NEW HARVARD AMERICAN BILINGUAL SCHOOL

Science Department

Mid term

1 G10-Chemistry-Mid term
 Lessons
Exam contents
Module 4
1.Electron configuration

Module 5
1.develeopment of elements in periodic table
2.classification of elements
3.Periodic trend

Exam Layout:
Choose
True and false, and correct mistakes
Complete
Scientific term
Answer the following

2 G10-Chemistry-Mid term
 Lesson1
Electron configuration
1-Electron: a negatively charged, fast-moving particle with an extremely small
mass that is found in forms of matter and moves through the empty space
surrounding an atom’s nucleus
The arrangement of electrons in an atom is called the atom’s electron
configuration.
2-The Aufbau Principle
The Aufbau principle states that each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital
available.
3-The Pauli Exclusion Principle
The Pauli exclusion principle states that a maximum of two electrons can occupy
a single orbital, but only if the electrons have opposite spins.
4-Hund’s Rule:Hund’s rule states that single electrons with the same spin must
occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional electrons with opposite spins
can occupy the same orbitals.
• Orbital diagrams represent electrons in orbitals using arrows in boxes.
• The electron configuration notation for neon is 1s22s22p6.

5-Valence electrons: are located in the atom’s outermost orbitals—generally

associated with the atom’s highest principal energy level. They determine an
element’s chemical properties.
• A sulfur atom has 16 electrons, but only six occupy the outermost 3s and 3p
orbitals.
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 • A sulfur atom has six valence electrons.
•
6-Electron-dot structures consist of the element’s symbol—representing the
nucleus and inner- level electrons—surrounded by dots representing the valence
electron

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 Lesson 2
The development of modern periodic table

A. Many new elements were discovered during the 1800s. Scientists needed a
better way to organize knowledge about the elements.
B. Scientists and their developments of elements arrangement of elements in
modern periodic table
1.John Newlands proposed arranging elements by atomic mass. He noticed that
properties repeated after every 8 elements.
2.Dmitri Mendeleev made a table arranging the elements in order of atomic mass
into columns with similar properties. Empty spaces in the table enabled him to
predict the existence of undiscovered elements.
3.Henry Moseley refined Mendeleev’s table by arranging in order of increasing
atomic number instead of atomic mass. This resulted in a clear periodic pattern
4.periodic law The statement that there is a periodic repetition of chemical and
physical properties of the elements when they are arranged by increasing atomic
number is called the

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 •

5.The modern periodic table contains boxes with each element's name,
symbol, atomic number, and atomic mass.

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 Lesson 2 : The classification of elements

1.Columns of elements are called groups or families.

2.Rows of elements are called periods.
3.Elements in groups 1, 2, and 13–18 are called the representative elements.
4.They possess a wide variety of chemical and physical properties.
5.Elements in groups 3–12 are known as the transition metals.
6.Elements are classified as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
7.Metals are elements that are generally shiny when smooth and clean, solid at
room temperature, and good conductors of heat and electricity.
8.Alkali metals are all the elements in group 1, except hydrogen. They are very
reactive.
9.Alkaline earth metals are in group 2. They are also highly reactive.
10.The transition elements are divided into transition metals and inner transition
metals.
11.The two sets of inner transition metals, known as the lanthanide series and the
actinide series, are located along the bottom of the periodic table.
12.Nonmetals are elements that are generally gases or brittle, dull-looking solids.
Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
13.Group 17 is composed of highly reactive elements called halogens.
14.Group 18 gases are extremely unreactive. They are commonly called noble
gases.
15.Metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, have physical and chemical
properties of both metals and nonmetals.
16.Elements are pure substances that cannot be decomposed by chemical
changes.
17.The elements serve as the building blocks of matter.

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18.Each element has characteristic properties.
19.The elements are organized in the periodic table into groups based on
similar chemical
properties.

20.Properties of metals
• Good conductor of heat and electricity.
• Shine and luster.
• At room temperature, most metals are solids.
• Malleability; they can be hammered into thin sheets.
• Ductility; they can be drawn into a fine wire.
• High tensile strength, the ability to resist breaking when pulled.
• A nonmetal is an element that is a poor conductor of heat and
electricity.

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• Some are solids (carbon, phosphorous), some are gases (oxygen,
nitrogen, helium) and one is liquid (bromine).
• A metalloid is an element that has some characteristics of metals and some
characteristics of nonmetals
• Potassium metal reacts violently with water to producing a basic solution
and flammable hydrogen gas.
• All alkali metals react with water to produce hydrogen gas.

