Course Manual on Palestine

Author: Fethi Abdelkader

Under the supervision of: Mohammed Zuhairi

Writing and design: Khaled Ahmed Hassanein

Translated into English by: Benamara Khadidja

In the name of Allah the most Merciful
Prologue
Dear student

Welcome to this course manual on Palestine.

The question of Palestine is a fundamental issue of Islam, and of the conflict

around it. This conflict is a struggle between good and evil, not a conflict
between one people and another or one community and another; but a historical
conflict over the symbolism and importance of the land, a struggle for existence,
the principles and the values that Palestine represents.

This manual contains ten short courses to introduce you “the Palestinian cause”
and “the cultural conflict around it” in a simplified and easy language. This
manual contains important topics that will help you understand a set of basic
(key) concepts on the great Palestinian question. The first course focuses on the
geography of Palestine, it informs you the importance of the strategic location of
Palestine on the world map, and it sheds light on the place and the relations with
the other cultural components.

The second course focuses on the religious status of Palestine, Jerusalem and the
Al-Aqsa Mosque; it explains the importance of the place of Palestine in the
Qur'an, the Sunnah and even among the caliphs.

The third, fourth and fifth courses deal with historical eras from the pre-Islamic
era, from the Muslim conquest to the occupation of the Crusaders. The second
stage starts from the occupation of the Crusaders to the Ottoman era.

We pause in the sixth class, which deals with the Zionist movement; a
movement that had a major impact on the conflict with the enemy, and which
moreover had a primordial impact on the prepared events that led to the birth of
the Zionist entity.

The seventh course deals with the British mandate and its impact on the Zionist
project industry until the 1948 war.

The eighth course is about the reality of post-war Palestine 1948. The
Palestinian Intifada and settlement projects were the subject of the ninth course,

1
where a quick assessment of these projects and their impact on the Palestinian
cause made to reach the tenth course.

In the tenth course, there is talk of the predictions and the future of the
Palestinian cause. We are waiting and praying that this sacred cause, for which
millions of Palestinians and adherents of the cause are fighting day after day,
can be realized.

We would like to emphasize that this manual is mainly based on the book
entitled "The 40 facts in the Palestinian case" written by Dr. Mohsen Saleh, may
Allah bless him.

We hope dear student that you will find in this valuable manual, of undeniable
utility for all those who read it, answer to your questions. You will have to work
conscientiously to do the activities.

You will need to help each other with your colleagues to benefit and enrich the
information already contained in this manual. We hope to obtain your opinions,
your points of view or any observations on this subject; and this in order to
correct us in the next editions.

We reiterate our thanks again and pray that Allah will give you success, glory
and blessing.

2
Table of Contents
The subject Page

Prologue 01
General objectives of courses 04

The first course: Geography of Palestine. 05

The second course: The religious status of 17
Palestine and Jerusalem
The third course: Palestine before Islam. 33

Fourth course: Palestine from the dawn of Islam 45

to the occupation of the Crusaders.
Fifth course: 60
Palestine since the occupation of the Crusaders
until the end of the Ottoman era
Sixth Course: The Zionist Movement 73

Seventh course: Palestine under the British mandate. 85

Eighth course: Palestine after the 1948 war. 97

Ninth Course: The Palestinian Intifada and Draft 113

Regulations
Tenth Course: Predictions and the future of the 126
Palestinian cause
Bibliography 137

3
 General objectives of this manual

Dear student:

After finishing studying this book, we hope you will be able to:

• Locate Palestine on the map as well as neighboring Arab countries

• Briefly explain the religious status of Palestine and Jerusalem.

• Define the successive civilizations in Palestine before Islam and their

respective roles.

•To expose historical landmarks since the Islamic conquest of Palestine

until the end of the Ottoman era.

• Know the Zionist movement, its role and goals.

• Explain the role of the British mandate in the Judaization of Palestine.

• Summarize the events that took place in Palestine after its occupation in
1948.

• Explain the impact of the Palestinian uprising (intifada) and the ways of
settlement.

• Expose preachers calling for hope to free Palestine from Zionists.

4
First course
Geography of Palestine

Palestine
‫؛‬

5
Content of the first course:
subject Page
Introduction 07
course objectives 07
1.The location and borders 08
2.The naming of Palestine 09
3.Geographical facts about Palestine 11
The Area 11
The climate 11
Aspects of the surface of Palestine 11

4.The Most Important Palestinian Cities 13

Conclusion 15

Exercise answers 16

6
Introduction:
Dear student

This course consists of three basic parts, which are, firstly the location and
borders and the importance of this place.

The second part focus on the naming of Palestine with their reasons and the
historical narrations about this.

In addition, the third part is about the geographical facts about Palestine that
compounds the Area, the climate and the aspects of the surface of Palestine.

This course provides you the general idea about the location of Palestine in the
Al-Sham and the world, then the important historical land as a corridor of the
commercial caravans,

The course includes a series of exercises and self-assessment questions, with a

collection of images and maps that will help you to get a better understanding.
Therefore, we hope you interact with the course, as it will help expand your
knowledge and allow you to hold multiple skills. We hope this will be a useful
course for you, that you will enjoy studying it, and that you will contribute to its
criticism and evaluation.

Course objectives

1. The location and borders

Dear student, after this course, we hope you will be able to:

1- Locate Palestine on the map and remember the

surrounding Arab countries

2 - Compare the stories in the designation of Palestine.

3- Remember the surface of Palestine and the nature of its

climate.

7
 1 - The location and borders
Dear student

Palestine constitutes the southwestern part of a huge

geographical unity in the eastern part of the Arab world
“Bilad El-Sham”. It has land borders with Lebanon to
the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east,
Egypt to the southwest and the Mediterranean Sea on
the west.

Palestine is rectangular see the map1, its length from

north to south is about 430 km, its width from the north
is about 51 to 70 km, and in the middle it is between 72
to 95 km, its width extends in the south until about 117
km.

Palestine has an important and strategic position;

Palestine is the crossroads of three continents; Europe,
Asia, and Africa. It is a holy land to the three major
monotheistic religions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam;
It is a meeting point of both wings of the Islamic world, Map n 1
that is why it became a transit point for human groups
since the old times. On the one hand, it was one of the most important trade
corridors linking the civilizations of the Nile Valley to those of the southern
Arabian Peninsula. On the other hand, it also connected between civilizations of
the country of El-Sham and those of Iraq, It was a channel for commercial
convoys before and after Islam, These convoys had two trips: the summer trip
and the winter trip those mentioned in the Holy Qur’an.

practice (1):

See Surah Quraysh's interpretation of the Qur'an, briefly summarizing the importance of
the winter and summer trip of the Arabs at that time.

8
 2. The naming of Palestine
The peoples who lived in Palestine throughout history gave different names to
this land as follows:

•The land of Canaan: The first reference to this

designation was found in fossils of (Tel- el Amarna)
that belonged to the 15th century before JC. The earliest •Dr.Tareq Suwaidan, in
inhabitants of Palestine were the Canaanites. Those his book (Illustrated
were the first series of migrations that headed northeast History of Palestine) says:
out of the Arab peninsula about 4500 years ago.
"The stipules history
According to the archeologists, Palestine was known as
books and sacred texts
the land of Canaan.
mentioning the name"
It is the name mentioned in the Torah, the Name of Baalist as being at the
Canaan was given to "the son of Ham son of Noah», origin of "Al Balistinian"
knowing that the Jews after their conquest of Palestine inhabitants of "Baalist"
called it “the land of Israel”. Here is where the term
•“Balestin”: Pa-lestine comes from.
Then known as Balestin,
The Arabs translated this name, so they called it and which through time
Palestine. It derived from the name of the people who
changed into Palestine.
used to live in the northern and southern plains of

Palestine. As some historians in the history books and

sacred texts said that the name Palestine is mainly
attributed to other peoples from Mediterranean islands, including Crete. Because
of the famine, they settled in the south, in a region called "Baalist" and The
Egyptians also called the Palestinians the people of the sea.

