Toolpath Generation
Toolpath Generation
u=𝑃𝑖+1 −𝑃𝑖,𝑤 = 𝑃− 𝑃𝑖
Zigzag infill
Zigzag infill
Monotone Polygon
• a polygon P in the plane is
called monotone with respect
to a straight line L, if every
line orthogonal to L intersects
the boundary of P at most
twice.
Monotone Polygon
• Polygonal decomposition refers
to breaking a polygon into
smaller, simpler components
such as triangles, rectangles, or
convex polygons. This process
has applications in computer
graphics, computational
geometry, finite element
analysis, and robotics.
Zigzag infill
• the vertices are sorted by their y
values
Zigzag infill
• A horizontal line is swept from the
top to the bottom of the polygon,
maintaining a count of intersections
with the polygon edges. The
number of intersections above and
below the vertex is compared at
each point. The points at which the
number of intersections changes
indicate a merge or split event. The
lines passing through the event
points partition the polygon into
monotone sub-polygons with
respect to the sweep line.
Zigzag infill
• First, an adjacency graph is
created using the shared
partition edges of each
monotone polygon, where a
number represents each
polygon.
Zigzag infill
• Connected components through
the adjacency graph are
determined based on a depth-
first graph search (DSF) algorithm
such that each monotone sub-
polygon is visited only once.
Zigzag infill
• Connected components through
the adjacency graph are
determined based on a depth-
first graph search (DSF) algorithm
such that each monotone sub-
polygon is visited only once.
Finally, the polygons are
connected in the order given by
the connected components.
Zigzag infill
• Connected components through
the adjacency graph are
determined based on a depth-
first graph search (DSF) algorithm
such that each monotone sub-
polygon is visited only once.
Finally, the polygons are
connected in the order given by
the connected components.
Polygonal Decomposition
Polygonal Decomposition
Polygonal Decomposition
Polygonal Decomposition
Polygonal Decomposition
Polygonal Decomposition
Polygonal Decomposition
Polygonal Decomposition
Boustrophedon paths
• Boustrophedon paths are a systematic coverage strategy often used
in computer-aided machining, robotics, agricultural machinery, and
aerial drones to cover an area efficiently. The term comes from the
Greek word "boustrophedon," meaning "as the ox turns," which
describes the back-and-forth motion used in plowing fields.
Boustrophedon paths
Non-planar printing
• Non-planar 3D printing is an advanced additive manufacturing
technique where the print head moves along 3D paths rather than
following the traditional layer-by-layer planar approach. This method
allows the extruder to deposit material on curved or non-flat
surfaces, offering several advantages over conventional planar 3D
printing.
Staircase effect
• The staircase effect is a common limitation in traditional planar 3D
printing, where the printed object exhibits visible step-like lines on
slanted or curved surfaces. These lines occur because the object is
built layer by layer in horizontal planes, and the resolution of these
layers defines the appearance of the final surface.
Staircase effect
Non-planar printing
Non-planar printing
Non-planar printing
Non-planar printing
Non-planar printing
Non-planar printing
Non-planar printing
Non-planar printing
Non-planar printing
Non-planar printing
Non-planar printing
Non-planar printing
Non-planar printing
Non-planar printing
Non-planar printing
Non-planar printing
Non-planar printing
Non-planar printing
Material Extrusion
• Fused Deposition Modeling- A filament of thermoplastic material is
heated and extruded through a nozzle to build up the object layer by
layer.
• Direct Ink Writing- DIW uses a syringe or similar extrusion system to
deposit a paste-like material layer by layer. The materials used in DIW
are typically viscous and can be conductive, structural, or biological
inks.
Fused Deposition Modeling
Fused Deposition Modeling
Direct Ink Writing
Extrusion rate
Extrusion cross-section
Extrusion cross-section
Machining operations
Machining operations
Machining operations