met Richard, but afterwards she didn’t remember the event.
b. Martha had plans to meet Richard, but didn’t meet him because she forgot about the plans.
7. He welcomed the new students and went on to explain the college regulations. _____
8. He went on explaining the college regulations even though the students didn’t want to listen. _____
a. He continued talking about the college regulations.
b. He greeted the students and then talked about the college regulations.

Exercise 6. Put the verbs into the correct form.

1. Why don't you try __________________ (cook) it in the microwave? It'll be much quicker.
2. The thief tried _________________ (climb) the wall, but he couldn’t.
3. He was rushing down the road when suddenly he stopped _______________ (buy) some flowers from a stall.
4. I did not mean _______________ (overhear) your conversation. It was not my intention.
5. I will never forget _________________ (see) the Queen. It is one of my greatest memories.
6. I don't regret ___________________ (tell) her what I thought, even if she is upset. I am not sorry for expressing
my thoughts and feelings.
7. I regret _________________ (inform) you that you are dismissed. Please pack your belongings and leave the office
by noon.
8. The accused said that he regretted ________________ (hit) the old woman. However, the judge still gave him a
harsh sentence.
9. Don’t forget ___________________ (reserve) a seat for me before the concert.
10. She just went on ________________ (talk) even though he was clearly asleep.
11. After that boring story, he went on __________ (explain) how he had got his arm trapped in the door.
12. If we want to catch the 9:30 train, that means _______________ (get up) at 6:30 at the latest.

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Exercise 7. Circle the correct option

1. Mario remembered to give/giving his assignment to his teacher because he had spoken to her about its length,
but she insisted that she had never received it.
2. If you can't find the information at the library, try to look/looking on the Internet.
3. She studied medicine at university and went on to become/becoming a surgeon.
4. I’ll never forget to fall off/falling off that swing when I was a child.
5. I was really nervous about the interview, and although I tried not to worry/not worrying, I was awake most of the
night.
6. It seems that the new system of sending out reminders has worked because this year, 90% of our members
remembered to renew/renewing their membership in time.
7. Economists predict that house prices will go on to rise/rising for at least another year.
WEEK 8 – VERB PATTERNS – PASSIVE INFINITIVES and GERUNDS

Introduction: Read the quotes below. Do you agree with the ideas expressed? Why/why not? Discuss with a
partner.

Everyone enjoys
being I like being We know what needs
acknowledged challenged. That’s to be done – all
and appreciated. the only way you that is missing is
Sometimes even grow.
the will to do it.
the simplest act
NELSON MANDELA
of gratitude can JASON RITTER
change
someone’s entire

Exercise 1. Read the quotes again focusing on the gerund and infinitive forms of verbs and complete the table
below.

To make a passive gerund, you need ___________ + ___________

To make a passive infinitive, you need ___________ + ___________

Analyze the examples below to compare active gerunds and infinitives with the passive ones.

ACTIVE PASSIVE

I expect them to invite me to the wedding. I expect to be invited to the wedding.

It is awful to criticize people in public. It’s awful to be criticized in public.
to infinitive I want you to tidy up this place by the time I I want this place to be tidied up by the time I
get back. get back.

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 Let’s not risk going to prison for spying. Let’s not risk being sent to prison for spying.

Gerund Parents enjoy taking their children to the Children enjoy being taken to the zoo.
zoo.

REMEMBER!
We can sometimes use “get” instead of “be” with passive forms.
I don’t expect to get invited to the wedding. (= be invited)
Let’s not risk getting arrested for spying. (= being arrested)
Exercise 2. Use the verbs in parentheses to create a passive gerund or passive infinitive for each sentence or
question.

Example: He hates ________ what to do. (tell) He hates being told/to be told what to do.
1. Customers expect ___________________ by shop assistants when they are in the store. (help)
2. They're afraid of ___________________ because the neighborhood is dangerous. (attack)
3. The students don't look forward to ___________________ on their math skills. (test)
4. He doesn't want ___________________ to Afghanistan. (send)
5. Rabbits live in fear of ___________________ alive by a fox or a large bird. (eat)
6. Babies like ___________________ by their mothers. (hold)
7. The new workers need ___________________ how to use the machines. (show)
8. John hopes ___________________ by that company. (hire)
9. ___________________ for a suit is necessary if you want it to fit properly. (measure)
10. Gertrude doesn't like ___________________ around town by her daughter. (drive)

Exercise 3. Rewrite the following sentences using passive gerunds and infinitives.

1. Thanks for taking me to the station.

I appreciate _____________________________________________________________________ station.
2. Thanks for praising me in front of all the people.
I appreciate _______________________________________________________ in front of all the people.
3. I hate it when people ask me stupid questions.
I hate __________________________________________________________________ stupid questions.
4. I'm tired of people telling me what to do.
I’m tired of __________________________________________________________________ what to do.
5. I dislike someone interrupting me while I am working.
I dislike _______________________________________________________ by anyone while I’m working.
6. Susie wants them to consider her for the role of Queen Victoria in the play.
Susie _______________________________________________ for the role of Queen Victoria in the play.
7. The teacher expects us to hand in our homework on Monday.
The teacher _______________________________________________________________ in on Monday.
8. Everybody likes someone giving them a present.
Everybody ____________________________________________________________________ a present.
9. As it is dark, I would like someone to accompany me home.
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As it is dark, I ____________________________________________________________________ home.

RESTATEMENT QUESTIONS WITH GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

1. He always remembers to lock the door when he leaves his room.

A. He always reminds himself to lock the door when he leaves his room.
B. He often forgets to lock the door when he leaves his room.
C. He always remembers the moment he locks the door when he leaves his room.
D. He clearly remembers locking the door when he left his room.

2. Talking on the phone and using a laptop are not allowed during the flight.
A. They won’t let you talk on the phone or use a laptop during the flight.
B. Neither of you can use a phone or laptop during the flight.
C. There is neither a phone to talk on nor a laptop to use on the flight.
D. The flight allows not only talking on the phone but also using a laptop.

3. The one thing Patrick Swayze regretted in his life was not having children.
A. Patrick Swayze apologized for not having children in his life.
B. The only thing Patrick Swayze was sorry about in his life was not having children.
C. The one thing Patrick Swayze couldn’t stand doing in his life was having children.
D. Patrick Swayze was only congratulated on not ever having children in his life.

4. After I immigrated to Canada five years ago, suffering from culture shock was inevitable for me as I had to deal
with many new situations and traditions.
A. I did not have any difficulty overcoming culture shock after I settled in Canada five years ago although I had to
cope with a lot of new situations and troubles.
B. I couldn’t avoid experiencing culture shock when I settled in Canada five years ago since I had to handle a lot of
new situations and customs.
C. Avoiding culture shock when I moved from Canada five years ago was impossible for me as I failed to adapt to
some new situations and rules.
D. Five years ago, after I returned to Canada, I saw that I would have to adapt to many new situations and rules,
which was really difficult.

5. Increasing wealth inevitably leads to more water consumption.

A. Wasting water definitely has an impact on how rich people are.
B. The higher people’s income becomes, the more water they conserve.
C. Many people have become more prosperous due to their improved water supply.
D. As people become more prosperous, the amount of water they use goes up.

6. Women no longer need men for financial security or to feel socially secure.
57
A. Women aren’t in need of the company of men any longer for social protection or economic confidence.
B. It’s been a very long time since women last needed men for financial or social requirements.
C. Until recently, women would prefer to marry men who were financially and socially in a good position.
D. Women are not looking for financial security and self-confidence in men any longer.

7. The president regretted to say that the current death toll due to cold was 135.
A. The president shouldn’t inform he people about the death toll of 135 related to weather.
B. The president was reluctant to explain the death toll of 135 because of cold, yet he had to.
C. The president felt sorry because 135 people had died due to cold in the past.
D. The president was sorry to say that the number of people who died on account of cold was 135.

8. It was a recommendation from a friend that made us change our minds at the last minute and go to the Italian
restaurant instead of the Chinese one.
A. Our friend thinks the Italian restaurant is not very good, so he suggested at the last minute that we should go to
the Chinese one instead.
B. If our friend hadn't suggested going to the Italian restaurant at the last minute, we would have taken him to the
Chinese one.
C. Taking our friend's suggestion into account, we decided, just before we went, not to go to the Chinese restaurant,
but to go to the Italian one.
D. There were two restaurants, one Italian and the other Chinese, either of which we were considering going to, but
a friend recommended the latter.

9. His being discontent with the conditions in his present employment is common knowledge.
A. We know that he wants to leave his job because the work is not very satisfying.
B. It isn't known how he copes with working under such awful job conditions.
C. Everybody knows that he is dissatisfied with the conditions in his current job.
D. He knows that he has to tolerate working conditions in his job although, at times, they appear to be unbearable.

10. In order to be accepted into the reception, you should be neatly dressed and have a membership card for the
society.
A. Regarding to formality of invitations, you are to be well dressed and bear a membership card, or else you will be
turned away.
B. Since receptions are usually formal gatherings, attendants are required to be properly dressed and they need to
have a membership card.
C. Unless you are properly dressed and have a membership card for the society, you cannot gain access to the
occasion.
D. The reason for your refusal to get into the reception is that you were dressed improperly and did not have a
membership card.