•In the following picture, we will find other opinions on the designation of
Palestine. We hope dear student that you will think about it, and answer the
questions following the image

9
 The origin of the word Palestine

There were several opinions on the origin of the designation of Palestine, including:

 The term "Philist" which consists of two words that designed «Clay skin"
which meant that the inhabitants practiced agriculture.
 Some say that: - The word Palestine is derived from the philistine or
Baalist meaning "peasant" or "lover of the earth”
 The etymology of the word Palestine goes back to the peoples coming
from Mediterranean islands '' Cretes '' and this because of the famine.
They lived in the Baalist region of southern Palestine. Although others say
that the name refers to the Philistine tribe that emigrated from the
Arabian Peninsula to Crete Island, then they emigrated from these islands
and settled south of Palestine.
 In the dictionaries of the English language, the word philist signified: the
man rough, strong and very difficult to beat. This is consistent with what is
stated in the Holy Quran in the 22nd verse :”it is a people of tyrannical
strength” surah Al-Maaida

practice (2):

* Compare the names of Palestine mentioned in the previous section, refer to one of
the references at the end of this course, and try to find more explanations for the
name, finally give us the explanation that you will find most convincing.

10
 3.Geographical facts about Palestine
Area:
The area of Palestine is approximately (27009 km²) twenty-seven thousand
square kilometers and the area of the water is (407 km²) four hundred and seven
square kilometers.

Climate:
Palestine has a Mediterranean climate in the coastal plains and the western
highlands. It also has a dry and semi-dry (desert) climate in the region of the
Naqab and Wadi Araba and the Jordan Valley.

The temperature in Palestine varies from one region to

another. The climate of the coastal zones is more moderate
than the climate of the east and south regions (Jordan
valley and the Naqab desert).

Aspects of the surface of Palestine

Despite the small area occupied by Palestine, it

characterized by a variety of different surfaces such as:

-Firstly: Coastal Plains

The coastal plains extend near the Mediterranean coast

between Ras Naqoura to the north and Rafah to the south.
These plains confined between the mountainous highlands
to the east and the Mediterranean Sea to the west.

-Second: the mountainous highlands

The mountainous highlands extend from the north of

Palestine to the Naqab in the south, they confined between
the valleys to the East and the coastal plains to the west,
and they divided into two parts:

1- The Galil mountains (El-Djalil) in the north:

Those are the highest mountain peaks in Palestine, the Mount Jarmouk (1208
meters), the Mount Haidar (1014 meters). And the Mount Canaan (936 meters)
from the sea level.

11
 2-Central mountain range:

They extend from the plain of Marj Ibn Amer in the north to the area of
Beersheba in the south and the most famous mountains (Halhul 1020 meters),
the mount (Ebal 940 meters) and the mount (Mukaber 865 meters) .

Third: The valleys (Al'aghwar)

These valleys extend from the plain of (Hula) to the north to (Araba valley) to
the south. It is the lowest land on the ground surface and it has:

• The Jordan River Basin.

• The Dead Sea.

• Al-Jaybi valley and Araba valley.

Fourth: The Negev) AL-Naqab):

AL-Naqab constitutes almost half the area of Palestine; it has the triangle form
between the Gulf of Aqaba to the south, and Gaza and Beersheba “Beer al
Sabaa” to the north, It is a dry surface but it is the important area in terms of
mineral resources and agricultural potential when water is available.

Practice (3):

Compare the area of Palestine with that of other Arab countries that located on its
borders: Lebanon - Syria - Jordan - Saudi Arabia...

Practical activity

1-Draw a map of Palestine by mentioning: the most important cities, the most important seas, the
neighboring Arab countries.

2- Write a report on the importance of the location of Palestine.

3 - Search from the Internet for maps of Palestine that show the distribution of its population.

12
 Evaluation questions

Dear student, at the end of this course, please review your knowledge by solving the
following questions:

1-On which continent is Palestine located?

2-Locate Palestine according to the continent where it is located

3- What are the Arab neighbours of Palestine?

4- Describe the different aspects of the surface in Palestine

5- Why did they give Palestine that name? What are the most prominent
interpretations of the name of Palestine?

6-Talk about the types of climate in Palestine.

4. the Most Important Palestinian Cities:

There are several important and prominent cities in Palestine, the most famous
of which are:

1 –Jerusalem “Al-Quods”

Jerusalem was built by the Jubusites 5,000 years ago, since that time; it has been
the capital of Palestine, as it has been over the years. Jerusalem was conquered
by Omar Ibn El Khattab in (15 AH). It is located in the center of Palestine, in the
heart of the central mountains. Al-Quods contains a number of holy places,
Islamic and Christian, such as the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Church of the
Resurrection.

2 - HIFA

Located on the Mediterranean coast, Hifa is the main ports of Palestine and a
large industrial area including an oil refinery.

13
3 - Jaffa (Yafa)

Jaffa is nicknamed "the Bride of the Sea", it is located at the seaside on the
Palestinian bank between Haifa and Gaza. It is an ancient Canaanite city, more
than 5,000 years old. It is famous for its orange orchards that extend to what the
eye can see; and its manufacture of textiles and soaps, making it the jewel of the
region.

4 - Bethlehem

Located south of Jerusalem, it is a sacred city for all Christians. The Basilica of
the Nativity is one of the oldest churches in the world; Built according to
tradition, on the presumed place of the birth of Jesus Christ, it is famous for its
handicraft industries such as: porcelain, shell and embroidery. It should be noted
that the basic product comes from the coast itself.

5 – Hebron

Hebron is a historic city, located south of Bethlehem. It is also famous because it

is here that the Ibrahimi mosque is located. It is also known through a number of
industries, such as shoe, leather, porcelain and glass factories.

6 – Gaza

Gaza is the largest city in southern Palestine and the largest in the world for
thousands of years to the present day. It has always been an important trading
center because of its strategic location, ie on the trade route, linking the Pales-
tine to Egypt and the Red Sea to the Arabian Peninsula. Gaza is famous for
growing vegetables and citrus fruits. The city had considered the place where
Hachim ibn Abd Manaf, the great-grandfather of the Prophet Muhammad (peace
and blessings of Allah be upon him) died, hence the classic name of "Gaza of
Hashem".

7-Jericho

Jericho is located north of the Dead Sea. It is considered as one of the oldest
cities in the world, dating back to more than (10,000 BC). This city has many
ancient monuments. It is famous for the cultivation of vegetables, citrus fruits
and bananas. It is also an important tourist center very known and prized by the
whole world.

14
Complete the following sentences

1 - the capital of Palestine is: .................................................

2- What are the factories located in the city of Hebron: .....................................

3 - The city of Bethlehem is famous for its industries, which are:

........................................................................

4 - Where are its following monuments situated?

- Tomb of Hashim Bin Abd Manaf...................................

- Church of the Nativity .................................

- Al-Aqsa Mosque......................................

Practical activity

Draw a map of Palestine and place the most important cities in it.

Conclusion:

Conclusion
Dear student, what have we presented in this course? Let us try together to
summarize the most important points:

• Palestine is located in the southwestern part of Bilad Al-Sham on the

Mediterranean coast.

• Palestine is of strategic importance, which allows it to be a meeting point

between the three continents: Asia, Africa and Europe, a center where different
cultures have mixed, it has been a commercial channel for the different Arab
convoys.

The ancient name of Palestine was (the land of Canaan) this term would come
from the name of Canaan, grandson of Noah. Palestine was named "Baalist" this
name was used first for the people who lived in the plains of northern and
southern Palestine.

15
• The area of Palestine is about 27 thousand square kilometers. Palestine stands
out for its geographical diversification. The climate of Palestine belongs to the
Mediterranean climate. As for its surface, it is divided into four parts which are:
the coastal plains on the Mediterranean; the mountains stretching from the north
to the south of the Negev. This includes the Galilee Mountains to the north and
the Central Mountain Range, then the Jordan Valley and the Negev, which
together make up half of Palestine.

Answers to questions
Exercise (1)

Summarize on the winter and summer trip, and present it to your teacher for
discussion with all other students.