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21.The periodic table has many classifications.
Groups and periods are one classification. Another classification denotes metals,
nonmetals, and metalloids.
A stair-step line starting at boron (B) separates metals (to the left the line) from
nonmetals (to the right of the line).
The metalloids exist along the line.
Metalloids are elements that have physical properties resembling a metal, but the
chemical reactivity of a nonmetal.
Main-group Elements, Transition Metals, and Inner-transition Metals.

22.Diatomic Molecules.
◼ Most elements, except for the noble gases, do not exist as single atoms.
◼ The halogens, along with hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, exist naturally
as diatomic molecules when in their element form (not as compounds).
The noble gases are the most stable (least reactive) elements on the periodic table.
Their stability is associated with the number of electrons they contain.

Many atoms in the main-group elements gain or lose electrons to obtain the same
number of electrons as the nearest noble gas.

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 ◼ Metals tend to lose electrons, and therefore
become cations.
◼ Nonmetals tend to gain electrons, thereby
becoming anions.

In this table you will find examples of different types of elements :

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 Lesson 3 periodic trend
Trends of the periodic table include:

1. Atomic Size
2. Shielding effect
3. Ionization Energy
4. Ion Trends
5. Electronegativity
6. Electoraffinity

These trends are influenced by :

1. Energy level (affects group/column)

2. Nuclear charge (affects period/row)

1.Atomic Size
(Group Trend ) As go down a group, atomic number increases, each atom has
another energy level, so atoms get bigger.

( Period Trend ) As we go from left to right across a period, nuclear charge

increases, outermost electrons are pulled closer, so the size gets smaller.

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2-Shielding Effect
Electron on the outermost energy level is shielded from the nucleus because it has
to look through all the other energy levels to see it.

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3.Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to completely
remove an electron from an atom.

4.Factors affecting IE:

▪ The greater the nuclear charge, the greater IE.
▪ Greater distance from nucleus decreases IE
▪ Filled and half-filled orbitals have higher energy, so achieving them is
harder, higher IE.
Shielding effect.

Note 5.Ionization energy increases, because nuclear charge increases.

Ionization energy decreases, number of electrons increases, outermost electrons are
further away from the attraction of the nucleus, and there is more shielding.
Nitrogen’s IE is more than Oxygen Beryllium’s IE is more than Boron
6.The tendency to remove only one electron is called first
Ionization Energy
7.The tendency to remove two electrons is called second
Ionization Energy.
The tendency to remove three electrons is called third Ionization Energy.

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4-Ion Trends:

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Important note
always have noble gas configurations in which their outer level is full.
Example for Metals (lose electrons):
2 2 6 1
Electron configuration of Na atom is: 1s 2s 2p 3s Na loses one electron to become
+
stable (Na ).
+ 2 2 6
Electron configuration of Na is: 1s 2s 2p
+
Na has same configuration as Neon.
Metals form ions with the configuration of the noble gas before them.

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ISO: MEANS “THE SAME”
Isoelectronic ions have the same # of electrons
3+ 2+ 1+ 1- 2- 3-
Al Mg Na Ne F O and N
2 2 6
all have 10 electrons all have the same configuration: 1s 2s 2p (which is the
noble gas: neon)

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 Positive ions that have more protons would be smaller (more protons would pull
the same # of electrons in closer)

5-Electronegativity
is the tendency for an atom to attract electrons to itself when it is chemically
combined with another element.
An element with a big electronegativity pulls electron toward itself strongly!

6-Electron Affinity
● Is the amount of energy released when to a neutral gaseous atom to form an electron is
added anion (negative ion)?
● The more negative the electron affinity the more
● favorable the electron addition process is.
● Elements that can’t form stable negative ions have zero or positive electron affinity.

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19 G10-Chemistry-Mid term
1 Review
page 145
1. Describe the development of the modern periodic table.

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 Lavoisier organized a list of the known elements of his day as four
categories. Newlands was the first to organize the elements and show that
properties repeated in a periodic way. Mendeleev and Meyer proposed
periodic tables showing a relationship between atomic mass and elemental
properties. Moseley organized the elements by atomic number instead of
atomic mass.
2. Sketch a simplified version of the periodic table, and indicate the location of
metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
A simplified table should resemble the figure.

3.Describe the general characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.

