Chapter 1

Q1: What are SI prefixes?

Ans: SI prefixes are words or symbols added before SI units to represent large or small values in

powers of 10. Examples include milli (10^-3), kilo (10^3), and mega (10^6).

Q2: How is scientific notation useful?

Ans: Scientific notation helps represent very large or small numbers in a concise way by expressing

them as a number between 1 and 9 multiplied by a power of 10. For example, 138,000,000 km is

written as 1.38 × 10^8 km.

 Chapter 1

Q1: What are SI prefixes?

Ans: SI prefixes are words or symbols added before SI units to represent large or small values in

powers of 10. Examples include milli (10^-3), kilo (10^3), and mega (10^6).

Q2: How is scientific notation useful?

Ans: Scientific notation helps represent very large or small numbers in a concise way by expressing

them as a number between 1 and 9 multiplied by a power of 10. For example, 138,000,000 km is

written as 1.38 × 10^8 km.

 Chapter 1

Q5: What is the least count of a metre rule?

Ans: The least count of a metre rule is 1 mm, which means it can measure the smallest length of 1

millimetre accurately.

Q6: What is parallax error?

Ans: Parallax error occurs when an instrument is read from an incorrect angle. This can lead to

inaccurate measurements. To avoid this, the observer's eye should be directly above the scale.

Q7: How does scientific notation help in calculations?

Ans: Scientific notation makes calculations easier by expressing large and small numbers in powers

of 10. For example, 186000 can be written as 1.86 × 10^5.

 Chapter 1

Short Question Answers

Q1: What is the least count of a Vernier Calliper?

The least count of a Vernier Calliper is the difference between one main scale division
and one Vernier scale division. It is calculated as:
Least Count = 1 MS div - 1 VS div
= 1mm - 0.9mm
= 0.1mm

Q2: How does parallax error occur?

Parallax error occurs due to the incorrect position of the eye when taking a
measurement. If the eye is not positioned perpendicularly to the scale, the reading may
appear different from the actual value.
 Chapter 1

Short Question Answers

Q1: What is the least count of a Vernier Calliper?

The least count of a Vernier Calliper is the difference between one main scale division
and one Vernier scale division. It is calculated as:
Least Count = 1 MS div - 1 VS div
= 1mm - 0.9mm
= 0.1mm

Q2: How does parallax error occur?

Parallax error occurs due to the incorrect position of the eye when taking a
measurement. If the eye is not positioned perpendicularly to the scale, the reading may
appear different from the actual value.
 Chapter 1

Short Question Answers

Q1: What is the least count of a Vernier Calliper?

The least count of a Vernier Calliper is the difference between one main scale division
and one Vernier scale division. It is calculated as:
Least Count = 1 MS div - 1 VS div
= 1mm - 0.9mm
= 0.1mm

Q2: How does parallax error occur?

Parallax error occurs due to the incorrect position of the eye when taking a
measurement. If the eye is not positioned perpendicularly to the scale, the reading may
appear different from the actual value.
 Chapter 1

Q5: What is the least count of a metre rule?

Ans: The least count of a metre rule is 1 mm, which means it can measure the smallest length of 1

millimetre accurately.

Q6: What is parallax error?

Ans: Parallax error occurs when an instrument is read from an incorrect angle. This can lead to

inaccurate measurements. To avoid this, the observer's eye should be directly above the scale.

Q7: How does scientific notation help in calculations?

Ans: Scientific notation makes calculations easier by expressing large and small numbers in powers

of 10. For example, 186000 can be written as 1.86 × 10^5.

 Chapter 1 - Part 2

Q3: What is the importance of SI units?

Ans: SI units provide a standardized system of measurement used globally in science and

engineering, ensuring consistency and accuracy in data representation.

Q4: How can we convert units using SI prefixes?

Ans: We can convert units using SI prefixes by multiplying or dividing by powers of 10. For example,

5000 mm can be converted to meters as 5000 ÷ 1000 = 5 m.

 Chapter 1

Q1: What are SI prefixes?

Ans: SI prefixes are words or symbols added before SI units to represent large or small values in

powers of 10. Examples include milli (10^-3), kilo (10^3), and mega (10^6).

Q2: How is scientific notation useful?

Ans: Scientific notation helps represent very large or small numbers in a concise way by expressing

them as a number between 1 and 9 multiplied by a power of 10. For example, 138,000,000 km is

written as 1.38 × 10^8 km.

 Comprehensive Questions 1.4 to 1.5

1.4 Identify and explain the reasons for human errors, random errors, and systematic errors
in experiments.
Errors in experiments can arise due to different factors. These include:

1. **Human Errors**: These occur due to mistakes made by the experimenter, such as
misreading a scale, recording incorrect values, or using faulty instruments.

2. **Random Errors**: These are unpredictable variations that occur due to external
factors such as temperature changes, slight fluctuations in instrument readings, or
human inconsistencies. They can be minimized by repeating the experiment multiple
times and averaging the results.