Exercise (2)

In this exercise, we leave the answer to your opinion and diligence

Exercise (3)

Country Saoudite Egypt Syria Jordan Lebanon Palestine

square 2,240,000 1,002,000 185,180 92,300 10,452 27000
kilometer
area

16
Second course:

The religious status of Palestine, Jerusalem and the Al-Aqsa

Mosque

17
Content of the second course:
Subject Page
Introduction 19
The objectives of the course 19
1- The status of Palestine in the Holy 20
Qur'an.
2- The status of Palestine in the Sunnah. 21
3 - The dangers threatening the mosque Al- 23
Aqsa
First line: destruction of the Al-Aqsa 23
Mosque.
Second line: Construction of the third 24
temple.
4- the Jewish organizations and the groups 26
involved in the demolition of the Al-Aqsa
Mosque
5. Status of Jerusalem 27

Conclusion 29

Answers to the exercises. 30

18
Introduction
Dear student,

Welcome to the second course.

This course « the religious status of Palestine, Jerusalem and the Al-Aqsa
Mosque » consists of five main sections. The first and the second will deal with
the status of Palestine in the Holy Quran and Sunnah, and in the third section,
we will discuss the dangers that threaten the Al-Aqsa Mosque including the
various attempts to destroy it. In the fourth section, we will identify the most
important organizations and Jewish groups involved in the demolition of Al-
Aqsa. We will conclude with the fifth section on the status of Jerusalem in the
divine laws, and we will present the dangers overlooking the Al-Aqsa Mosque,
as we will demonstrate the importance of Palestine through the verses
mentioned in the Holy Quran and the hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad (peace
be upon him). We have also highlighted this scientific material with many
illustrations that make the idea more explicit.

The lesson includes a series of exercises and self-assessment questions, with

quotes from a number of researchers specializing in the Palestinian issue.

We aim to facilitate your learning process, so we hope you can interact with this
course as it will help you expand your knowledge and learn multiple skills. We
hope it will be for you a lesson of great value that you will enjoy studying. We
also hope that you will contribute to his criticism and evaluation.

The objectives of the course:

Dear student, after completing the course, we hope you will be able to:

1 - To quote verses and hadiths on the importance of Palestine in the Holy

Quran and Sunnah.

2 - Explain the dangers threatening the Al-Aqsa Mosque.

3 - List the many Jewish organizations and groups involved, and working
towards the demolition of the Al-Aqsa Mosque.

4 - Compare the place of Jerusalem in the three divine laws

19
 The status of Palestine in the Holy Quran
Dear student: several Quranic texts underline the sacred character

From this land, for example:

Allah said: « Exalted is He who took His Servant by night

from al-Masjid al-Haram to al-Masjid al-Aqsa, whose
surroundings We have blessed, to show him of Our signs.
Indeed, He is the Hearing, the Seeing. » Al-Israa v.1

And Allah said on the tongue of Moses peace be upon him:

“O my people, enter the Holy Land which Allah has Dome of the Rock'Qubat Sakhra

assigned to you and do not turn back ’from fighting in Allah’s cause’ and ‘thus’
become losers.”Al-Maaida v.21

Allah said in the story of Abraham peace be upon him: “And they intended for
him harm, but We made them greatest losers; And We delivered
him and Lot to the land which We had blessed for the words.”Al-
Anbiyaa v.70-71

He said also: “And to Solomon ‘We subjected’ the wind, blowing

forcefully, proceeding by his command toward the land which We
had blessed. And We are ever, of all things, knowing” Al-Anbiyaa
v.81
The tribal
There are many signs that show the blessing of the land of Palestine mosque"Masjid Qibli‘‘

20
The status of Palestine in the Sunnah
Palestine has many merits mentioned in the Hadiths of Prophet Muhammad
(peace of Allah be upon him):

1 - The land of the first Qibla: (direction

towards which the Muslim must orientate
himself when he prays) According to the hadith
reported by AL-Baraa 'Ibn'Azib: «with the
prophet we prayed for Jerusalem for sixteen or
seventeen months, and then we turned to Mecca
"(The first Qibla was the Al-Aqsa Mosque).

2 - The Mosque of Jerusalem was the second

place of worship built on the planet earth
after the Great Mosque of Mecca:

Abu Dharr (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that he asked the prophet
(peace of Allah be upon him) “O messenger of Allah, which mosque was first
built on the surface of the earth?” He said, “Al-Masdjid Al-Haram (in Mecca).
“I said, “Which was built next? He replied “the mosque of Al-Aqsa (in
Jerusalem).”I said, “what was the period of construction between the two?” He
said, “Forty years.” He added, wherever (you may be, and) the prayer time
becomes due, perform the prayer there, for the best thing is to do so (i.e. to offer
the prayers in time) «Narrated by al-Bukhaari.

3 - Third holy place in Islam:

The prophet, for his part, often referred to the excellence of the holy land. He
said: “Mounts are not saddled for except to (travel to) three Masjids: Al Masjid
al-Haram (the Great Mosque of Mecca), my mosque of Al-Medina and AL-
Masjid al-Aqsa (the mosque from Jerusalem).

4- In Al-Aqsa Mosque, the reward for prayer is double

According to Abu Dharr: We were discussing when we were with the

Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) which is better,
the mosque of the Messenger of Allah” (blessings and peace of Allah be upon
him) or Bayt al-Maqdis (Jerusalem). The Messenger of Allah (peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him) said: "One prayer in my mosque is better than
four prayers offered there (in Bayt al-Maqdis), and what a good place of prayer

21
 it is. Soon there will come a time when, if a man has a piece of land the size of a
horse’s rope from which he can see Bayt al-Maqdis, that will be better for better
for him than the whole world." Directed by Al-Haakem

5 - The land of immutability and sacred struggle (Ribat and Jihad):

Imam Ahmad reported in his Musnad that Abu Umama AL-Bahili told us this
saying of the Prophet: "A group in my community (Umma) is well informed
about the truth, they defeat their enemy, and those who disagree with them,
cannot harm them until the command of Allah Almighty comes to them, and
they are so. " "O messenger of Allah!" asked him, "where are they?" He replied:
"In and around Jerusalem" (- The best men (AL-Ta'ifa Al Mansoura) at the end
of time will be those who attach themselves most to Ibrahim's land of exile –
peace be upon him - in the heart of Sham.

6 - The earth where the dead will be resurrected and gathered:

This is the place where people will be resurrected and gathered on the day of
judgment, Imam Ahmed reported in his collection that Maymuna binet Sa'ad
had said to the Prophet (peace be upon him): "O Prophet give us a statement
(fatwa) about EL-QUODS "He replied," This is the land where they will be
resurrected and gathered together "

Many Quranic texts and hadiths (Prophetic tradition) highlight the excellence of
the holy land and its blessing, so a Muslims must remain very concerned about
Palestine and very attentive to the way it should be released.

I practice (1)

Through the aforementioned virtues of Palestine and Jerusalem, briefly give three
assignments that you think a Muslim should do towards this blessed place.

22
 The dangers threatening the mosque Al-Aqsa

Jewish attempts to build their alleged temple on the ruins of the Al-Aqsa
Mosque have not stopped, and to reach their goal, Jews have followed two broad
lines:

The first line:

A- The demolition of the Al-Aqsa Mosque.

Work has been done to achieve this goal in

two directions:

A series of plots aimed at destroying the Al-

Aqsa Mosque by Jewish gangs and
individuals such as:

First, The sublime minbar made by Noureddine Zanki, which was brought and
put in its place in the mosque by Salah Eddine El Ayoubi, burned during an
arson attack by a Jewish extremist (Denis Michael) on August 21, 1969.A whole
part of the mosque was devastated. The fire reached important parts of the walls
and furniture. Attempts to demolish and blow up the Al-Aqsa Mosque carried
out by Jewish extremists are diverse; during the 1980s, 1982, 1984.

Muslim guards at the Al-Aqsa Mosque often found numbers of Jews near the
mosque, preparing for its complete demolition using bombs and TNT
explosives, as in 1989s.

I practice (2)

By helping you with this part of the course and your own research, you will
summarize the incident of the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the position of the Arab and
Jewish parties.

23
Second, excavations have continued under the
Al-Aqsa, since June 1967, the Jews have
demolished the Maghreb district, so that the land
is ready for excavation work. A large number of
residents of the Old City of Jerusalem were
evacuated. The ultimate aim of the excavations
is to unload the rocks beneath the Al-Aqsa
Mosque and the Dome of the Rock causing its
collapse due to climatic fluctuations or natural
vibrations; this led to cracks and collapses in the
walls of the Al-Aqsa Mosque especially in the
south wall. A hundred graves have been
exhumed, graves of companions and disciples, who were killed near the west
wall of the Al-Aqsa Mosque; accompanied by intense movement to change the
landscape around Al-Aqsa to obscure the Islamic character of the area.