Metals are generally shiny, ductile, malleable, and good conductors of heat
and electricity. Nonmetals are dull, brittle, and poor conductors of heat
and electricity. Metalloids have physical properties of both metals and
nonmetals.
4.Identify each of the following as a representative element or a transition element.
a. lithium (Li)
representative
b. platinum (Pt)
transition
c. promethium (Pm)
transition
d. carbon (C)
representative
5. Compare For each of the given elements, list two other elements with similar chemical properties.
a. iodine (I)
any other group 17 element
b. barium (Ba)

21 G10-Chemistry-Mid term
 any other group 2 element
c. iron (Fe)
any other group 8 element
6. Compare According to the periodic table, which two elements have an atomic mass less than twice
the atomic number?
hydrogen and oxygen
7. Interpret data A company plans to make an electronic device. They need to use an element that has
chemical behavior similar to that of silicon (Si) and lead (Pb). The element must have a mass greater
than that of sulfur (S), but less than that of cadmium (Cd). Use the periodic table to determine the
element the company will use.
germanium (Ge)

Lesson 2 Classification of the Elements

pages 146–151

Practice Problems
page 151
8. Without using the periodic table, determine the group, period, and block of an
atom with the following electron configurations.
a. [Ne]3s2 b. [He]2s2
c. [Kr]5s24d105p5

Electron Perio
Configuration Group d Block

a. [Ne]3s2 2 3 s

b. [He]2s2 2 2 s

c. 17 5 p
[Kr]5s24d105p
5

9. What are the symbols for the elements with the following valence electron
configurations?
a. s2d1
Sc, Y, La, Ac
b. s2p3

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 N, P, As, Sb, Bi
c. s2p6
Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
10. Challenge Write the electron configuration of the following elements.
a. the group 2 element in the fourth period
1s22s22p63s23p64s2
b. the group 12 element in the fourth period
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10
c. the noble gas in the fifth period
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p6
d. the group 16 element in the second period
1s22s22p4
Lesson 2 Review
page 151
11. Explain what determines the blocks in the periodic table.
The energy sublevel being filled defines the blocks in the periodic table.
12. Determine in which block of the periodic table are the elements having the
following valence electron configurations.
a. s2p4
p-block
b. s1
s-block
c. s2d1
d-block
d. s2p1
p-block
13. Infer Xenon, a nonreactive gas used in strobe lights, is a poor conductor of
heat and electricity. Would you expect xenon to be a metal, a nonmetal, or a
metalloid? Where would you expect it to be on the periodic table? Explain.
nonmetal; the nonreactive gases are noble gases in group 18 on the right of

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 the periodic table
14. Explain why elements within a group have similar chemical properties.
Because they have the same valence electron configuration.
15. Model Make a simplified sketch of the periodic table and label the s-, p-, d-,
and f-blocks.

Sketches should look similar to Figure 8.

Lesson 3 Periodic Trends

pages 152–160

Practice Problems
page 154
16. Which has the largest atomic radius: magnesium (Mg), silicon (Si), sulfur (S),
or sodium (Na)? The smallest?
largest: Na
smallest: S
17. The figure below shows helium, krypton, and radon. Which one is krypton?
How can you tell?

B. The atomic radius increases when going down a group so helium is the
smallest and radon is the biggest.
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18. Can you determine which of two unknown elements has the larger radius if the
only known information is that the atomic number of one of the elements is 20
greater than the other? Explain.
No. If all you know is that the atomic number of one element is 20 greater
than that of the other, then you will be unable to determine the specific
groups and periods that the elements are in. Without this information, you
cannot apply the periodic trends in atomic size to determine which element
has the larger radius.
19. Challenge Determine which of the following has the largest atomic radius:
a. the element in period 2, group 1; or the element in period 3, group 18
the element in period 2, group 1
b. the element in period 5, group 2; or the element in period 3, group 16
the element in period 5, group 2
c. the element in period 3, group 14; or the element in period 6, group 15
the element in period 6, group 15
d. the element in period 4, group 18; or the element in period 2, group 16
the element in period 4, group 18

Lesson 3 Check Your Progress

page 160
20. Explain how the period and group trends in atomic radii are related to electron
configuration.
Atomic radii increase down a group as electrons are added to higher
energy levels and inner core electrons shield the valence electrons from the
increased nuclear charge. Atomic radii decrease across a period as
increased nuclear charge coupled with unchanging shielding by inner core
electrons pulls the valence electrons (being added to the same energy level)
closer to the nucleus.
21. Indicate whether fluorine or bromine has a larger value for each of the
following
properties.
a. electronegativity
fluorine

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b. ionic radius
bromine
c. atomic radius
bromine
d. ionization energy
fluorine

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