3. **Systematic Errors**: These are consistent errors that arise due to flaws in
equipment or experimental setup. Examples include calibration errors, zero errors, or
incorrect use of formulas. These errors can be reduced by properly calibrating
instruments and following correct procedures.

1.5 Differentiate between precision and accuracy of a measurement with examples.

Precision and accuracy are important concepts in measurements:

- **Precision**: It refers to the consistency or repeatability of measurements. If

multiple measurements give nearly the same result, they are considered precise, even
if they are incorrect. For example, if a weighing scale always shows 50.1 kg for an
object that is actually 48 kg, it is precise but not accurate.

- **Accuracy**: It refers to how close a measurement is to the actual or true value. A

measurement is accurate if it correctly represents the quantity being measured. For
example, if a thermometer reads 37°C when the actual temperature is 37°C, it is
accurate.

- **Difference**: Accuracy measures correctness, while precision measures consistency.

A set of measurements can be precise but not accurate, accurate but not precise, or
both.
 Comprehensive Questions (1.1 to 1.3)

1.1 What is meant by base and derived quantities? Give the names and symbols of SI base
units.
Base quantities are fundamental physical quantities that do not depend on other
quantities. Examples include length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, amount
of substance, and luminous intensity.
Derived quantities are those that are derived from base quantities through
mathematical operations. Examples include speed, acceleration, force, and pressure.

SI Base Units:
1. Length - meter (m)
2. Mass - kilogram (kg)
3. Time - second (s)
4. Electric Current - ampere (A)
5. Temperature - kelvin (K)
6. Amount of Substance - mole (mol)
7. Luminous Intensity - candela (cd)

1.2 Give three examples of derived units in SI. How are they derived from base units?
Describe briefly.
Derived units are formed by combining base units according to physical laws. Some
examples include:

1. Speed (m/s) = Distance (m) / Time (s)

2. Force (N) = Mass (kg) × Acceleration (m/s²)
3. Pressure (Pa) = Force (N) / Area (m²)

These units are obtained by using mathematical relationships between base quantities.

1.3 State the similarities and differences between Vernier Callipers and micrometer screw
gauge.
Similarities:
1. Both are precision measuring instruments used for small measurements.
2. Both have a main scale and a secondary scale (Vernier scale or circular scale).
3. Both provide more accuracy than a simple ruler.

Differences:
1. Vernier Callipers measure lengths, inner and outer diameters, and depths, while
Micrometer Screw Gauge is used for very small thicknesses like wires.
2. Vernier Callipers have a least count of 0.01 cm, while Micrometer Screw Gauge has a
least count of 0.001 cm.
3. Vernier Callipers use a sliding mechanism, whereas Micrometer Screw Gauge uses
a rotating thimble for measurement.
 Constructed Response Questions (1.8 to 1.10)

1.8 Suggest some natural phenomena that could serve as a reasonably accurate time
standard.

Some natural phenomena that can serve as accurate time standards include:
- Earth's rotation (used for defining a day)
- Earth's revolution around the Sun (used for defining a year)
- Oscillations of a pendulum
- Atomic vibrations in atomic clocks
- Lunar cycles (used in calendars)

1.9 It is difficult to locate the meniscus in a wider vessel. Why?

In a wider vessel, the curvature of the liquid surface (meniscus) is less pronounced,
making it harder to identify the exact level of the liquid. Additionally, reflections and
distortions from the container walls can make it challenging to observe the meniscus
accurately.

1.10 Which instrument can be used to measure:

(i) Internal diameter of a test tube
(ii) Depth of a beaker

(i) The internal diameter of a test tube can be measured using Vernier Callipers.
(ii)The depth of a beaker can be measured using a depth gauge or a ruler.
 Constructed Questions 1.4 to 1.7

1.4 Identify and explain the reasons for human errors, random errors, and
systematic errors in experiments.
Answer:
- Human Errors: These occur due to mistakes made by the person conducting the
experiment, such as incorrect readings or miscalculations.
- Random Errors: These arise due to unpredictable variations in measurements, such as
fluctuations in environmental conditions.
- Systematic Errors: These occur due to flaws in the experimental setup, like a faulty
instrument or incorrect calibration.

1.5Differentiate between precision and accuracy of a measurement with

examples. Answer:
- Precision: The consistency of repeated measurements. Example: Measuring an
object's length multiple times and getting 5.02 cm, 5.01 cm, and 5.03 cm.
- Accuracy: How close a measurement is to the true value. Example: If the actual length
is 5.00 cm, and you measure 5.02 cm, it is close but not exact.

1.6Why is it better to place the object close to the

metre scale? Answer:
Placing the object close to the metre scale reduces parallax error, ensuring more accurate
readings.

1.7Why a standard unit is needed to measure a quantity

correctly? Answer:
A standard unit provides consistency and allows comparisons across different places and
times. Without standardization, measurements would vary, leading to confusion.
 Constructed Response Questions - Solutions

1.2 Why might a standard system of measurement be helpful to a tailor?

A standard system of measurement helps a tailor ensure accuracy and consistency in
measurements, which is essential for making well-fitted clothes. It eliminates confusion
that may arise due to different measurement systems and allows tailors to work with
standardized sizes, ensuring better communication with customers and suppliers.