11. A person should always keep his/her promise.

A. A person shouldn’t ever forget to keep promising.
B. Forgetting to promise is not ever acceptable.
C. A person should do what s/he promises at all times.
D. A person should never to forget to promise and keep it.

For extra online exercises, you may visit:

https://agendaweb.org/verbs/infinitive-gerund-worksheets-lessons.html

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https://www.english-grammar.at/worksheets/gerund_infinitive/gerund_infinitive.htm

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/gerunds-and-infinitives-exercises.html

WEEK 8 - ALTERNATIVES TO IF
Introduction: Read the paragraph below paying attention to the parts written in bold.

We are having a dinner party tonight, and I have invited Helen, Mike, Beth, and Jack.
Everyone will be arriving here at 7:30 except for Jack. Since his office is the furthest,
he will be later than the others. He says he is going to join us for dinner tonight at 8
o’clock provided that the traffic isn't too congested. He also tells me that he is excited
about joining us for dinner even if it means leaving work a bit early. Jack thinks
leaving work a little early won’t be a problem as long as he informs his colleagues in
advance and finishes his tasks. I am sure Jack will make it on time unless there's a sudden work emergency. As long
as everything goes according to plan, I’m sure it will be a happy and memorable night for all of us.

1. UNLESS = IF … NOT
If you don’t hurry up, you will miss the train.
(= Unless you hurry up, you will miss the train.)

If she doesn’t start saving up as soon as possible, she won’t be able to go on holiday this year.
(= Unless she starts saving up as soon as possible, she won’t be able to go on holiday this year.)

Exercise 1. Rewrite the following sentences using “unless”.

1. If we do not recycle and use sustainable energy resources, we will face severe environmental problems in the
future.
Unless _______________________________________________________________________________
2. Jerry cannot go out with us tonight if he does not finish his term project.
Jerry cannot __________________________________________________________________________
3. Emily won’t be able to get a passing average grade if she doesn’t get 70 in the next exam.
Emily won’t be ________________________________________________________________________
4. The project won't be completed if we don’t get more funding.
Unless we ____________________________________________________________________________

2. IN CASE = BECAUSE …. MIGHT

You should take your umbrella because it might rain.
(= You should take your umbrella in case it rains.)

59
I think we need to ask Jenny how she is doing because she might need our help.
(= I think we need to ask Jenny how she is doing in case she needs our help.)

Exercise 2. Rewrite the following sentences using “in case”.

1. You should memorize all the words from units 6 and 7 because they might come up in the exam.
You should memorize all the words from units 6 and 7 ________________________________________
2. I always carry my camera around with me because I might see something interesting.
I always ______________________________________________________________________________
3. We never throw away plastic shopping bags because we might need them later.
We never _____________________________________________________________________________
4. After you buy something, you should keep your receipt because you might need to return the item.
After you buy something, you should ______________________________________________________

3. AS LONG AS, PROVIDING (THAT), PROVIDED (THAT), ON CONDITION (THAT) = IF

You can operate these machines if you have a valid license.
You can operate these machines as long as you have a valid license.

If I am happy, my parents don’t care what job I do.

Providing/Provided (that) I am happy, my parents don’t care what job I do.
As long as I am happy, my parents don’t care what job I do.
She agrees to invest in the business if she gets a seat on the board of directors.
She agrees to invest in the business on condition (that) she gets a seat on the board of directors.

Exercise 3. Rewrite the following sentences using the words in parentheses.

1. If he passes the exam, his parents will let him spend his summer holiday in Spain. (condition)
His parents ___________________________________________________________________________
2. You can borrow my car if you fill up the tank before you return it. (providing)
You can ______________________________________________________________________________
3. You can buy that expensive pair of shoes if you work and pay for them yourself. (as long as)
As long as ____________________________________________________________________________

4. EVEN IF = IT DOESN’T MATTER IF …

It doesn’t matter if you know how to drive a car; you can’t get a driver’s license until you are 18.
Even if you know how to drive a car, you cannot get a driver’s license until you are 18.

It doesn’t matter if other people doubt me, I will still believe in myself.
I will still believe in myself even if other people doubt me.

It doesn’t matter if they don't win, I will continue to support my team.

I will continue to support my team even if they don't win.

Exercise 4. Rewrite the following sentences using “even if”.

1. It doesn’t matter if she apologizes to me; I will not forgive her.
I will not ____________________________________________________________________________
2. It doesn’t matter if we leave now; we will still be late for the concert. It starts in 10 minutes.
Even if ____________________________________________________________. It starts in 10 minutes.
3. It doesn’t matter if you speak fluent English; they will not hire you for the job. You also need to speak German and
French.
They ______________________________________________________. You also need to speak German and French.
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5. OR, OR ELSE, OTHERWISE = FOR WARNINGS OR THREATS
If you don’t give me 20 dollars, I will tell mum that you have broken her favorite vase.
Give me 20 dollars, OR I will tell mum that you have broken her favorite vase.
Give me 20 dollars, OR ELSE I will tell mum that you have broken her favorite vase.
Give me 20 dollars; OTHERWISE, I will tell mum that you have broken her favorite vase.

Exercise 5. Rewrite the following sentences using the words in parentheses.

1. If you don’t drop your guns immediately, we will start shooting. (or else)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. If we don’t do anything to stop climate change, many species will go extinct soon. (otherwise)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. You must stop smoking and reduce your sugar intake if you don’t want to suffer from serious health problems.
(otherwise)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
RESTATEMENTS QUESTIONS
1. Jonathan can have my car if he promises to keep it clean.
A) If he cleans my car before using it, Jonathan can have it.
B) As soon as Jonathan takes my car, he will clean it.
C) As long as Jonathan has my car, he ought to keep it clean.
D) Provided that he keeps it clean, I will let Jonathan borrow my car.

2. Nitroglycerin causes strong headaches only if too much of the drug is taken.
A) Although too much nitroglycerin results in strong headaches, it is still taken regularly.
B) Large doses of nitroglycerin should only be taken in case of extremely bad headaches.
C) Except when taken in excessive dose, nitroglycerin does not lead to intense headaches.
D) Even when a large amount of nitroglycerin is taken, its users cannot avoid a big headache.

3. Zoos cannot afford to keep animals unless they collect enough money from tickets and gift shop
sales to balance the costs.
A) If zoos do not earn money from tickets and sales, they cannot afford to keep animals as they can’t
balance the costs.
B) To balance the costs, zoos can either keep more animals or get money from tickets and sales.
C) When zoos collect enough money from tickets and sales, they don’t have to keep animals.
D) Zoos earn less money if they keep too many animals because collecting money from tickets and sales
might not balance the costs.

4. In case soap and water are unavailable, a good alternative for washing hands is a hand sanitizer
which is alcohol based.
A) Hand cleaners with alcohol are usually present whenever soap and water are difficult to purchase.
B) When you cannot find soap or water, an alcohol-based hand cleaner is a reasonable substitute.
C) Since soap and water are becoming hard to find, people should start using alcohol-based cleansers.
D) If people are unable to get soap and water, they are searching for effective hand-washing
alternatives, such as alcohol-based cleansers.

5. When you are working on a computer, you should always take frequent breaks, or else you risk
straining your eyes.
A) If you work for a long period on a computer without taking a break, you will certainly damage your eyes.
B) Many people suffer from eye strain because they don't take enough breaks when working on a computer.
C) If you are suffering from eye strain as a result of working on a computer, try taking frequent breaks and this may
help.
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D) Taking frequent breaks while working on a computer is good advice to avoid straining your eyes.

6. I don't agree with testing products on animals unless it is required to aid medical research.
A) The only time I think testing products on animals is justified is when it is necessary for medical science.
B) Medical science has been improved largely as a result of testing new products on animals before they
are used on humans.
C) Animal testing should not be used if it causes animals suffering.
D) Animal testing should only be carried out under strict medical supervision.

7. If there are adequate rooms available, I can accommodate your guests in my hotel.
A) You can stay in my hotel with your guests if you find enough empty rooms.
B) Your guests can stay in my hotel as long as there are enough empty rooms.
C) If your guests are pleased with the rooms, they can keep staying in my hotel.
D) Unless there are enough vacant rooms, I can accommodate your guests in my hotel.

WEEK 9 - TIME CLAUSES

ADVERBS of TIME

before after when while as soon as until whenever

Time clauses are SVO structures which begin with an adverb of time. In English, time clauses are used to
demonstrate a period of time based on an action or event, and they are dependent clauses. That means, although
they have a subject, verb, and object, time clauses are not complete ideas. A clause that starts with an adverb of
time is not usually a complete grammatical idea because adverbs of time work as subordinating conjunctions.

Look at the examples below:

 When the sun sets, … (NOT a complete idea/sentence)

 Before the first lesson begins, … (NOT a complete idea/sentence)
 After the bell rang, … (NOT a complete idea/sentence)

 When the sun sets, birds fly to their nests to spend the night. (a complete idea/sentence)
 Before the first lesson begins, I will get a cup of coffee. (a complete idea/sentence)
 After the bell rang, students started to pack their bags and leave. (a complete idea/sentence)

1. Identifying Time Clauses

A time clause can come first in a sentence. When it comes first, you must use a comma after it.