The Second line: Construction of a third

temple.

In order to achieve this distant goal, Jews

have adopted a number of methods to
achieve it:

Jews were tempted to break into the Al-

Aqsa Mosque by force to pray.

- On January 30, 1976, the Israeli court

approved the right of Jews to pray in the
courtyard of Al-Aqsa Mosque, whenever
they wished, and at any time during the day.

- On August 15, 1967, Israeli Chief Rabbi

Shlomo Namorin entered the Al-Aqsa Mosque
with 20 army officers in military uniform and
lined up to perform Jewish rituals. The army
ordered to seize the key of the Magariba gate to
facilitate access to the Al-Buraq wall (called by
the Wall of Lamentation).

- On August 7, 1984, Rabbi Meir Kahane, leader

24
 of the Kach movement, tried to desecrate the Al-Aqsa Mosque, raising the
Israeli flag on the anniversary of the destruction of the temple, which
corresponds to the 7 August of each year. Thousands of Jews then complied
with their religious rituals.

- The media has repeatedly disseminated information about the archaeological

discoveries, the first and second temple; which evokes religious emotions of the
Jews and the Gospels.

The laying of the first stones of the third temple near the entrance of the Al-
Aqsa Mosque has begun .The weight of these stones are three and a half tons.
Gershon Salmon chief of the temple said faithfully, "The laying of the
foundation stone of the temple marks the beginning of a new historical era," he
adds:” The Islamic occupation is over and we want to begin a new era of
salvation for the Jewish people”. There are in Jerusalem only seven institutions
that are responsible for the construction of the temple, on the ruins of the Al-
Aqsa Mosque.

Dr. Mohsen Saleh: "Palestine has a great place in the heart of every Muslim; it is a sacred
land and a blessing by Holy Quran and Sunnah. PALESTINE HOLDS THE AL-AQSA
MOSQUE, THE FIRST QIBLA AND THE SECOND PLACE OF WORSHIP BUILT ON THIS EARTH,
THE THIRD HOLY PLACE OF ISLAM. IT IS THE EARTH OF THE NIGHT VOYAGE OF THE
PROPHET MOHAMMED (BLESSING AND SALVATION BEING ON HIM) IT IS IN THAT PLACE
THAT THROUGHOUT THE QURAN IS GROWING AND DYING A LOT OF PROPHETS.IT IS
THE LAND OF CONGREGATION OF THE DEATHS AND THEIR RESURRECTION. THE
RESIDENT IN THIS EARTH IS COUNTING AS THE MUJAHID FOR ALLAH. THIS IS THE PLACE
OF THE VICTORIOUS COMMUNITY UNTIL THE DAY OF THE RESURRECTION»

25
 I practice

Compare the Zionist efforts to build the third temple on the ruins of the Al-Aqsa Mosque
after its destruction, and the Islamic efforts to resist these plans and prevent any assault
or aggression against the blessed mosque.

-Who do you think is the strongest and most determined to achieve its goals?

4 - Jewish organizations and groups involved in the demolition of Al-Aqsa.

There are about 20 Jewish organizations and groups, whose goal is the complete
destruction of the Al-Aqsa Mosque:

•Gush Emunim (this means group of faith), also called the (Zionist Renewal
Movement).

• Organization Shavit Ateret Cohenhan, that is to say (the sacerdotal crown) this
organization founded by Rabbi Abraham Yates Hamid kul, the first Palestinian
rabbi. This movement has plans ready to build the temple.

•Temple Word Faithful: The members of this association accomplish and

organize Jewish prayers in the courtyard around the wall of Al-Buraq.

• Käch movement (meaning rifle) founded by American rabbi Meir Kahane.

Wayne Goodman is a member of this movement he led an attack in the Al-Aqsa
Mosque on April 11, 1982, where he killed and wounded a number of Muslims.
Meir Kahane paid the lawyer's fees until his release.

I practice

Search the Internet with photos to support the authenticity of these Jewish organizations
to build the so-called temple.

26
 5 - The status of the city Jerusalem in divine laws

Dear student:

Palestine is also a sacred land for Jews and

Christians.

For the Jews:

The notion of Promised Land occupies a central

place in Jewish thought. In the Bible, indeed,
God intended the "land of Canaan" to the sons
of Jacob, in the line of Abraham. Jews claim
occupied Palestine as their land because of their
presence in this place thousands of years ago.
Jerusalem and El-Khalil play a central role in
A model of the temple that Jews imagine
Judaism.

- For Christians:

Palestine is the cradle of Christianity, the

holy land where Jesus was born and
lived; it is the place of the “Church of
the Holy Sepulcher” where Christ was
buried according to their belief, and in
the city of Jerusalem the path of
suffering, which Christ went through.

The most important cities are Bethlehem

and Nazareth.
Silver star, under the altar in the cave of the Nativity, in
- The vision of the Muslims of
Bethlehem represented according to Christian beliefs
Palestine and Jerusalem: the place where Jesus was born
The Muslims believe that they are the true heirs of David and Solomon (peace
and blessings be upon them) and the prophets of the sons of Israel because the
earth does not belong to the one who first promotes it, but to the one who
implicates the judgment of Allah. The Jews denied (the true religion) and they
altered the religion brought by their prophets, they no longer follow the religion
of the believers among the sons of Israel who had followed and supported
Moses and Jesus (peace and blessings be upon them) .The history books show us
that the general behavior of Muslims during their reign in Palestine, especially
27
 in Jerusalem, was based on tolerance and coexistence, and respect for the rights
of others. However, the general behavior of others was a behavior that refused to
coexist with other religions, persecuting their followers, and seeking to get rid of
them.

I practice

Compare the ethics of Muslims when they liberated Jerusalem and the Crusaders when
they occupied it and drove out Muslims.

Practical activity

4- Do a research on the importance of Jerusalem and Hebron in the Jewish faith, and on the
importance of Bethlehem and Nazareth for Christians.

5 -Reduce a research paper comparing the Sacred Mosque and Al-Aqsa Mosque.

6 - Collect the hadiths of the Prophet concerning Jerusalem.

7 - Watch a documentary film about the holy places of Jerusalem.

Evaluation questions:

Dear student, at the end of this course, please answer the following questions:

- Why Palestine and Jerusalem are so important in the lives of Muslims?

- What are the verses and hadiths that emphasize the sanctity of Palestine in Islam?

- Talk about the night trip and the reasons that the climb took place from Jerusalem.

- What is the importance of Jerusalem among Jews and Christians?

- What are the threats to the Al-Aqsa Mosque?

- What is the duty of the nation to support the Al-Aqsa Mosque?

28
CONCLUSION:

Dear student: What did we present in this course? Let us summarize the most
important points:

•The Quranic texts emphasize the sacredness of Palestine and its importance
throughout history. It should be remembered that many Hadiths highlight the
excellence of this holy land: This is the first Qibla towards which Muslims
orient themselves for prayer. The second place of worship built on this earth
after the great Mosque of Mecca, and the third holy place of Islam, in which the
reward of prayer is doubled. It is the place of the victorious community;
Palestine is also the land of the congregation of the dead and their resurrection.

•Continuing Jewish attempts to demolish the Al-Aqsa Mosque and build their
so-called temple and to achieve their goal, the Jews followed two lines:

•The first: Demolish the AL-Aqsa mosque. The second: build the temple. Jewish
gangs and individuals have attempted to burn and explaster the Al-Aqsa
Mosque. In addition, excavations under the Al-Aqsa Mosque continue. There
are seven institutions in the city of Jerusalem that deal with the preparation of
the construction of the temple.

•There are about 20 organizations involved in the demolition of the Al-Aqsa

Mosque, the most important of which are: (Josh Emunium), (Shavit Ateret Co
henhan), (The Faithful of the Temple) and (Moved Kach).

• Palestine occupies a privileged position in the three divine laws: Jews regard it
as their promised land, as in (the Old Testament), and Christians consider it the
cradle of their religion, where Jesus was born and lived. Muslims believe that
they are the true heirs of David and Solomon and the prophets of the Children of
Israel who have applied judgment of Allah.

