DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND BUILD ENVIRONMENT

Three Phase System Lab

SURNAME : MATHETA
INITIALS : MG
STUDENT NO : 223084928
COURSE : ELECTROTECHNOLOGY 2A
MODULE : ELTELA2
DATE : 26 APRIL 2024
DECLARATION:
I declare that this assignment is my own, original work. All secondary material that I used,
whether from print or electronic sources, has been carefully acknowledged and referenced
according to the Mechanical Department requirements. I have not submitted this work for
credit previously. I understand that plagiarism is unacceptable, and I have studied the
department’s plagiarism and referencing policies as set out in the Learner guide.

Student’s signature: _______________________

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ABSTRACT:
➢ This report explores the principles and applications of three-phase electrical systems,
focusing on the Delta and Star configurations. It delves into the background and theory
behind the development of three-phase systems by Nikola Tesla, highlighting their
advantages, balanced structure, and significance in power generation, transmission, and
distribution.
➢ The experiment conducted aims to investigate the differences between line and phase
parameters in a three-phase system. Through observations, calculations, and analysis
of results, it demonstrates the relationship between line and phase voltages, currents,
and powers.
➢ The report discusses findings, including the identification of negative reactive power
due to no load, and provides recommendations for improving future experiments.
➢ Overall, it underscores the importance of three-phase systems in modern power
technology and emphasizes the need for careful experimentation and analysis in
electrical engineering education.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION: .................................................................................................................... 1
ABSTRACT: .............................................................................................................................. 2
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 4
2. BACKGROUND OR THEORY ........................................................................................ 5
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: .......................................................................................... 6
ASSUMPTIONS ................................................................................................................ 6
APPARATUS ..................................................................................................................... 7
PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................... 7
3. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS ...................................................................... 8
4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION .............................................................................. 10
5. REFERENCE LIST ......................................................................................................... 11
6. APPENDICES ................................................................................................................. 12

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: APPARATUS ........................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 2: BALANCED DELTA .............................................................................................................. 7
Figure 3: Line Voltage VS Line Current Graph ...................................................................................... 9
Figure 4: Phase Voltage VS Phase Current ............................................................................................. 9
Figure 5: Apparent Power VS Line Voltage .......................................................................................... 10
Figure 6: Calculations for 80V & 100V................................................................................................ 12

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Readings .................................................................................................................................... 8
Table 2: Sample of calculations .............................................................................................................. 8

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1. INTRODUCTION

➢ Electrical power can be generated, transmitted, and distributed using alternating

current using a three-phase system. This is among the most widely utilized
techniques for supplying power across the globe. The alternating currents in a three-
phase system are carried by three conductors at the same frequency, and they peak
at various times. Usually, phases A, B, and C are used to identify the currents [1].

➢ Higher power generation and transmission efficiency were required, which gave
rise to the idea of a three-phase system. Three-phase power systems have several
benefits over single-phase systems, including increased efficiency, smoother power
delivery, and higher power capacity. When high power requirements are met, these
systems are frequently utilized in commercial and industrial settings [1].

➢ The currents and voltages in a three-phase system are balanced, which means they
have equal magnitudes and are separated in phase by 120 degrees. The components
required for power generation and transmission are smaller and less expensive
thanks to this balanced structure, which also helps to decrease power fluctuations
[1].

➢ Transformers, generators, transmission lines, and loads (such as motors and other
electrical devices) are essential parts of a three-phase system. Three-phase power is
produced by generators and sent to transformers via power lines, where the voltage
is regulated before being distributed to customers. After receiving the three-phase
electricity, loads transform it into electrical or mechanical energy for use in a variety
of applications [1].

➢ Overall, because of its effectiveness, dependability, and capacity to satisfy the needs
of contemporary industrial and commercial applications, the three-phase system has
emerged as the industry standard for the distribution of electrical power.

➢ There are two main configurations for the three-phase system that are regularly used
in electrical power distribution and transmission: the Delta (Δ) and Star (Y)
systems. The connections between the system's phase conductors and loads are
established by these configurations. Let's examine each mechanism in detail:
❖ Delta (Δ) System [1]:
• When arranged in a delta configuration, all of the phase conductors
are linked together in a triangle or loop that resembles the Greek
letter Δ. A closed-loop circuit without a neutral link is the result of
this. Phase-to-phase connections are made between any two-phase
conductors and the load. When efficiency and balanced loads are
critical in high-power industrial applications, the Delta system is
frequently employed.
• Advantages of the Delta System:
✓ Simplicity: In comparison to the Star system, the Delta
system requires fewer connections and conductors.