 As soon as Suzie saw the accident, she called for help.

Time Clause Main Clause

 When it stops raining, I will let the children go out to play.

Time Clause Main Clause

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 A time clause can also come second in a sentence. In that case, no comma is needed.

 Suzie called for help as soon as she saw the accident.

Main Clause Time Clause

 I will let the children go out to play when it stops raining.

Main Clause Time Clause

2. Verb-Tense Consistency in Time Clauses

In complex sentences which consist of a time clause and a main clause, you must follow the rules of
verb-tense consistency in order to make meaningful sentences and avoid making mistakes. Look at the
table below for a summary of verb-tense consistency rules in time clauses. These rules will be explained
in further detail later in this chapter.

Present meaning Present + Present Whenever she has some free time, she visits museums.
Past meaning Past + Past After I received my exam results, I called my parents.
Future meaning Present + Future When it is my turn, I will ask you a question.

a. Time Clauses with Present Meaning

To create a present meaning, both the main clause and the time clause have to be in a present tense. These tenses
can be the present simple, the present continuous, the present perfect, present forms of modal verbs, and also the
imperative form. Read the examples below:

 As soon as Jack arrives at work, he turns on his computer to check his e-mails.
As soon as Jack arrives at work, … (time clause with the simple present tense)
… he turns on his computer to check his e-mails. (main clause with the simple present tense)

 When you have finished filling in the form, you may submit it to the front desk.
When you have finished filling in the form, … (time clause with the present perfect tense)
... you may submit it to the front desk. (main clause with a present modal verb)

 Before you buy a house, talk to a realtor to get some professional advice.
Before you buy a house, … (time clause with the simple present tense)
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 … talk to a realtor to get some professional advice. (main clause with imperative form)

 While we are waiting for Jack, we can decide on what to order.

While we are waiting for Jack, … (time clause with the present continuous tense)
… we can decide on what to order. (main clause with a present modal)

Exercise 1. Make meaningful sentences with present meaning with the prompts given below.

1. My friend / shop for clothes / whenever / she / find / a good deal.

2. When / my father / have / some time off work / we / take / daytrips.
3. Our teacher / announce / our grades / after / she / grade and correct / all the exam papers.
4. Whenever / Jessy / see / pictures of her parents / she / realize / how much / she / miss them.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences in your own words to make time clauses with present meaning.
1. Do not forget to turn off the lights when __________________________________________________.
2. You should call your friends as soon as ___________________________________________________.
3. You cannot leave your room until _______________________________________________________.
4. Make sure you have enough money before _______________________________________________.

b. Time Clauses with Past Meaning

To create a past meaning, both the main clause and the time clause have to be in a past tense. These tenses can be
the past simple, the past continuous, the past perfect, and past forms of modal verbs. Read the examples below:

 Before he received his certificate, he participated in three online seminars.

Before he received his certificate, … (time clause with the simple past tense)
… he participated in three online seminars. (main clause with the simple past tense)

 After he had gone to the supermarket and done his weekly shopping, he went home for a quiet evening.
After he had gone to the supermarket and done his weekly shopping, … (time clause with the past perfect tense)
… he went home for a quiet evening. (main clause with the simple past tense)

 The man fell off the balcony while he was trying to watch the parade.
The man fell off the balcony … (time clause with the simple past tense)
… while he was trying to watch the parade. (main clause with the past continuous tense)

 The injured passengers couldn’t get out of the vehicle until the paramedics arrived at the scene.
The injured passengers couldn’t get out of the vehicle … (main clause with a past modal)
… until the paramedics arrived at the scene. (time clause with the simple past tense)

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 Time clauses can show the order of events in the past. We use “after” to introduce the FIRST event,
and “before” to introduce the SECOND event.

After Denise found out about the coming exam, she started revising for it.
first event second event

Before we bought our tickets for the play, we had parked our car at a nearby parking lot.
second event first event

Exercise 3. Read the sentences about Ernest Hamwi, the possible inventor of the ice cream cone. Underline the
first event.

1. Until Ernest Hamwi invented the ice cream cone, most people ate ice cream in a dish.
2. Hamwi was a waffle seller at the 1904 World’s Fair when he invented the ice cream cone.
3. When an ice cream seller at the fair ran out of dishes, Hamwi rolled up a waffle.
4. The warm waffle turned hard when Hamwi filled it with ice cream.
5. As soon as they saw Hamwi’s cones, all the other ice cream sellers started using them.
6. Hamwi started an ice cream cone business after he returned from the fair.
7. After Hamwi’s story became popular, many people said that they invented the ice cream cone.
8. Another man, Italo Marchiony, had invented an edible ice cream cup before Hamwi invented his cone.

Exercise 4. Circle the correct adverb of time to make meaningful sentences.

1. Before/After people drove cars, they rode horses.

2. When/Until the Internet became popular, people wrote letters and sent faxes.
3. Before/After the first man landed on the moon in 1969, U.S. astronauts made five more trips to the moon
between 1969 and 1972.
4. As soon as/Before people started to use digital cameras, they took photographs using film.
5. Public transportation changed completely until/when the first airlines began to operate.
6. People did not understand the solar system when/until scientists invented telescopes.
7. Before/As soon as telephones existed, communication was very slow.
8. As soon as/Until scientists developed medicines such as vaccines, public health improved rapidly.
Exercise 5. Write sentences with PAST MEANING about inventions and discoveries. Use an event in Column A, an
event in Column B, and adverbs of time: after, before, when, until, or as soon as.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. TV/exist (c) a. people/ start to fly more

2. cheap air travel/become possible b. credit cards /become popular

65
 3. everyone/have a cell phone c. families /listen to the radio together

4. people/pay for things with cash or checks d. millions of people/learn to drive

5. free education/be available e. roads /become safer

6. traffic lights/come into our cities f. people/buy food from small local stores

7. Ford/make the first mass-produced car g. people/make calls from pay phones

8. the first supermarket/open h. most people/not read or write

1. Before TV existed, families listened/used to listen to the radio together.

2. __________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________________________
c. Time Clauses with Future Meaning

To create a future meaning, the main clause has to be in a future tense, and the time clause has to be in a present
tense. The future tenses can be the “will future”, “going to future”, and “some modal verbs such as may, might, and
can”, which carry the meaning of a future possibility. Read the examples below:

 As soon as Michael arrives, we will leave for the airport.

As soon as Michael arrives, … (time clause with the simple present tense)
… we will leave for the airport. (main clause with will future)

 After I get my Spanish certificate from the language course, I am going to apply for some summer
internships in Barcelona.
After I get my Spanish certificate from the language course, … (time clause with the simple present tense)
… I am going to apply for some summer internships in Barcelona. (main clause with going to future)

 Before I graduate from university, I may start applying for some internship positions.
Before I graduate from university, … (time clause with the simple present tense)
… I may start applying for some internship positions. (main clause with a modal)

 When you come over on Sunday, we might discuss this issue in length.
When you come over on Sunday, … (time clause with the simple present tense)
… we might discuss this issue in length. (main clause with a modal)

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 Remember: Time clauses can NEVER be in future form. In complex sentences with adverbs of time, if you
want to talk about the future, you must write the main clause in future form and the time clause in present
form. Read the examples below:

CORRECT: I will go on a long and relaxing holiday when the summer comes.
INCORRECT: I will go on a long and relaxing holiday when the summer will come.

CORRECT: After I graduate, I am going to work at our family business.

INCORRECT: After I will graduate, I am going to work at our family business.

Exercise 6. The sentences below contain verb-tense consistency mistakes. Find the mistakes and correct them to
create a future meaning for each sentence.

1. My friend will send a postcard to her sister when she was in Barcelona.
2. Until the teacher gave them permission, the students will not go out.
3. When I will finish answering my e-mails, I will take a break.
4. After the waiter will take all of your orders, he will start preparing your food and drinks.
5. I am planning to travel the world after I will finish my university degree.
6. Do you want to hang out after we will finish writing our essays?
7. I hope to spend more time with my grandchildren after I will retire.
Exercise 7. Complete the sentences in your own words to create a future meaning with adverbs of time.

1. I will relax with my friends _____________________________________________________

2. I am going to learn at least ten new words in English _______________________________________
3. I am going to upgrade my smart phone ________________________________________________
4. I will spend more time with my family ________________________________________________

Exercise 8. Rewrite the following sentences with the words in parentheses.