29
Answers to the exercises

Exercise 1)

Through the verses and the hadiths about the importance of the land of Palestine,
the Muslim has dozens of duties towards the blessed earth, including:

- Living the Palestinian cause as one of the most important issues of Muslims
and its liberation from the Jews is the duty of every Muslim.

- Donate money to the Palestinian mujahideen as much as possible.

- Do all your best to resist to the danger of the Jews in Palestine and on the
blessed earth, and even in the Muslim world.

-Explain to other Muslims and non-Muslims what you have learned about the
question of Palestine.

-To follow the information on Palestine and to take part in any effort that meets
the aspirations of the liberation of Palestine.

- prevent from advertising, marketing and consumption of Israeli goods and

products and alert shop owners to sell these products, and if necessary to turn
away, from the owners of these stores, but you make sure that this product is
made in (Israel). We can count on specialized associations to combat
standardization.

EXERCISE (2)

The following is a sample of the answer, but dear student, we hope that you will
make an additional effort to obtain further information on the incineration: In
1967, Israel occupied East Jerusalem and Al Mosque -Aqsa. In 1969, the
Australian Zionist named Denis Michael Rohan came to Palestine as a tourist.
He set al-Qibli Musala al-Aqsa Mosque on fire; the fire devastated an important
part of it, and the sublime minbar confectioned by Noureddine Zanki which
burned completely. The Palestinians managed to save the rest of the mosque,
(Israel) arrested the criminal and pretended that he was crazy, he was deported
to Australia and still lives there, however he has no trace of madness.

A lot of evidence shows that the Israeli authorities contributed to the crime:
water was cut off from the mosque area immediately after the start of the fire
and they tried to prevent Arab citizens and firefighters from rushing to stop the
fire. According to the conclusions of the engineers and experts, the person who
30
participated in the fire was not the only extremist Jew, to be part of the
expedition although the fire was entrusted to him; Rohan was discovered, and
arrested. Among the monuments that were affected by the fire, there was the
Salah al-Din minbar, the Zakaria mihrab, three corridors, two main pillars, a
wooden dome, 74 wooden windows, all carpets and other things. Parts of the
ornate interior dome, the southern walls and the destruction of 48 windows of
the mosque were damaged, and many Qur'anic decorations and verses were
burned. The fire burned a third or a quarter of the tribal mosque (Qibli) and
destroyed a large Islamic monument, a minbar brought by the great Muslim
leader Salah Eddine al-Ayoubi when he liberated Jerusalem from the Crusaders
in 1187.

The Committee for the Reconstruction of the Al-Aqsa Mosque of the Jordanian
Awqaf Ministry eliminated the effects of the fire that damaged the Al-Aqsa
Mosque and restored the minbar Salah Eddine.

Historical, archaeological and technical studies were carried out before any
restoration. The reconstruction committee was restructured and an integrated
technical team began its work in 1970. After the restoration of the mosque, the
Construction Committee received the International Prize of "Aga Khan"
International, for their work.

Exercise (3)

There is no doubt that Zionist effort to demolish the Al-Aqsa Mosque and build
the alleged temple are great efforts which are supported by many world powers.
Many Jewish organizations are working day and night to implement these
malicious plans. whereas Arab and Islamic efforts are limited and not financially
supported as Zionist efforts, in addition to the lack of coordination between
Arab and Islamic efforts. However, we note that the efforts of Arabs and
Muslims in recent years have increased more and more. They hold numerous
conferences every year on the question of Jerusalem and the Al-Aqsa Mosque
and are now making great efforts to serve the cause and expose the Zionist
schemas.

31
Exercise (4)

Dear student , Here are some images from the Internet, I hope you can gather
more.

Exercise (5)

To answer this exercise. Come back to a book on the Crusades, compare Chief
Salah Eddine's ethics and see how correct and human he was with his enemies.
See also how the Crusaders in turn treated Muslims when they occupied
Jerusalem, they committed terrible massacres against children, women and men
to the point that horses wade in the blood of Muslims.

32
Third course:
Palestine before Islam

33
Third course content
Page
Subject
Introduction 35
Course objectives. 35
1-The antiquity of Palestine 36
The Canaanites 36
The Jebusites 36
The emigration of Ibrahim (peace be upon him) to 36
Palestine
Palestine under the reign of the prophet David 36
2 - The end of the kingdoms of Judea and Israel 38

The Babylonian (Iraqi) kingdom 38

Persian domination 38

Greek domination (The Greeks) 39

Roman domination 39

The revolt of the Jews against Hadrian 40

3-Historical Claims of Jews in Palestine 40

Conclusion 42

Answers to the exercises 43

34
 Introduction
Dear student,

Welcome to this course,

This course (Palestine before Islam) briefly presents the most important

civilizations that were established in Palestine before Islam, and consists of

three main sections: the first confirms that Palestine is the oldest civilization in
the world, inhabited by the Canaanites and Jebusites, and Abraham (the peace
and salvation of Allah be upon him) emigrated as in the famous story. The
second deals with the period after David (peace be upon him), the end of the two
kingdoms of Judea and Israel, and subsequent civilizations such as Babylonian
rule, Persian domination, Greek rule, Roman rule, and finally the Jewish
rebellion against Roman domination.

The course includes a number of exercises, self-assessment questions,

illustrations and activities that help to improve your understanding of the topics
covered in Zionist and pro-media. It presented in plain language and in series in
order to understand well, the important issues that we believe reflected in the
Zionist media.

The last section refutes that claims made by the Jews about their historical right
to Palestine, in the light of what is described in the lesson.

We hope this will be a useful course, which you will enjoy studying, and that
you will contribute with us to its critique and future evaluation.

Course objectives

1 - Briefly explain the most important civilizations that followed one another in
Palestine before the time of Prophet David (peace be upon him).

2 - Define the multiple reasons for the disappearance of the two kingdoms of Judea and
Israel.

3 - Summarize the most important achievements of the civilizations that crossed

Palestine after the disappearance of the two Jewish kingdoms, beginning with
Babylonian domination and ending with Roman domination.
Dear student, after completing this course, we hope you will be able to
4 - You will refute the historic claims of the Jews in Palestine
35
The Antiquity of Palestine
According to modern archaeological discoveries,
Palestine is one of the oldest civilizations in the
world. It is the first land that has seen the
transformation of man into a life of stability and
agriculture, there are 11 000 years (9000 BC) it is
the land where the oldest city in history (the city of
Jericho) about 8000 BC was founded. The land of
Palestine is still rich in different civilizations in our
time.

The Canaanites:
Jerusalem mosaic map found in the city of
The first inhabitants of Palestine are the Canaanites Maadaba in Jordan
and Amorites, tribes from the Arabian Peninsula
about 4500 BC. Palestine is known as the "Land of Canaan".

The current people of Palestine are the descendants of the Canaanites; they
mixed with other Arab tribes and with peoples from the eastern Mediterranean
"Baalist or" Al Balistinieen ".

Although Palestine have been ruled from time to time by different peoples, its
inhabitants have been living there without interruption.

The Jebusites:

Among the Arab tribes who emigrated from the Arabian Peninsula to the north
are the Jesuits, they settled in the region of Al-Quds, even before it was built.
This is why Jerusalem was called by their name "Yepos". The majority of the
Palestinian people have become Muslims and speak the Arabic language. This
led to the strengthening of the Islamic identity of the land of Palestine since the
Islamic conquest in the fifteenth century (636
and up to the present day).

The entry of Ibrahim (peace be upon him) in

Palestine

Ibrahim arrived in Canaan from Ur in southern

Iraq, passed by Harran in Syria in the late
nineteenth century (1805 BC). At first He

The tomb of the prophet Abraham and the

36 prophet Jacob (peace be upon them) in Hebron
 moved to Shikim in Nablus and then to Hebron. He met the Canaanite governor
of Jerusalem Melki Sadek and they became friends. It is in Hebron, Palestine,
that the prophet Ibrahim (peace and blessings be upon him), his wife Sarah and
their son Ishaq died.