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 ✓ Greater power transmission capacity is made possible by the
lack of a neutral conductor.
✓ Better performance under unbalanced loads: Compared to
the Star system, the Delta system is more able to manage
imbalanced loads.

❖ Star (Y) System [1]:

• A star-shaped or Y-shaped pattern is formed when all phase
conductors in a configuration are connected to a single location.
Each phase conductor has a load linked between it and the neutral
point, which is this common point that acts as the neutral connection.
Residential, commercial, and low-to-medium power industrial
applications all make extensive use of
• Advantages of the Star System
✓ Flexibility: The neutral conductor provided by the Star
system enables balanced operation and makes it simple to
connect single-phase loads.
✓ Reduced voltage stress: The Star system has a lower voltage
across each load than the Delta system, which lowers the
chance of insulation failure.
✓ Lower fault currents: By reducing fault currents, the Star
system usually improves equipment protection and safety.

2. BACKGROUND OR THEORY

➢ The Serbian American inventor Nikola Tesla created the three-phase system in the
late 1800s. Tesla transformed the production, transmission, and distribution of
electrical power with his groundbreaking work on alternating current (AC)
electrical systems, which included the three-phase system [2].

➢ Tesla developed the idea of the three-phase AC system at the same time as he began
working on alternating current, which dates to the 1880s. The development of three-
phase electricity in industrial and commercial applications was made possible by
Tesla's experiments and inventions [2].

➢ It's unclear exactly when Tesla unveiled the three-phase system, although it was in
the late 19th century, during the height of his revolutionary work on alternating
current technology. Modern power generation and distribution systems have been
significantly impacted by Tesla's contributions to electrical engineering, which
include the invention of the three-phase system [2].

➢ The background and theory of the three-phase system encompass several key
principles [3]:
❖ Alternating current (AC): A sinusoidal waveform is produced when
electrical currents in AC systems alternate direction. This oscillation makes

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 it easier to use transformers for voltage regulation and enables effective
power transmission over great distances.
❖ Phase Difference: In a three-phase system, the alternating current flowing
through each phase conductor has a 120-degree phase difference with the
other phases. By reducing voltage swings and enhancing system stability,
this phase displacement guarantees a steady and balanced power flow.
❖ Balanced Loads: Equitable load distribution over all phases is the ideal
design of three-phase systems, as it leads to balanced current flow. Balanced
loads lessen the chance of system failure or equipment damage by
preventing particular phases from being overloaded.
❖ Creation and Transmission: Alternators and synchronous generators, which
use multiple coils to produce alternating currents with the appropriate phase
displacement, are the common sources of three-phase electrical power.
Once at distribution substations, these currents are sent over three-phase
transmission cables.
❖ Distribution and Utilization: Three-phase power is converted into lower
voltages at distribution substations that are appropriate for use in
commercial, industrial, and residential settings. To power motors, lighting
systems, and other electrical appliances, the power is sent to multiple
consumers via three-phase distribution networks.
❖ Configurations: Star (Y) and Delta (Δ): The three-phase system can be set
up in either a star or delta connection, with each providing unique benefits
and uses. Whereas the load in a delta design is connected between phase
conductors in a closed-loop circuit, the load in a star configuration is
connected between each phase and a common neutral point.
❖ Advantages: Compared to single-phase systems, three-phase systems have
a greater power transmission capacity, smoother motor operation, increased
efficiency, and less voltage drop over extended distances. Because of these
advantages, grid-connected power systems and large-scale industrial
applications require three-phase power.

➢ The basis for comprehending the production, transmission, distribution, and use of
electrical energy in contemporary power systems is provided by the theory and history
of the three-phase system. It is a pillar of power technology and electrical engineering
due to its broad use and adaptability.

➢ AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

• to first investigate the difference between line and phase parameters in a three-phase
system.

➢ ASSUMPTIONS
• Ideal Transformer Behavior
• Constant Frequency

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 ➢ APPARATUS

INDUCTOR

RESISTOR
CAPACITOR

LEADS

Figure 1: APPARATUS

• Multimeter
• Leads/probes
• Variable load resistors
• Supply and Instrument Bench

➢ PROCEDURE

Figure 2: BALANCED DELTA

1) The resistors were connected to form a delta connection as shown in the figure above.
2) The connection was such the input lead from the Capacitor was connected to the
output lead at the Resistor which was the transformer. The input from the Resistor was
connected to the output of the Inductor. The leads were again connected from the
power lines to the input of the Capacitor.