1. We will get there. We will send you a message immediately after our arrival. (as soon as)
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. I’d like to finish mowing the lawn. It will get dark. (before)
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. We are going to relax and enjoy ourselves. We’ll be on holiday. (while)
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. We are going to get married. We are going to live in Bristol then. (after)
__________________________________________________________________________________

OTHER ADVERBS of TIME and TIME EXPRESSIONS

a. By the time + SVO

The adverb of time “by the time” is used in time clauses to create either a past or a future meaning. Look at the
examples below:
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Past Meaning
 By the time our parents arrived, we had cleaned the house and prepared dinner.
By the time our parents arrived, … (time clause with the simple past tense)
… we had cleaned the house and prepared dinner. (main clause with the past perfect tense)
Future Meaning
 By the time it stops snowing, the snow will have covered all the roads and buildings.
By the time it stops snowing, … (time clause with the simple present tense)
… the snow will have covered all the roads and buildings. (main clause with future perfect tense)

Exercise 9. Complete the sentences in your own words. Pay attention to verb-tense consistency rules.
1. I will have finished doing my homework by the time ____________________________________________
2. By the time the lesson ends, __________________________________________________________
3. By the time they bought a new house, ___________________________________________________
4. By the time I heard the news, ___________________________________________________________
5. By the time I took the university exam, ___________________________________________________

Remember: “By” is a preposition, and it is followed by a noun or a noun phrase. “By the time” is a time
expression that CAN ONLY BE FOLLOWED by a clause, that is, an SVO structure. Look at the following
examples:
By December last year, I had completed my work placement.
By the time you realized that you were wrong, it had been too late.

Exercise 10. Circle the correct option to make meaningful sentences.

1. Please hand in your report by/by the time the end of the day.
2. By/By the time I got home, it had already started raining heavily.
3. I have guests coming over for the weekend, so I need to buy groceries by/by the time tomorrow.
4. By/By the time the party ended, everyone had exchanged gifts.
5. By/By the time she graduates, she will have learnt two foreign languages.

b. By and Until

“By” means “at or some time before”. It is a preposition, and it is followed by a noun or a noun phrase. “Until”
means “up to that time”. It can be followed by a clause, a noun, or a noun phrase. We use “until” to talk about
something that will keep going on for a duration of time, from a specific time to another. “By” only refers to the
deadline, and we use it to talk about a deadline when something will happen before that time.
 I’ll study until midnight. (all the time up to midnight)
 I’ll finish studying by midnight. (perhaps earlier)

Exercise 11. Circle the correct option to make meaningful sentences.

1. I’ll definitely finish my homework by/until six, but I don’t know exactly when.
2. I waited by/until six, and then I left.
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3. I’ll be here by/until Thursday, but then I’m going to Paris. I guess we can see each other on Tuesday or
Wednesday if you are available.
4. The library is open by/until 9 pm every day. You may make use of the facilities during work hours.
5. The restaurant closes by/until 10 pm. It is too late.
6. You cannot go out to play with your friends by/until you finish cleaning your room.

c. Once + SVO
When it is used as an adverb of time, “once” means “when” or “as soon as”. Remember that you have to follow the
rules of verb-tense consistency when you build sentences using this adverb of time. Look at the examples below:
 Once he comes home, he takes his dog for a walk. (present meaning)
 Once I write and edit my essay, I am going to submit it to my teacher. (future meaning)
 Once they saw the accident, they called the police and the paramedics. (past meaning)

Remember: As an adverb “once” refers to a past event, or something which used to exist but no longer does.
Read the examples below:
She told us that her grandmother was once a famous singer.
Once, this land was covered with trees and flowers, but now it is a sea of concrete.

d. Since + SVO
“Since + SVO” is a time structure which belongs with the present perfect tense. When building time clauses with
“since”, the time clause must be in the simple past tense and the main clause is in one of these perfect tenses. Look
at the examples below:
 I have bought some new items of clothing since prices went down on Monday.
I have bought some new items of clothing … (main clause with the present perfect tense)
… since prices went down on Monday. (time clause with the simple past tense)

 Martin and Lucy have been friends since they met in high school.
Martin and Lucy have been friends … (main clause with the present perfect tense)
… since they met in high school. (time clause with the simple past tense)

 Since smart phones became commonly used, our daily lives have changed dramatically.
 I have lived in the same house since I was born.
 My brother has played water polo since he was only 6 years old.

Exercise 12. Circle the word that best completes the sentence.

1. I will work on my research paper by/until six, then I’ll give you a call.
2. Apparently, Sam when/once played football for Scotland.
3. Kate waited for Pat by/until 6:30, but then gave up and went home.

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4. Once/By the time I got used to the water, it didn’t feel so cold.
5. We have sold over 10,000 items since/before we launched our online shop two weeks ago.
6. He lived with his parents until/by he was 19 years old.
7. When/Whenever he was a child, he lived with his grandparents.
8. When/Until he got married, he lived with his grandparents. Then he moved in with his wife.
9. Since/By I started looking for a job, I have had four different job interviews.
10. Until/Whenever her husband needs help in his business, she helps him out.
11. Please finish this exercise by/once 8:30.
12. He'll definitely retire by the time/until he is sixty-five years old.
13. I'm not going to eat dinner when/until my wife gets home so that we can eat together.

Exercise 13. Fill in the blanks with “when, whenever, and once (x2)” to make meaningful sentences.
1. There was _____________ a castle here, but it burnt down many years ago.
2. _____________ you've seen Ani, you won't forget her.
3. _____________ I went to New York last year, I visited Ellis Island.
4. _____________ I go to New York, I go to the theaters there.

WEEK 9 – WISH CLAUSES (UNREAL PRESENT)

Introduction: Read the diary entry and answer the questions.

Dear Diary,
I feel really unhappy! First of all, I hate going to bed early on school days. I wish I could stay up late every night
without worrying about waking up early for school. What is worse, my parents are so strict. They have rules about
every single thing in my life. I wish they would let me have more freedom to hang out with my friends without
always checking up on me. But they never leave me alone!

Whenever I ask my parents for a bigger allowance, they say “no”. I wish I could have more money so that I could buy
more clothes and accessories. My phone is rubbish. I wish I had a better phone with the latest features and
technology because I love posting on social media. Finally, my siblings and I never get along. I wish we never fought
and had a good relationship. Sometimes I feel like no one in my household is happy. I wish we were one of those
poster families with happy faces and big smiles. Unfortunately, we are not.

1. Can she stay up late on school nights? YES / NO

2. Do her parents give her the freedom she wants? YES / NO
3. Does she have a good phone? YES / NO
4. Does she fight with her siblings? YES / NO
5. Are they a poster family? YES / NO

1. A WISH ABOUT THE PRESENT

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 What does the old man see in the mirror? What is he thinking?
I wish / If only I was/were younger.
I wish / If only I was/were in my twenties.
I wish / If only I was/were stronger.

WISH / IF ONLY + PAST SIMPLE / PAST CONTINUOUS

We use this structure when we want to say that we would like something to be different in the
present.

I wish / If only I was/were tall. (= but I’m not.)

I wish / If only I was/were going on holiday with you. (= but I’m not.)
Harry wishes his brother was/were here. (= but he isn’t.)
I wish / If only I didn’t have to take the train to work every day. (= but I have to.)

 We use wish / if only + could to talk about things we are unable to do.
I wish / If only I could speak French as well. (= but I can’t.)
I wish / If only I could run faster. (= but I can’t.)
I wish / If only I could drive. (= but I can’t.)

Exercise 1. Vicky feels exhausted these days. Make sentences about her wishes.

She is too tired. → She wishes she had more energy. / If only she had more energy.

1. She is very busy at work. ________________________________________________________________

2. She often gets headaches. _________________________________________________________________
3. She has problems with her family. __________________________________________________________
4. She can’t concentrate. _________________________________________________________________
5. Life is so complicated. _________________________________________________________________

2. A WISH WITH “WOULD”

What do you see in the picture? How does the girl feel?

She wishes / If only her husband wouldn’t watch so much football.

WISH / IF ONLY + WOULD

This structure is used:
a. for a polite imperative.
b. to express our desire for a change in a situation or in someone’s behaviour,
especially for irritating or annoying situations.
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You never listen to me carefully. → I wish / If only you would listen to me.
He always gives me too much work. → I wish / If only he wouldn’t give me so much work.
She keeps interrupting me. → I wish / If only she wouldn’t interrupt me while I am talking.

Answer these questions in pairs. Then express your wishes.

1. What annoys you about where you live now?

_______________________________________________________________________________
2. What annoys you most about living at home with your family?
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. What annoying habits does your best friend have?
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the most annoying thing about your partner?
_______________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the verbs given in parentheses.

1. I wish you ____________________ (stop) pulling your sister's hair, Johnny. How would you like it if she pulled
yours?
2. I wish I ____________________ (can/take) the children to the park, but it is pouring down with rain.
3. Abra and Nike and their children are refugees from Sudan. Sometimes, they wish they _______________ (be)
back in their beautiful country, but most of all, they wish that the civil war there ____________________ (end)
soon.
4. If only I ____________________ (have) darker skin, then I could sunbathe without getting burnt so easily.
5. At this very moment, I wish I _______________ (eat) grilled salmon and _________________ (drink) champagne
at a luxurious hotel by the sea.
Exercise 3. Write sentences with “I WISH” and “IF ONLY”.