Palestine at the time of the prophet David (peace_be_upon_him)

In the twelfth century, Joshua son of Nun guided the

Israelites to the Holy Land, where they fought a battle
against Canaanites and Philistines. During the last
third of the 11th century BC, Shalb ibn Qais (Talut)
took command of the Israelites and fought the
Philistines under Goliath, who was killed by David
(peace be upon him). Then the prophet David ruled
the children of Israel after the death of Talut, and
established a kingdom that extended over part of
Palestine. David died, his son Solomon, whose
famous stories were told in the Quran, succeeded The city of Jerusalem under the reign of
David (peace be upon him)
him at the head of the dynasty and reigned from (963
to 923 BC). At the death of Solomon, the dynasty split into two parts: the
kingdom of Israel in the north (Samaria) and the kingdom of Judah in the south
(Jerusalem).

I practice

The Almighty says, “Abraham was neither a Jew nor Christian, but he was one
inclining toward truth, a Muslim {submitting to Allah}.And he was not of the
polytheists”.Aal-Imraan v.67

Do Jews have the right to claim that Abraham was Jewish and that they were his
heirs, especially since Judaism and Christianity came down after Abraham (peace be
upon him)? Justify?

37
2 - The end of the kingdoms of Judah and Israel

The king of Egypt (Shishnak) attacked the kingdom of Judea in (920 BC), and
occupied it to become since then an Egyptian state. In (721 BC), Assyrians
attacked and occupied the kingdoms of Israel and Judea and imposed on them a
tribute: the kingdom of Israel tried to revolt, but the Assyrians repressed its
rebellion with force. The Assyrians took most of the people of the Kingdom of
Israel to Iraq.

The Babylonian (Iraqi) Kingdom

In (597 BC) Nabukhed king Nasr Chaldean, conquered

Palestine, he seized Jerusalem (capital of Judea) then led
his king and his family and most of his captive leaders to
Iraq, then he appointed to Jerusalem a new governor.

This year (586 BC), the remains of the Jews in Palestine

wanted to strike a blow against the Babelians. Nabukhed
Nasr conquered the kingdom again, attacked the Jews in
Palestine and destroyed Jerusalem, so that there were no
Jews left in Palestine.

Palestine was restored as a Canaanite Arab land as it had Naboukhed Nasr

always been under the government of Iraq. It received the
Arab migrations from Syria and the Arabian Peninsula.
King Cyrus brings Jews
Because of the conquests of the Assyrians and Chaldeans, back to Palestine
the Jewish state disappeared from Palestine after four
centuries (1000 - 586 BC). There was plenty of conflicts, Believed that the existence
wars and destruction. That period was considered one of of the Jews in Palestine
the most important periods in Palestinian history: The would be a balance
Jews claimed to be the chosen people and claimed that the towards a part of the
blessed land of Allah (Palestine) was their land; they population supporting the
called it "promised land». The Jews still believe in it Pharaohs of Egypt,
today. Moreover the Jews helped
him against the
Persian domination Babylonians. There are
The Persians invaded Palestine in (539 BC) and occupied those who say that His
it after occupying Babylon. Palestine remained a Persian wife was Jewish and she
state for two centuries. The Persian king, Cyrus, allowed would have influenced her
to send Jews back to
38 Palestine.
the Jews of Babel to return to Jerusalem, which had been forbidden during the
Babylonian mandate, but the remains of the tribe of Judea returned

Greek domination (The Greeks)

The victory (of Alexander the Great) over the Persians was one of the most
important events of the (4th century BC). In (332 BC) Syria, Gaza and
Jerusalem were subjected to the Greek power and they remained under their
influence. After Alexander's death, the Greek power was divided into two parts:
Palestine was under the control of the leader (Antichos) who was defeated by
the Ptolemais in Gaza (321 BC). From this moment, Palestine was under the
reign (of Antichos III) in Syria in (198 BC).

Since then, Palestine has been in a state of war and unrest in the midst of the
conflict between the Maccabees and the Nabataean Arabs in (90 BC) and
remained under the capital of Petra until occupied by the Romans.

Petra, the capital of the

Nabataeans

Petra, the capital of the Nabataeans

Roman domination
The Romans occupied Palestine and made it a Roman province first belonging
to Rome, and then Byzantine until the middle of (seventh century AC) when it
was conquered by Arab Muslims, it became part of the Arab State. At the time
of the Romans, Jesus Christ was born in Palestine. The Jews denounced Jesus to
the Roman governor (37 AC) and accused him of apostasy and infidelity, and
the subsequent history of crucifixion and murder, as Christians believe.

39
The revolt of the Jews

The Jews rebelled against the Romans by exploiting the freedom granted to
them in Jerusalem since their return from the Babylonian captivity, they seeked
to establish their own state. But the Roman ruler Titus, with the help of the
people of the country, launched an attack them in (71 AC) and occupied
Jerusalem and killed a large number of Jews before they escaped to Syria and
Egypt and other Arab countries.

Under the Rabbin’s command (BarKochba), the Jews fought against the roman
Empire (135 AC) to settle a Jewish state. Once again the Roman Emperor
(Hadrin) finished with the rebellion of the Jews.

He also destroyed what they had built in the region. He also ordered the
building of a new city. The Roman Emperor gave a discrete which forbade the
Jews to enter the new town.

After this incident, the Jews did not try to cause problems in the Far East until
the advent of the twentieth century, which saw the birth of the state of Petra, the
capital of the Nabataeans. Petra was, the capital of the Nabateans Israel, more
than two thousand years since the disappearance of their state in (586 BC) by
(Naboukhed Nasr).

3-Historical Allegations of Jews in Palestine

The claims of the historic right of the Jews in Palestine collapse in the face of
the fact that the Canaanite Arabs existed before them. The sons of Palestine (the
Arabs after them Muslims) lived on this earth about (1500 years) before the
creation of the children of Israel and the kingdom of David (peace and blessings
be upon him). The Jews ruled parts of Palestine for about four centuries,
especially between (1004 and 586). Their reigns disappeared, as did the reigns
of the Assyrians, the Persians, the Greeks, and the Romans. As the Palestinian
people continued to persist in their lands. Islamic governance was the longest, it
lasted approximately (1200 years) from (636 AC to 1917), except for the
Crusader period (90 years). Jews were virtually interrupted in about 1800 (about
1800 AC) periods of residence (135 AC until the 20th century). They had no
political or civil presence. And even their religious teachings deny their return to
Palestine.

More than 80% of contemporary Jews - according to the studies of a number of

Jews themselves such as the famous writer (Arthur Koestler) admit that they
40
have no historical connection with Palestine, and do not belong to the Jewish
people. Thus, the vast majority of present-day Jews would come from the Jews
of the Khazar-Ashkenazi, a Tatar tribe of Turkish origin, having lived in the
North Caucasus, and having converted to Judaism in (eighteenth century AC).

So if they have the right to return, not to Palestine but to the south of Russia.

-Jews claim their attachment to Palestine, but most of Israel's children refused to
join Moses on his trip to the Holy Land.

-The Persian king (Cyrus II) allowed the Jews of Babel to return to Jerusalem
but few returned to Palestine and the majority did not emigrate because at that
time Babylon was the capital of fortune and economic well-being, a place of
civilization and luxury. Throughout history, to date, the number of Jews in
Palestine has not increased, and has not reached 40% of the Jews in the world.

An illustrative chart of the periods of governance of civilizations in Palestine

Gove Time of Government Date

rnment System
1 The Reign of Children 418 years 1004 - 586 BC
of Israel

2 The Iraqi reign 47 years 586-539 BC

3 The Persian reign 207 years 539-332 BC
4 The Greek reign 269 years 332-63 BC
5 The Roman reign 699 years 63-636 AC
6 The Islamic reign More than 1200 years 636-1948AC(except
91years reign of
crusaders)

I practice

Through previous reviews of civilizations that have crossed Palestine, prove that
Jews have no rights in Palestine.

41
Conclusion:
Dear student, what did we present in this course? Let us summarize the most
important points:

•Palestine is one of the oldest civilizations in the world, where is the oldest city
in history (Jericho), its land has witnessed the passage of dozens of civilizations,
the oldest is that of the Canaanites, the Amorites lived next to them. Then came
the Jebusites, Arab tribes from the Arabian Peninsula. The present people of
Palestine are the descendants of the Canaanites and Amorites.

•Ibrahim (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) arrived in the land of
Canaan from Ur in southern Iraq in the late nineteenth century BC. He settled in
Shechem (Nabuls), and then he moved to Hebron (Khalil).