1.3 The minimum main scale reading of a micrometer screw gauge is 1 mm and there are 100
divisions on the circular scale. When the thimble is rotated once, 1 mm is its measurement
on the main scale. What is the least count of the instrument? The reading for thickness of a
steel rod is shown in the figure. What is the thickness of the rod?
The least count of a micrometer screw gauge is calculated as:
Least Count = (Smallest division on main scale) / (Total number of divisions on
circular scale) Given:
- Smallest division on main scale = 1 mm
- Number of divisions on circular scale
= 100 Least Count = 1 mm / 100 =
0.01 mm

The thickness of the rod can be found by adding the main scale reading and the circular
scale reading. If the main scale reading is 5 mm and the circular scale reading
corresponds to 45 divisions:
Thickness = 5 mm + (45 × 0.01 mm) = 5 mm + 0.45 mm = 5.45 mm
 Constructed Response Question 1.1

(a) Thickness of a five-rupee coin:

Answer: Millimeters (mm)

(b) Length of a book:

Answer: Centimeters (cm)

(c) Length of a football field:

Answer: Meters (m)

(d) The distance between two cities:

Answer: Kilometers (km)

(e) Mass of a five-rupee coin:

Answer: Grams (g)

(f) Mass of your school bag:

Answer: Kilograms (kg)

(g) Duration of your class period:

Answer: Minutes (min) or Seconds (s)

(h) Volume of petrol filled in the tank of a car:

Answer: Liters (L)

(i) Time to boil one liter of milk:

Answer: Minutes (min) or Seconds (s)
 Physics Questions Solutions

1.10 State least count and Vernier scale reading as shown in the figure and hence, find the length.

Solution:
Least Count Calculation:
Least Count = Smallest Division on Main Scale / Total number of divisions on Vernier
Scale Assuming:
- Smallest division on the main scale = 1 mm
- Total Vernier scale divisions = 10
Least Count = 1 mm / 10 = 0.1 mm or 0.01 cm

Finding Length:
- Main Scale Reading (MSR): 5.5 cm
- Vernier Scale Reading (VSR): 6th division
- VSR = 6 × Least Count = 6 × 0.01 = 0.06
cm Total Length = MSR + VSR = 5.5 + 0.06
= 5.56 cm

1.11 Which reading out of A, B, and C shows the correct length and why?

Solution:
The correct reading should be the one where the Vernier scale aligns exactly with the
main scale. If one of the readings has a parallax error, it is incorrect.
The most accurate reading follows the least count method and proper alignment of the
scales.
 Short Answer Questions (1.8 & 1.9)

1.8 What is meant by:

(a) 5 pm - 5 picometers (1 pm = 10^-12 meters)

(b)15 ns - 15 nanoseconds (1 ns = 10^-9 seconds)
(c) 6 um - 6 micrometers (1 um = 10^-6 meters)
(d)5 fs - 5 femtoseconds (1 fs = 10^-15 seconds)

1.9 Vernier Callipers:

(a) Purpose: Used to measure small lengths with high

precision, such as internal/external diameters and
depth of small holes.
(b)Main Parts:
1. Main Scale
2. Vernier Scale
(c) Least Count Formula:
Least Count = (Smallest division on main
scale) / (Total divisions on Vernier
scale)
(d)Zero Error:
It occurs when the instrument does not show
zero reading when its jaws are completely closed.
It can be positive or negative.
 Chapter 1: Short Questions (1.4 to 1.7)

1.4 Why is it better to place the object close to the metre scale?
Placing the object close to the metre scale minimizes parallax error, which occurs
when the observer's eye is not aligned perpendicularly to the scale.

1.5 Why a standard unit is needed to measure a quantity correctly?

A standard unit is essential for consistency, accuracy, and universal understanding
in measurements, ensuring that different people obtain the same results.

1.6 Suggest some natural phenomena that could serve as a reasonably accurate time
standard.
Some natural phenomena that can serve as accurate time standards include:
- Earth's rotation (one day)
- Earth's revolution around the Sun (one year)
- Vibrations of cesium atoms in atomic clocks

1.7 It is difficult to locate the meniscus in a wider vessel. Why?

In a wider vessel, the curvature of the liquid surface (meniscus) is less pronounced,
making it harder to distinguish the lowest point for accurate measurements.
 Chapter 1: Short Questions and Answers

1.1 Can a non-physical quantity be measured? If yes, then how?

Answer: Non-physical quantities cannot be measured using instruments, but they can
be estimated based on human perception, such as emotions or opinions.

1.2 What is measurement? Name its two parts.

Answer: Measurement is the process of comparing a physical quantity with a standard
unit. Its two parts are:
1. The numerical value
2. The unit of measurement

1.3 Why do we need a standard unit for measurements?

Answer: Standard units are necessary to ensure consistency and accuracy in
measurements worldwide. They allow scientists and engineers to communicate and compare
results effectively.