1. Ayşe isn’t here.

I wish _________________________________________________________
2. She lives in Istanbul and she hates it.
She wishes _____________________________________________________
3. He can’t give up smoking.
If only _________________________________________________________
4. I’m not on a beautiful sunny beach, and that’s a pity.
If only __________________________________________________________
5. They don’t know anything about cars, and their car has just broken down.
They wish _______________________________________________________
6. She has to work tomorrow but she’d like to stay in bed.
She wishes _______________________________________________________
7. My brother doesn’t keep his room tidy, and it is really annoying.
I wish ____________________________________________________________
8. Mary often plays the piano in the middle of the night. Her neighbors are highly annoyed by this.
Her neighbors wish _________________________________________________

Exercise 4. Ann doesn’t like her new house. Read the problems about the house and write what she wishes.

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The house is so old and dirty. She has to paint it. What’s more, the house doesn’t have central heating, and the
kitchen is really small.

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. I wish I knew (know) how to cook. I always eat out because I am a terrible cook.
2. If only I ___________________ (be) older, then I could have a driving license.
3. I wish I ___________________ (can / remember) where that book is.
4. Tony wishes he ___________________ (can / go) to Paris with his brother, but he has to work.

Exercise 6. Write WISHES as shown in the example.

1. Your friend is listening to music with the volume up, and you cannot concentrate.
You say: I wish you would turn down the volume.
2. It’s very dark outside, and you can’t find your torch.
You say: ___________________________________________________________________________
3. You are looking at a beautiful flower. You don’t know what it is called.
You say: ___________________________________________________________________________
4. It’s raining outside, and you want it to stop.
You say: ___________________________________________________________________________
5. You are having a party, but nobody has come yet.
You say: ___________________________________________________________________________
6. You have short, straight hair. You would like long, curly hair.
You say: ___________________________________________________________________________
7. It is Christmas Day, and it doesn’t look like it is going to snow.
You say: __________________________________________________________________________

WEEK 10 – MODALS OF DEDUCTION

1. PRESENT MODALS OF DEDUCTION

Somebody is knocking on the door. Who might that be/who is that?

It may / might / could

It must be Jerry. be my nextdoor It can’t be Sarah.
He promised to neigbour Sarah. She She is in Finland
visit me today. sometimes drops by in now.
the afternoons.

Modal verbs are also used to make guesses (deductions) about the present, based on evidence. Different modal
verbs express different levels of certainty.

must
 We are almost sure that something is true in the It’s getting dark. It must be quite late.
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 present or in the future. You haven’t eaten all day. You must be hungry.
must + V1 He said he was tired and went into his room. He must
must + be Ving be sleeping.

could / might / may

 It is possible that something is true in the present or If we don’t hurry, we could be late.
in the future. (= Perhaps/Maybe we will be late.)
Bill might be at home now.
may/might/could + V1 (= Perhaps/Maybe Bill is at home now.)
may/might/could + be Ving Look! Isn't that Liz walking up the street? Where
may/might/could she be going?
may not /might not + V1 I don't know. She may be going to the cinema, or
may not /might not + be Ving she might/may/could be going shopping.

can’t / couldn’t
 We are almost sure that something is impossible in Your brother says he is very hungry.
the present or in the future. No, he can't/couldn't be hungry. He ate a huge
meal just half an hour ago.
can’t + V1 Bill says he is short of money.
can’t + be Ving No, he can't/couldn't be broke. I lent him $150
couldn’t + V1 yesterday.
couldn’t + be Ving Sarah can’t/couldn’t be studying for the English
exam at the moment. The test was two days ago.

Exercise 1. Use the modal verbs “must”, “can’t/couldn’t”, “may/might/could” to write sentences that make
guesses and explain the following situations.

1. That woman drives a very expensive car. I’m sure she has a lot of money.
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. There are some weird lights in the sky tonight; perhaps they are the Aurora Borealis.
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why is that man looking around like that? He is definitely lost.
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. You’ve already eaten enough for three people! You are definitely not hungry anymore!
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Julie certainly doesn’t have much money, or she would buy a new car. Her old one is falling apart.
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. This bill is definitely not right! 800 TL for two cups of coffee!
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. There is a possibility that this cup of hot milk will help me sleep.
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. I’m certain this is John’s car. See, his blue backpack is lying in the back seat.
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. It only takes three hours to fly from London to Sydney? That certainly isn’t correct!
__________________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with modal verbs and the correct form of the words in brackets.

1.The lights are on in your friend’s house, but she isn’t answering the door.
A. She ______________________________________ (watch/favorite show). It’s on now.
B. She ______________________________________ (sleep/now). It’s 7 pm and she never goes to bed before
midnight.
2. You wake up in the middle of the night. You hear a strange noise.
A. It ______________________________________ (be/burglar). All the doors and windows in the house are locked.
B. My cat ______________________________________ (run) up and down the stairs. He’s full of energy at night.
3. The witness who is answering the judge’s questions seems very nervous, and he’s speaking very quietly.
A. He ______________________________________ (feel/guilty).
B. He ______________________________________ (tell/truth). Otherwise, he wouldn’t be so nervous.
4. You see a neighbor driving a very expensive car.
A. She ______________________________________ (have/very good job) and a high salary.
B. This ______________________________________ (be/own car). I saw her this morning in a different car.

Introduction: Below are some pieces of evidence on the Rapa Nui people and archaeologists’ conclusions based on
this evidence. Read the evidence and conclusions focusing on the phrases in bold.

Evidence 1: We have found a lot of gold jewelry in their city.

Conclusion 1: The Rapa Nui must have been very rich.

Evidence 2: There are two pictures of a giant fish with a woman’s head
in a temple.
Conclusion 2: They might have believed in a fish goddess.

Evidence 3: The doors into their

houses are only 1.4 meters high.
Conclusion 3: They can’t/couldn’t have been very tall.

Evidence 4: We’ve found large bird cages in some Rapa Nui houses.
Conclusion 4: They must have kept birds as pets.

Evidence 5: There is no Rapa Nui writing of any kind on any object.

Conclusion 5: They can’t/couldn’t have had an alphabet.

Evidence 6: We have found many excellent Rapa Nui boats in the sand near the coast.

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Conclusion 6: They must have been good sailors.

Evidence 7: We haven’t found many human bones in their city.

Conclusion 7: They must have put people in the sea after they died.

must have V3
 We are almost sure that something was true in He left two hours ago. It is only a 30-minute
the past. drive.
He must have arrived by now.

could/might/may have V3
 It is possible that something was true in the Jenny was late for school yesterday.
past. She might have overslept.
She may have missed the bus.
She could have had an accident on the way.

can’t/couldn’t have V3
 We are almost sure that something was I saw Jack at the party last Friday.
impossible in the past. You can’t have seen Jack. He was out of town on
Friday. It couldn’t have been Jack.

Exercise 3. Complete the following sentences using “must have, may/might/could have, or can’t have” and the
correct form of the verb in brackets.

1. A: James was at the conference in San Francisco last Tuesday.

B: He _____________________ (be) at the conference in San Francisco! He has been in China for the last six
months.

2. You __________________________ (be) pleased when you passed your driving test. I’m sure of it.

3. Anna wasn't at work yesterday. She __________________________ (take) the day off. I’m almost sure of it.

4. A: Where's Mike?
B: I'm not sure. He __________________________ (go) home.

5. There was so much traffic, and I heard the siren of an approaching ambulance. There _____________________
(be) an accident.

6. Janet __________________________ (call) you last night. Her phone isn't working.

7. Gloria has won every game she's played today. She __________________________ (practice) a lot.

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8. A: Why was she upset?
B: I don't know. She __________________________ (hear) some bad news.

could have V3

We use could have V3 to show we had the ability or the opportunity to do something in the past, but we didn’t
do it.
 I could have studied medicine at university, but I didn’t want to.
 I had lots of spare time yesterday. I could have gone to the cinema, but I preferred to stay at home.

We use could have V3 to show an action that almost happened, but it didn’t. (So, we are shocked.)
 Be careful! That car could have knocked you over.
 Thank heavens he is safe! He could have drowned.

Exercise 4. Rewrite the following sentences using the form “could have V 3”.
1. I actually had the opportunity to travel to Europe last summer, but I decided to explore local destinations instead.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. She chose not to buy a new car because she wanted to save money by repairing her old one.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Harry was not paying attention to the road and had an accident. Thankfully, he didn’t hurt anyone or himself.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Mary had the opportunity to learn how to play the guitar, but she focused on mastering the piano instead.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
RESTATEMENTS WITH MODALS OF DEDUCTION

1. He must have changed his phone number because I can't get hold of him.
A. He could have changed his phone number after I last got in touch with him.
B. He had to change his phone number because I couldn't get through to his old one.
C. He should have changed his phone number because no one could get in touch with him.
D. I am unable to get in contact with him, so it is highly likely that he has a new phone number.

2. This can't be the house I grew up in because I don't recognize anything.

A. I should have come here to find my home before it changed so much and there were still familiar things.
B. It is not possible that this is the house where I spent my childhood as nothing is familiar to me.
C. As this is the house where I was raised, I am surprised that I recognize so little.
D. I can tell that this used to be my home when I was a child, even though everything is so different now.

3. It is possible that this will be your last opportunity if you do not do well on the report.
A. You should do a good job on the report, or you may never get another chance.
B. You will only get another chance if you have done your best on this report.
C. As soon as you are better, you will get another chance to do a good report.
D. I think it is better if you don't get another chance to do a report after the last one.