•Joshua son of Nun guided the Israelites to the Holy Land in (twelfth century
BC). After killing Goliath, the prophet David (peace_be_upon_him) appeared as
leader of the children of Israel, and he founded a kingdom. His son Solomon
came after him, he reigned from (963 to 923 BC), after his death, his kingdom
was divided into two parts: the kingdom of Israel in the north (Samaria) and the
kingdom of Judah to the south (Jerusalem).

•Joshua son of Nun guided the Israelites to the Holy Land in (twelfth century
BC). After killing Goliath, the prophet David (peace_be_upon_him) appeared as
leader of the children of Israel, and he founded a kingdom. His son Solomon
came after him, he reigned from (963 to 923 BC), after his death, his kingdom
was divided into two parts: the kingdom of Israel in the north (Samaria) and the
kingdom of Judah to the south (Jerusalem).

•The Persians invaded Palestine in (539 BC) and occupied it after occupying
Babylon. After them (Alexander the Great) came in (332 BC) and occupied
Palestine, followed by Greek domination.

•The Romans occupied Palestine and made it a Roman province first belonging
to Rome, then to Byzantine until the middle of the (7th century AC) when it
was conquered by the Arab Muslims, it became part of Arab State. At the time
of the Romans, Jesus Christ was born in Palestine. The Jews rebelled against the
Romans as they sought to establish their own state; but the Roman leader
(Titus), with the help of the people of the country, launched an attack against

42
them in (71 AC) and occupied Jerusalem, he killed a large number of Jews
before they flew to Syria and Egypt and other Arab countries.

•The claims of the historic right of the Jews in Palestine are undermined by the
fact that the Canaanite Arabs existed before them. The sons of Palestine (the
Arabs after them Muslims) lived on this earth about (1500 years) before the
creation of the sons of Israel and the kingdom of David (peace and blessings be
upon him), since then , the link between the Jews and this earth has been
broken.

The answers of the exercises

Exercise 1

The message of Prophet Abraham came before the messages of Moses and Jesus
(peace be upon them), so no one has the right to claim that Abraham was a Jew
or a Christian. All Jews and Christians claim their right to Abraham and each
team wishes to belong to that messenger but Allah says:

“Indeed, the most worthy of Abraham among the people are those who followed
him {in submission to Allah} and this prophet, and those who believe {in his
message}. And Allah is the ally of the believers.

This means that following Abraham is not by the words or by descendance but
by following the religion (hanifism) and the set of beliefs and deeds because the
men most worthy of Abraham are the ones who have followed him, as well.
Those who have faith and believe in prophets and heavenly books.

Exercise 2

It is noted that the period of Jewish residence in Palestine is short, and by the
previous presentation of the civilizations that crossed Palestine, we can prove
this truth but by returning to other references, we find this following:

The first archaeological discoveries uncovered in Palestine date back to the

Canaanites and Amorites. These two peoples were tribes who emigrated from
Arabia to the north and settled in the land of Ash-sham (Syria) and more
precisely in Palestine. This has been clearly shown in the history of Palestine
and confirmed by both Eastern and Western historians. As for the Jews, they are
not mentioned in this story. The first inhabitants of Palestine are the Canaanites,
tribes from the Arabian Peninsula, about 4500 years ago. Palestine is known

43
first, under the name of "land of Canaan". The present people of Palestine are
descendants of the Canaanites, Arab tribes, and peoples from the eastern
Mediterranean "Baalist or" Al Balistiniyyun ". The Islamic identity of the land
of Palestine has been confirmed for the longest continuous historical period,
since its Islamic conquest in (15 Hijri -636 AD) until now. The forced
displacement of its people by the Zionist occupation in 1948 does not affect in
any way.

The claims of the historic right of the Jews in Palestine collapse in the face of
the fact that the Canaanite Arabs existed before them. The sons of Palestine (the
Arabs after them Muslims) lived on this earth about (1500 years) before the
creation of the children of Israel and the kingdom of David (peace and blessings
be upon him); The Jews ruled parts of Palestine for about four centuries.
Moreover, the kingdom of David was founded on the true religion of God, but
the Jews distorted that religion.

Jews ruled parts of Palestine for about four centuries, especially between (1004
and 586 years). Their rule has disappeared, as have the reigns of the Assyrians,
the Persians, the Greeks, and the Romans while the Palestinian people continued
to persist in their lands. Islamic governance was the longest, lasting for about
(1200 years) from (636 AC to 1917), except for the Crusader period (90 years).
Jews were virtually banned from residing in Palestine about (1800 years) from
(135 AC until the 20th century).

There was no political or civil presence; even their religious teachings deny their
return to Palestine.More than 80% of contemporary Jews - according to the
studies of a number of Jews themselves such as the famous writer (Arthur
Koestler) admit that they have no historical connection with Palestine, and do
not belong not to the Jewish people. Thus, the vast majority of present-day Jews
would come from the Jews of the Khazars-Ashkenazi, a Tatar tribute of Turkish
origin, who lived in the North Caucasus, and who converted to Judaism in
(eighteenth century AC). There was no political or civil presence; even their
religious teachings deny their return to Palestine. So if they have the right to
come back, it's not for Palestine but for southern Russia.

.References to this answer

- Forty facts about the Palestinian cause. Dr. Mohsen Saleh

- Palestine ... History ... illustrated. Dr.Tareq M.Suwaidan.

44
Fourth course:
Palestine from the dawn of Islam until the occupation of the Crusaders

An old image of the Dome of the Rock

45
Content of this course

The subject page

Introduction 47
The objectives of this course 47
1- The Islamic conquest of Palestine 48
Battle of Agnadin (13 Hegir / 634 AC) 48
Battle of Yarmouk (15H / 636 AC) 48
Visit of Omar ibn al-Khattab in 50
Jerusalem
2- The Umayyad and Abbasid epochs 53
Era Umayyads (41 -132 H / 661-750 53
AC)
The Abbasid era 53

3 - Toulonites and Qarmatians 54

Toulonites 54
Al-Karamita 54

conclusion 57
Answers to exercises 58

46
Introduction
Dear student, welcome to the fourth course

This course covers the subject of Palestine from the dawn of Islam until the
occupation of the Crusaders, a very important period in the history of Palestine.
An extension of the previous period appears in the third course.

This course includes three main sections through which we will treat the Islamic
period until the occupation of Palestine by the Crusaders.

The first part began with the opening of Palestine by the Caliph (Omar ibn al-
Khattab) and subsequent battles, in particular the battles of Agnadin and
Yarmouk, and the history of the entry of Omar in Jerusalem. In the second, we
will approach the time of the Omayyad and Abbasid, and the most striking
features of these two periods that lasted until (656 AH / 1258 AC). The third and
final part will deal with the era of Toulonites and Qaramata, and will highlight
the most important achievements during this period.

When in this course of this historical period, it is one of the most important for
the understanding of the event advocated that were the trigger of the occupation
of Palestine by Crusaders later. We will discuss it in the fifth course. It is the
initiators, who lead to the results obtained, it is important to draw lesson from
history in our current reality.

This course includes a number of exercises, self-assessment questions,

illustrations and activities that contribute to understanding the topics. We hope
that you will work the practical activities seriously and that you will come back
to more references and to better understanding of the topics, and to know some
details that we would have passed quickly. We hope that it will be a very useful
course for you, and that you will appreciate to study, and to contribute with us in
its criticism and evaluation, for a future development.

The objectives of this course

Dear student after you finish a course we hope you will be able to deal with:

1. Summarizing the points of the most highlight stages of the Islamic conquest of Jerusalem.

2. Comparing the Umayyad and Abbasid periods in terms of duration and the influence.

3. Adding up points in the highlights events in the reign of the Tontolines and Qarrmatians.

47
1 - The Islamic conquest of Palestine

Dear student
Ascension is an event
In 633 Hijrah, the caliph Abu Bakr mobilized the armies and of paramount
went to the country of Sham which was under the Roman importance in the
occupation. This army was led by Amr ibn al-Aas, Yazid bin history of Islam
Abi Sufyan, Sharhab bin Hasna, and Abi Obeida bin Jarrah regarding the position
.Yazid defeated the Romans at Wadi Araba, south of the Dead of Jerusalem and its
Sea, and followed them to Gaza in (634 AD). Palestine has spiritual importance for
lived through periods of instability until it was conquered by Muslims
Muslims under the rule of the Caliph Omar ibn al-Khattab.