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 3) The supply was calibrated to give the phase voltages as Table 1 below.
4) After the approval the supply was switched on.
5) All the apparatus were measured as required in Table 1 and the table was completed.
6) The results were compared and analyzed in this written report as per the rubric.

3. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Table 1 : Readings

No. Phase Line Phase Line Real Apparent Reactive Power

Voltage Voltage Current Current Power Power Power Factor
1 60 V 60 V 0.238 A 0.412 A 0.008 W 42.81 Va -0.008 Var 0.630
2 80 V 80 V 0.568 A 0.984 A 0.048 W 78.70 Va -0.060 Var 0.624
3 100 V 100 V 0.721 A 1.248 A 0.076 W 124.88 Va -0.096 Var 0.625

➢ ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
• According to the theory for Delta Connected System:
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑝ℎ

𝐼𝐿 = √3𝐼𝑝ℎ
Table 2 : Sample of calculations

For readings of 60 V
Line Voltage 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑝ℎ

𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑝ℎ = 60𝑉

∴ 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑝ℎ = 60𝑉

Phase Current 𝐼𝐿 = √3𝐼𝑝ℎ

𝐼𝐿
𝐼𝑝ℎ =
√3

0.412
=
√3

= 0.238 𝐴

Apparent Power 𝑆 = √3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿

= √3 × (60) × (0.412)

= 42.82 𝑉𝑎
Reactive Power 𝑄 = 𝑆 × sin 𝜃
= (42.82 × sin(0.630))
= 0.471 𝑉𝑎𝑟
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 ➢ GRAPHS

Line Voltage vs Line Current

1,4

1,2
Line Current (A)

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0
60 80 100
Line Voltage (V)

Figure 3 : Line Voltage VS Line Current Graph

The link between Delta Connected 3 phase system’s Line Voltage and the Line Current is shown
in the above graph. The Line Voltage ranges from 60V to 100V, and the Line Current is between
0.412A and 1.248A. The system's Line Voltage is directly proportional to its Line Current. This
obeys Ohm’s Law even though the gradient is not constant.

Phase Voltage VS Phase Current

0,8
0,7
Phase Current (A)

0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
60 80 100
Phase Voltage (V)

Figure 4 : Phase Voltage VS Phase Current

The link between Delta Connected 3 phase system’s Phase Voltage and the Phase Current is
shown in the above graph. The Phase Voltage ranges from 60V to 100V, and the Phase Current
is between 0.238A and 0.721A. The system's Phase Voltage is directly proportional to its Phase
Current. This obeys Ohm’s Law even though the gradient is not constant.

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 Apparent Power vs Line Voltage
250

200
Apparent Power (Va)

150

100

50

0
60 80 100
Line Voltage (V)

Figure 5 : Apparent Power VS Line Voltage

The link between the Delta Connected 3-phase system’s Line Voltage and the Apparent Power
is shown in the above graph. The Line Voltage ranges from 60V to 100V, and the Apparent
Power is between 42.81Va and 124.88Va. The system's Line Voltage is directly proportional to
its Apparent Power.

4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

➢ Overall, the experiment was a success because as theory also indicates that phase
current is always smaller than line current, even in this experiment that was the case.
➢ When recording the data in the lab we found the Reactive Power as a negative value.
The reason for this was that we connected a circuit with no load, hence the reactive
power was negative. In the calculations done in the table, it is visible that the Reactive
power is not negative because, in theory, we assume there is a load connected whereas
there was no load.
➢ Overall, negative reactive power indicates an imbalance in the reactive power exchange
between the load and the source in an AC system, which can have various implications
for the efficiency, stability, and reliability of the electrical system.
➢ RECOMMENDATIONS:
• My first recommendation will be to have the technician ensure that the inductor,
capacitor, and resistors are perfectly fine and well connected before each experiment
session.
• My second recommendation would be to increase the times for the lab because we had
to work in a hurry, we could have made many students record errors.
• Students need to have the ability to read carefully, particularly when there are irregular
or erroneous readings. To guarantee correct readings are taken, they should be told to
wait for the machinery to stabilize once adjustments are made.
• The student is responsible for making sure that several readings are gathered to
minimize experimental mistakes and reach an average point.

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5. REFERENCE LIST
1. John Bird, 2014. Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology. New York: Routledge.
(5th Edition)
2. Alkadhim, S.A.S., 2020. Three phase Transformer: Connection and
Configuration. Available at SSRN 3647143.
3. Ucar, M. and Ozdemir, E., 2008. Control of a 3-phase 4-leg active power filter under
non-ideal mains voltage condition. Electric Power Systems Research, 78(1), pp.58-
73.

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 6. APPENDICES

Figure 6 : Calculations for 80V & 100V

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