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4. You can't have written this paper yourself because the English is perfect.
A. You did not write the paper in perfect English because you are not able to.
B. The English in this paper is so good that I know you must have worked hard on it.
C. It is not possible for this paper to be your own work because you are unable to write such good English.
D. You must not have worked very hard on this paper, or the English would have been perfect.

5. It must have been a terrific feeling when you heard about your lottery win.
A. I'm sure you felt great upon learning that you were the winner of the lottery.
B. I can imagine how you felt when you learned that you had almost won the lottery.
C. I guess your first feeling was fear when you heard about winning the lottery.
D. You should have felt better about all the money you won from the lottery.

6. You should wait for the rain to stop before you leave, or you might catch a cold.
A. It is so cold and rainy that it would be a good idea for us not to leave just now.
B. It's likely that you'll catch cold in this rain, so you shouldn't leave until it stops.
C. You will certainly get cold and wet if you go out into this rain.
D. Do you really think it is a good idea to risk catching a chill in this rain?

7. The majority of his colleagues might have believed such promises two years ago but not any longer.
A. A couple of years ago, when he made those promises, less than half of his colleagues believed him.
B. It is not difficult for him to deceive his colleagues now as it was two years ago.
C. Two years ago he could, perhaps, have deceived his colleagues with the promises, but not now.
D. Many of his colleagues now realize that he did not keep the promises he made two years ago.

8. She has changed her hair style again, so she must be going through a hard time nowadays.
A. Judging from her hair style now I am sure she is having some trouble.
B. Changing hair style after having some problems is a usual thing to do for her.
C. After she had some hard times, she thought having her hair cut was the best thing to do.
D. She had hard times when she changed her hair style.

WEEK 11 – WISH CLAUSES (UNREAL PAST)

Introduction – PART A. Read Robert’s regrets in life focusing on the phrases in bold.

I wish I had taken better care of my health when I was younger. I didn’t exercise regularly or eat healthy
foods, and now I'm dealing with health issues. Also, I wish I had saved more money when I was in my twenties. I had
plenty of opportunities to put money away, but I always found something else to spend it on. Now that I'm older, I
regret not having more financial security. Additionally, I wish I had pursued my passion for music more seriously. I
used to love playing the piano and singing, but I stopped practicing and performing after college. If I had kept it up,
who knows where my musical talents might have taken me? Finally, I wish I had spent more time with my family
when I was living closer to them. I took for granted that we could see each other anytime, but now that I live far
away, I miss them terribly. If only I had made more of an effort to visit and spend time with them and created more
meaningful memories.

PART B. Answer the following questions.

1. Did Robert take good care of his health? YES / NO
2. Did he save enough money when he was young? YES / NO
3. Did he pursue a career in music? YES / NO
4. Did he spend enough time with his family? YES / NO
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 WISH/IF ONLY + PAST PERFECT
We use this structure to express regret about something that happened or didn’t happen in the past.

EXAMPLES
I wish I had taken your advice. (= but I didn’t take it.)
If only I had bought those shoes we saw yesterday. (= but I didn’t buy them.)
I wish/If only I had studied harder for the exam. (= but I didn’t study.)
She wishes she hadn’t married at such a young age. (= but she did.)

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the verbs given in parentheses.
1. I wish my son ____________________ (enter) the painting competition as, in my opinion, his paintings are just as
good as the winner's.
2. He was offered two jobs at the same time — one in administration and one in teaching. He took the administrative
position, but he is really bored now and wishes he ____________________ (take) the teaching position.
3. Look at those trousers in the window! They are lovely, aren't they? I wish I ____________________ (not spend) so
much on this blouse because now I don’t have enough money to buy the trousers.
4. I ignored my doctor’s orders and stopped taking my medication, which caused me to get even worse. If only I
____________________ (follow) her advice.

Exercise 2. Write what these people wish they HAD or HADN’T DONE as shown in the example.
1. John drove his car so fast that he had an accident.
John says: I wish I hadn’t driven my car so fast.
2. Julie was late, and she missed the beginning of the film.
Julie says: ___________________________________________________________________
3. Jack ate too much, and he was sick.
Jack says: ___________________________________________________________________
4. Claire was very nervous during her driving test, and she didn’t pass.
Claire says: __________________________________________________________________

5. Susan didn’t take off her gold ring when she went swimming, and she lost it in the sea.
Susan says: __________________________________________________________________
6. Jack spent all his money on books last week. Now he hasn’t got enough money.
Jack says: ____________________________________________________________________
7. We didn’t buy the concert tickets when they first went on sale, and now they are sold out.
We say: _____________________________________________________________________
8. You stayed up late last night, and today you’re very tired.
You say: _____________________________________________________________________
9. You have just left your house and left the keys inside.
You say: _____________________________________________________________________
10. It didn’t snow on Christmas day.
You say: _____________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3. PRESENT AND PAST WISHES - Put each verb into the correct form.
1. This train journey seems endless. I wish we (have) _____________ a car.
2. I wish the government (do) _____________ something about the pollution here.
3. I’m getting really soaked! I wish I (not leave) _____________ my umbrella at home.
4. I wish you (not leave) _____________ your dirty shoes in your bedroom!
5. I wish you (not do) _____________ that! It’s a really annoying habit.
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6. I wish I (study) _____________ harder for my exams. I failed all my courses this semester.
7. I like my job as a salesman, but sometimes I wish I (sell) _____________ something a bit more interesting than
those clips.
8. I wish you (attend) _____________ the family reunion yesterday, Grandma. Everyone would have liked to see you.
9. I liked the second house we saw best, but I wish it (not, situate) _____________ next to a stadium.
10. I wish they (promote) _____________ me. I'm sure I could do a better job than the new manager, who doesn't
know anything about interior design.
11. You say you wish you (can, move) _____________ to Canada, but I'm sure you would change your mind if you
knew just how cold it gets there in winter.
12. The man sitting at the next table keeps blowing cigarette smoke in my face, and it is really getting on my nerves. I
wish he (not smoke) _____________ here.

RESTATEMENT QUESTIONS WITH WISH CLAUSES

1. I wish I had learnt French when I was at high school.
A. If only I could learn French at high school.
B. If I had learnt French at high school, I would be regretful now.
C. I regret not learning French at high school.
D. I want to learn French when I start high school.

2. I wish my friend wouldn’t spend so much of his time on the Internet.

A. My friend would have been happier if he had spent less of his time on the Internet.
B. If only my friend did other things than waste his time on the Internet.
C. Spending more time on the Internet may not be beneficial to my friend.
D. I think my friend should have spent less of his time on the Internet.

3. It is hard to believe, but now that I have finally retired, I wish I had more to do.
A. It is not easy to believe that I used to have to do such a lot before I retired.
B. I have a funny feeling that I should have more to do even though I am no longer working.
C. I cannot believe that I am retired again although I have so little to do.
D. Surprisingly, after starting my retirement at last, I am not enjoying having so little to do.

4. I wish you had called me from the station to inform me that you were on your way home; I would have picked
you up.
A. If you call me from the station when you are going home, I will pick you up.
B. I won’t pick you up from the station unless you phone me to inform that you are coming home.
C. If only you had phoned me from the station to tell me that you were coming home; then I would have come to
give you a ride.
D. If you had phoned me from the station, I wouldn’t have waited for you at home.

5. Some former US soldiers regret not being merciful towards the Viet people.
A. The Viet people wish former US soldiers had been gracious towards them.
B. If some US soldiers hadn’t been forgiving towards the Viet people, they would regret it now.
C. A few US soldiers are sorry for the fact that they weren’t generous enough to meet the Viet people’s needs.
D. Several former US soldiers wish they had been kind and forgiving towards the Vietnamese.

6. At this precise moment, I wish I had never enrolled on this Celtic Myth course.
A. Right now, I regret my decision to take this Celtic Myth course.
B. Ever since I enrolled on this Celtic Myth course, I have been regretting it.
C. If only Celtic Myth didn't form part of this literature course.
D. If it had not been compulsory, I wouldn't have taken a Celtic Myth course.
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7. She wishes that she had been polite to her boss this morning.
A. As usual, she wasn't very polite to the boss this morning.
B. Generally, she is polite to her boss, but this morning she was a bit rude.
C. The remarks her boss made to her this morning were unfair.
D. She was rude to her boss this morning, and now she regrets it.

8. Saying they should have done more research, more than one-third of people regret buying their latest car.
A. Over a third of car purchases are made by people who would do more research if they had time.
B. Over a third of recent car-buyers wish they had done more research and purchased a different car.
C. If they did more research, more than one-third of people would be considering a more recently made car.
D. If they had done more research, more than a third of new car-buyers would have bought a more expensive
vehicle.

9. I wish I had supernatural powers that could eliminate all evil from the earth.
A. If I had supernatural powers, I'd first eradicate all the bad things from the earth.
B. There are so many bad things on the earth that I can't help wishing I had some supernatural powers.
C. If only I possessed supernatural powers which could eradicate all evil from the earth.
D. I wish I could eliminate all the evil things from the earth, but I need some supernatural powers for that.

10. I wish my parents had told me the truth about their plans.
A. I should have told my parents a long time ago that I would like to know about their plans.
B. My parents regretted that they have been unable to tell me the truth about their plans.
C. My parents didn’t tell me the truth about their plans, but I wish they had.
D. While I was talking to my parents about their plans, I realized they were not telling me the truth.

WEEK 12 – DIDN’T NEED TO / DIDN’T HAVE TO / NEEDN’T HAVE DONE

Introduction – PART A. Read the following sentences. What do you think the phrases in bold mean?

1. My kids didn’t 2. My kids woke up

need to go to school early and went to
yesterday. The school school. However,
was closed because they needn’t have
of the snow. They gone because the
watched cartoons all school was closed
day. due to the snow.

PART B. Match the sentences above with their meanings.

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a. _______ My kids went to school because they didn’t know that it was closed. When they got to school, they saw
that the school was closed.

b. _______ It wasn’t necessary for my kids to go to school yesterday as we knew it was a snow day, and this means
that the children were able to stay at home.

DIDN’T NEED TO V1 / DIDN’T HAVE TO V1 NEEDN’T HAVE V3

We use didn't need to V1 / didn’t have to V1 to We use needn't have V3 to explain that something
describe a past situation, in which something was not happened or was done although it was not necessary.
necessary, so it was not done.
 I needn’t have come to the office so early because
 Kate looked after the children, so we didn’t need when I arrived, I found out that the meeting had
to take them to the nursery. been cancelled. (= I came to the office
unnecessarily.)
 Mark didn’t need to buy new clothes for the
reception. He already had a suit.  Sonia drove me home in her car, so actually I
needn’t have bought a return ticket. How could I
have known? (= I bought a return ticket
unnecessarily.)

Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps using the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses with "needn't have V3" or "didn't
need to/didn't have to".
1. I found some old wrapping paper, so I ________________ (buy) some to wrap Katie's present and saved some
money.
2. They have just phoned from the repair shop to say that my bicycle is ready, so I ________________ (borrow)
Jack's to ride to work tomorrow. It was very kind of him to lend it to me, though.
3. The apples from our orchard are very sweet, so while making this marmalade, I ________________ (add) any
sugar to it. It's just sweet enough without any.
4. I was just about to water the garden when it started raining, so in the end, I ________________ (water) the
garden after all.
5. I cooked a special meal for my daughter and son-in-law, but my son-in-law got ill at the last minute and they
didn't come. I ________________ (cook) a special dinner that evening.
6. This year we bought a Christmas tree with roots, so we ________________ (throw) it away. After Christmas, we
planted it in the garden.
7. Last night, I missed my favourite TV show because I was preparing my presentation, and now the customer isn't
coming today. I ________________ (miss) the show.
8. Fortunately, the suntan lotion I took on holiday with me lasted for the whole two weeks, so I ________________
(buy) any more.

Exercise 2. Fill in the gaps using the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses with "needn't have V3" or "didn't
need to/didn't have to" in the following sentences.

1. I __________ (go) to work today, but I went to the office anyway as I knew they were really busy on this new
contract, and I really wanted to help out.
2. I __________ (take) any money to the museum – I didn't realize it was free to enter.

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3. Sheila __________ (get) a taxi to the party. I could have driven her, but she didn’t even ask!
4. Oh Mike, you __________ (buy) me anything for my birthday! A simple card would have been perfectly
acceptable.
5. Today was the last day of school and we __________ (attend) classes in the afternoon. It was great.
6. We went for a lovely walk in the woods yesterday. We took a huge picnic with us, but there was a café there
anyway. We __________ (take) anything!
7. Our boss have just told us we had an extra three days to finish the project, so, apparently, we __________ (work)
so hard to finish it by the end of today.
8. You __________ (do) the washing up because I was going to do that tomorrow.
9. I threw a huge party in my flat last weekend, and it was really easy to organize because I __________ (cook)
anything. Everyone brought something to eat, so I just provided my guests with the drinks.

RESTATEMENT QUESTIONS

1. He needn’t have hurried as the meeting didn’t start until quite a while after the time for which it had been
planned.
A) He had to hurry in order to arrive at the meeting before the arranged time.
B) The meeting started rather later than scheduled, so it wasn’t necessary for him to hurry.
C) He didn’t need to hurry as he already knew that the meeting wouldn’t start as scheduled.
D) There was no need for him to hurry because he had plenty of time before the scheduled time of the meeting.

2. Our teachers needn’t have paid any money to enter the museum as the entrance was free for them.
A) Our teachers thought they didn’t have to pay any money to enter the museum; however, they learned that they
had to.
B) Our teachers didn’t pay any money to enter the museum because it wasn’t necessary.
C) Our teachers paid some money to enter the museum although they knew that they didn’t have to.
D) It was not necessary for our teachers to pay any money to enter the museum, but they did.

3. Citizens needn’t have abandoned their homes since there was no hazard of a tsunami after the recent
earthquake in Japan.
A) Citizens in Japan couldn’t have abandoned their homes after the recent earthquake due to the danger of a
tsunami.
B) Citizens didn’t need to leave their homes after the latest earthquake in Japan since a risk of a tsunami wasn’t very
high.
C) Citizens left their homes after the latest earthquake in Japan since they thought there was a danger of a tsunami,
which turned out to be unreal.
D) The possibility of a tsunami made citizens in Japan rebuild their homes after the earthquake.

4. It wasn’t necessary for you to go to the bank in order to send the money to their account because you could
have just used your credit card to pay the amount online.
A) Since it was possible to make an online payment with your credit card, you needn’t have gone to the bank to send
them the money.
B) They should have let you know that you could pay the money online with your credit card so that you wouldn’t
have to go the bank to send it.
C) You can’t have gone to the bank to pay the money because they only accept credit cards for payment.
D) You should go to the bank in order to confirm that they got the money that you paid online with your credit card.

5. It wasn’t necessary for the students to be scared of the exam because they found out that it was easier than
they had expected.
A) The students needn’t have felt nervous about the exam as it was not as difficult as they had thought.
B) The students didn’t have to worry about the exam because every one of them studied hard for it.
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C) The students shouldn’t have worried about the exam because it was much easier than the previous one.
D) The students ought to have studied harder for the exam because they knew that it would be harder.

6. Students weren’t required to study vocabulary for the exam as the teacher had announced that there wouldn’t
be a vocabulary section in the exam.
A) Students were studying vocabulary for the exam; however, the teacher told them that vocabulary wouldn’t be
asked in the exam, and they stopped.
B) The teacher needn’t have informed students that there wouldn’t be a vocabulary section in the exam because
they had already studied vocabulary, thinking that it was required.
C) Students didn’t need to work on vocabulary since the teacher had announced that the exam wouldn’t include a
vocabulary section.
D) Students had been studying vocabulary when the teacher announced that the exam wouldn’t include a
vocabulary section.

7. Most iPhone 4 users bought the iPhone 4S, which wasn’t necessary because soon after that Apple released the
enhanced model, iPhone 5.
A) Until Apple released the iPhone 5, most iPhone 4 users got used to the iPhone4S, which is a device with poor
quality.
B) The iPhone 5 has proven to be a much better phone than the iPhone 4S, so iPhone 4 users want to buy the iPhone
5 now.
C) Most iPhone 4 users needn’t have bought the iPhone 4S since Apple introduced an advanced model, the iPhone5
soon after.
D) Until the iPhone 5 came to the market, most mobile users preferred using the iPhone 4 to the iPhone 4S.

8. A medical study showed that women who went to a fitness club regularly did not have to cut down on food as
exercise helped them lose weight easily.
A) Women who went to a fitness club regularly would have also cut down on food if exercise had helped them lose
weight according to a medical study.
B) Going to a fitness club regularly helped women lose weight easily, so they did not need to cut down on food
according to a medical study.
C) In a medical study, women needn’t have cut down on food since regular exercise in a fitness club helped them
lose weight easily.
D) If women went to a fitness club irregularly, they would not have to cut down on food to lose weight easily
according to a medical study.

WEEK 13 – PARTICIPLE CLAUSES

Introduction: Read the sentences below and try to guess what they mean.

1. Shouting, she ran out of the house.

a. She ran out of the house, and at the same time she was shouting.
b. First she ran out of the house, then she shouted.

2. Being an experienced driver, I offered to be their driving tutor.

a. Since I was an experienced driver, I offered to be their driving tutor.
b. First I became an experienced driver, then I offered to be their driving tutor.

3. Travelling around the world, John met a number of very interesting people.
a. After John had travelled around the world, he met a number of very interesting people.
b. While John was travelling around the world, he met a number of very interesting people.

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4. Seriously injured, Neil has to stay in the hospital for a while.
a. Because Neil is seriously injured, he has to stay in the hospital for a while.
b. Because Neil has injured someone, he has to stay in the hospital for a while.

5. Completed, the report was published without any delay.

a. As soon as it was completed, the report was published without any delay.
b. Since we had completed the report, we published it without any delay.

6. Having seen the film, Mary doesn’t want to see it again.

a. Since she is going to see the film herself, Mary doesn’t want to see it again.
b. Since she has already seen the film, Mary doesn’t want to see it again.

7. Hidden in the Himalayas, Bhutan is a small kingdom with beautiful mountain landscapes and
unique cultural traditions.
a. Bhutan hides in the Himalayas, and it is a small kingdom with beautiful mountain landscapes and
unique cultural traditions.
b. Bhutan, which is hidden in the Himalayas, is a small kingdom with beautiful mountain landscapes
and unique cultural traditions.

The sentence parts above written in bold are PARTICIPLE CLAUSES. They enable us to convey
information in a more economical way – with fewer words. They might carry meanings such as when,
while, after, as/since/because, if, etc. We are going to discuss these meanings in more detail later in
this chapter.

We must also keep in mind that we can use participle clauses when the participle and the verb in the
main clause have the same subject.
For example:
Waiting for John, Suzie made some tea. (While Suzie was waiting for John, she made some tea.)

There are several different participle forms in participle clauses. They are:
1. Present Participle: Ving
2. Past Participle: V3
3. Perfect Participle: Having V3 (active) / Having been V3 (passive)
In the following sections, you will see some of the situations where we find participle clauses.

1. PRESENT PARTICIPLE – Ving

When two sentences have the same subject, we can often make one shorter sentence with them, using a participle.
Look at the examples below:
1. She was hungry. She stole some bread. (Here we have two short sentences that belong together.)
2. Because she was hungry, she stole some bread. (Here we’ve put them together with the conjunction “because”,
but this sentence is longer than the two short ones.)
3. Being hungry, she stole some bread. (In the third sentence, we’ve removed the subject and replaced the past
tense verb (was) with the present participle (being). “Being hungy…” is a participle clause.

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 THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE (Ving) EXAMPLES
1. We can use participle clauses - Walking home, he was attacked by a strange man.
with a present participle to replace As he was walking home, he was attacked by a strange man.
adverbial clauses. - (On/Upon) Opening the door, I found the newspaper on the
floor. (specific)
When I opened the door, I found the newspaper on the floor.
- Not wanting to miss the bus, they ran to the bus stop.
As they didn’t want to miss the bus, they ran to the bus stop.
- When taking this medication, avoid drinking alcohol. (general)
When you take this medication, avoid drinking alcohol.
- After speaking to her, I felt much better.
After I spoke to her, I felt much better.
- Before making a decision, I need to talk to my partner.
Before I make a decision, I need to talk to my partner.
- Since getting a new a job, I’ve had no time to go out.
Since I got a new job, I’ve had no time to go out.
2. We can also use them to replace
actions.

a) a lengthy action interrupted by a - Waiting for the bus, she saw her friend.
shorter or a sudden one. She was waiting for the bus, and she saw her friend.

b) an action taking place at the - Walking down the street, he was singing a song.
same time as another one. He was walking down the street and singing a song.

c) an action taking place - Entering the room, he noticed that the windows were open.
immediately before another one. He entered the room and noticed that the windows were open.

Exercise 1. Use the “Present Participle” to rewrite the following sentences.

1. Because he did not know his way around, Simon had to ask for directions.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. When you adjust the machine, you must switch off the electricity.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. The detective opened the file and took out a newspaper cutting.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Our neighbor fell off a ladder and broke his arm.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. She did not go to the party because she knew that John wouldn’t be there.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Bill was listening to the lecture, and he fell asleep.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7. He was well-qualified, so he got the job.
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
8. Since I wanted to finish my work, I stayed in.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
9. After I moved here, I felt much healthier.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
10. After she added the water, she began to stir the mixture.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

2. PAST PARTICIPLE – V3

THE PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) EXAMPLES

1. We can use participle clauses with Shocked by the tragedy, they did not know what to say.
a past participle instead of a subject+ They were shocked by the tragedy, and they did not know what to say.
verb in the passive voice.

2. We can also use them to replace an Stored in the fridge, the pudding will keep for up to one week.
adverbial clause in the passive voice. If it is stored in the fridge, the pudding will keep for up to one week.)
Convinced that they were trying to poison him, he refused to eat
anything.
Because he was convinced that they were trying to poison him, he
refused to eat anything.

Exercise 2. Use the “Past Participle” to rewrite the following sentences.

1. The passengers were soaked to the skin, and they managed to get on another coach for the next town.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. If this product is used economically, it lasts for at least six weeks.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Children who are left on their own without any adults enjoy themselves at first.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. The driver was shocked by the accident, and he couldn’t say a word at first.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. When they are planted in early spring, these vegetables can be harvested in the summer.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Since he was woken up by the noise in the street, he couldn’t get back to sleep.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE EXAMPLES

(HAVING V3) - (ACTIVE)
1. when the first action is completed Having finished lunch, we set off on our journey.
before the second action (a time gap) We finished lunch, and then we set off on our journey.
After we (had) finished lunch, we set off on our journey.

2. when the earlier action covers a Having gained so much experience in his field, he was appointed
period of time to a government post.
He had gained so much experience in his field that he was
appointed to a government post.

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 3. to replace a relative clause Having finished earlier, the students were allowed to go out.
containing a time gap with the main The students having finished earlier were allowed to go out.
clause The students who had finished earlier were allowed to go out.

THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE (HAVING EXAMPLES

BEEN V3) - (PASSIVE)
1.when the first action is completed Having been bitten twice by our dog, he refused to deliver our
before the second action (a time gap) post.
He had been bitten twice by our dog, so he refused to deliver our
post.
2. when the earlier action covers a Having been involved in a number of crimes, he was sentenced to
period of time life imprisonment.
Since he had been involved in a number of crimes, he was
sentenced to life imprisonment.
3. to replace a relative clause Having been interviewed three times, the boy was offered the
containing a time gap with the main job.
clause The boy having been interviewed three times was offered the job.
The boy who had been interviewed three times was offered the
job.

3. PERFECT PARTICIPLE – HAVING V3/HAVING BEEN V3

Exercise 3. Use the “Perfect Participle” where necessary.

1. Since I had not seen him for a long time, I didn’t recognize him.
____________________________________________________________________________
2. The man who had worked in the garden all day couldn’t sleep well.
____________________________________________________________________________
3. After he had been turned down by many universities, Charlie decided to join the army.
____________________________________________________________________________
4. The room had not been tidied up yet and looked like a battlefield.
____________________________________________________________________________
5. The painting which had been stolen from a museum was found and taken back to the museum.
____________________________________________________________________________

RESTATEMENT QUESTIONS WITH PARTICIPLES

1. Having just bought a brand-new car, he was angry when the electric windows on it stopped working.
A. He bought a new car because he was fed up with the electric windows not working properly on his old one.
B. The failure of the electric windows on his new car annoyed him because he had only recently purchased it brand
new.
C. Although he was not happy to discover that the car did not have electrically operated windows, he bought it
anyway.
D. Feeling annoyed that the electric windows no longer worked on his car, he bought a new one.

2. Having considered all the risks beforehand, the police did not take action without a plan.
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A. While they were considering the risks, the police did not take action without a plan.
B. Although they did not take action without a plan, the police considered the risks beforehand.
C. By the time the police thought about taking action, they had made a plan.
D. Because the police had considered all the risks beforehand, they did not take action without a plan.

3. Few of the people attending the opening of the exhibition realized just how remarkable the exhibition was.
A. Many people at the opening were unable to appreciate the worth of the exhibition.
B. Most people who came to the opening did not expect the exhibition to be of any value.
C. A great majority of the people were, in fact, impressed by the exhibition when it was opened.
D. Of those who attended the opening, some thought the exhibition was rather disappointing.

4. Being totally unfamiliar with the situation, he could only offer very little help.
A. Because he didn't offer any assistance, he wasn't able to learn much about what was happening.
B. As he only knew very little about the case, his offer of help was of no use.
C. Not knowing anyone involved in the event, he decided not to offer to do anything about it.
D. He was unable to offer much assistance as he didn’t know anything about the case.

5. Not being satisfied with my declaration, the customs officer directed me for a detailed examination
of my baggage.
A. The customs officer made me open my suitcase without even looking at my declaration form.
B. My suspicious behavior got the attention of the customs officer, and he wanted to examine my baggage.
C. Although the customs officer was not satisfied with my declaration, he did not examine my baggage in detail.
D. The customs officer did not find my declaration satisfactory and decided that my baggage needed further
inspection.

6. When driving at night, I cannot bear people driving towards me without dipping their headlamps.
A. If drivers don't dip their headlamps at night, they can dazzle drivers coming in the opposite direction.
B. When at the wheel at night, I get annoyed with the drivers coming in the opposite direction who don't dip their
headlamps.
C. I get dazzled if a driver who is coming in the opposite direction does not dip his headlamps at night, which is very
annoying.
D. The thing I find most annoying when driving at night is drivers who don't dip their headlamps for oncoming traffic.

7. Encouraged by his colleagues’ positive opinion, the manager decided to go ahead with his new project.
A. After receiving support from his colleagues, the manager proceeded with his new scheme.
B. The director had to quit his plan due to the lack of support.
C. To implement his project, the manager wanted his colleagues to sustain him.
D. But for his colleagues’ support, the director wouldn’t have been able to succeed in his plan.

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