The Caliph Omar and the Christians signed a treaty called

"The Covenant for Life or Omari
Commitment" he offered security in
Jerusalem and protection for their
worship, their churches and no Jew will
coexist with them.

The Battle of Ajnadeen

Amr ibn al-Aas won a great victory over

the Ro-hands during the battle of Agnadin
in (634 AC) he then set out with his
sanitizing army at the pas-sage (Fahl) The battle site of Ajnadeen
(Bisan), ( Lidda) and (Jaffa). And when
(Theodoros) the brother of the Roman emperor (Hercules)
took command of the Roman army, Abu Bakr ordered
Khalid bin Al-Walid who was fighting in Iraq to move Allah gave victory to
towards Palestine. The battle site of Ajnadeen
the Muslims in
Battle of Yarmouk (15H / 636 AD): Yarmouk. They were
36,000 against the
The caliph Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with
200,000 soldiers of
him) died, and Omar-Ibn al-Khattab succeeded him. He led
which 130,000 died
the armies. He then ordered the armies in Palestine to
continue the fight to complete the conquest. The Caliph
Omar, ordered Khaled Ibn Al - Walid to unite the Islamic
armies into one. (Khaled) clashed with the Romans at the

48
Battle of Yarmouk, which was the biggest victory for Muslims in a decisive
moment in the history of Palestine.

An old picture of the Dome of the Rock

I practice [1]

Refer to some references related to the Battle of Yarmouk, and identify all the
Palestinian cities that were opened during this battle.

49
 Omar Ibn Al - Khattab in Jerusalem

The Patriarch (Speronius) laid down a condition that no one should enter
Jerusalem, which was called (Elijah) at that time, before the prince of the
believers (Omar Ibn Al-Khattab).

Arrived at Jerusalem, the caliph Omar offered to the

Christians, security in Jerusalem and protection for their
Arriving in Jerusalem
worship, their churches and their sacred places, but
Omar walked in as the
stipulated that none of the Jews should live in the holy city.
Since then, Arab tribes flocked from Syria, Hijaz, Najd and servant came on the
Yemen and settled in the Palestinian territories, where the back of the chase, and
majority of the population has become Muslim, with Arabic on arriving at the fording
having become the predominant language. of a river full of mud, Ibn
Al Khattab took off his
shoes, and continued on
his way to teach the
nation how to be a
I practice [2]
leader

Briefly describe the story of the entry of Omar ibn al-Khattab

(may Allah be pleased with him) to Jerusalem.

50
 Friday prayer in Jerusalem

51
 The Omari commitment
"In the name of the merciful Allah : Here is the peace offered by the servant of
Allah, Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, to the people of Aelia Capitolina: security for
themselves, their goods, their churches and their crosses, their sick and
innocents and the whole of the whole community. Their churches cannot be
occupied or destroyed. Nothing will be removed from the churches, from its
environment, from the crosses or from any of its possessions, nor will they be
hated because of their beliefs, nor harmed, and no Jew will coexist with them in
Ilyae. The people of Ilyae, just like the inhabitants of the city, will have country
tri-goal. It will also have the duty to expel all the Byzantines as well as all
thieves. Whoever wishes to leave the city will enjoy protection for himself and
his property until he has reached a safe place; whoever decides to remain will
enjoy protection, and will be, like all the inhabitants of Ilyae, indebted for the
tribute.

Those who prefer to leave with the Byzantines, renouncing their churches and
crosses will be protected, until they have reached a safe place.

Those who choose to stay will have to pay the same tribute as the inhabitants of
Ilyae and those who choose to leave with the Byzantines will be able to do it.
Those who want to return with theirs can do it without fear, because nothing
will be claimed to them until harvest. As long as Christians pay their tribute, this
pact of protection will be respected. "

This treaty is ratified and signed by Khalid Ibn Al-Walid. Amr Ibn al-AS, Ab-
derrahmane Ibn Auf and Muawiya Ibn Abi Sofiane.

(Al-Tabari, History of Nations and Kings, p.268 - 269)

52
2 -The UmAyyads and Abbasid times:

Umayyad Era (41 - 132 AH / 661 - 750 AC) The reform of Al - Aqsa
At the time of the Umayyads, Palestine was a (129Hegir - 747 after.

province of Damascus ruled by (Suleyman That year, an

Ibn Abdul Malik). earthquake damaged
some of the columns of
Abd al-Malik Ibn Marwan built a huge the Jerusalem Mosque.
building at the Dome of Rock where Prophet The Muslims hastened
to support the damaged
Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon
parts, but the repair was
him) went to rise to the heavens on the night simple and temporary.
of the ascent. Walid Ibn Abdul Malik
continued building the Al-Aqsa Mosque after
the death of his father Abdul Malik, which is still in place
today. Subsequently Suleyman IBN Abdul Malik assumed
power and founded the city of Ramallah, where he built his
famous palace and white mosque.

The Abbasid Era (132 - 656 Hijri / 750 -

1258 AC)
“Weakness, division and
After the end of the reign of the Umayyads, dispersion were the evils
that affected the Islamic
Palestine became part of the Abbasid State.
nation and the causes that
The caliph al-Ma'mun and his son, Mahdi, allowed its enemies to
visited Palestine, the Abbasid era saw an penetrate from all sides”.
increase in the Arabization process following
the marriage between the Arab conquerors
and the people of Palestine.

53
3 - Toulonites and Qarmatians
Toulonites (254-292 Hegir / 871-905 AC)
In the third century Al-Hégiri, because of the The state of
weakness in which was the Abbasid dynasty, the Toulunids:

Toulonites led by Ahmad Ibn Touloun, came to The Tulunids are of

exercise their dominance over Lebanon, Syria Turkish origin, the
Tulun State is the
and Palestine. One of the most famous first Turkish state to
monuments during their reign was the settle in Egypt and
fortification of the port of Acre. Syria. Its founder is
Ahmad Ibn Touloun
•The Qarmatians

Historians consider the fourth century as a

century of political turmoil. The Carmaths: a Shiite
group of Batinites from Iraq
The Qaramites, who came from the Persian in (290 Hijri / 903 AC) which
Gulf on Syrian lands, occupied Palestine was founded by Hamdan
after causing much destruction and Carmat to whom the
Carmathids refer. The word
devastation.
Carmathe, an Aramaic word
After that, Palestine was invaded by various meaning "master secret"
regimes: Ikhshidids, Seljuks and Fatimids, this movement leaned
grabbing a secret military
it was a century of confusion and chaos par
organization. They claimed
excellence. that they were fighting for
the people of the Prophetic
House, but their goal was to
eliminate the existing
Islamic state.

54
 State of Ikhshidid
This state is attributed to
Mohammed bin Abdullah
Tughj, nicknamed al-
Ikhchîd, meaning the
King of Kings who is
attributed to Ferghana. He
is a descendant of the
Royal Ferghana Dynasty
in the region of Tajikistan
in Asia

Streets of Jerusalem in the Ottoman era 1908

. Seljuk
The Seljuks is a family from
the Kınık tribe. Seljuk is the
namesake and founder of
the Seljuk dynasties. He
succeeded the power of the
tribe after the death of his
father Duqâq, The territory
of their state extended and
included Iraq, Persia, Syria,
Asia Minor.

55
 Practical activity
8 -Make a brief analysis on the importance of "The Omari Commitment.»

9- The battle of Yarmouk is a great victory for the Muslims, although the Romans are
superior in number to the Muslim forces. Write a short report inspired by the meaning of
the verse: "How many a small company has overcome a large company by the permission
of Allah. And Allah is with the patient "(Surat Al-Baqara-verse 249)

Evaluation questions:

Dear student, at the end of this course, review your notes and circle the correct
answer:

1- Palestine was subject to the reign of Carmaths in:

a- The end of the Abbasid domination and before the Fatimid domination.

b- First Abbassid period.

c- The end of the Umayyad domination and before the domination of the Abbasside.

d- End of the reign Al Rashidi.

2 - Explain how the Muslims managed to conquer Jerusalem during the Islamic
caliphate.

3- When were the Al Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock Mosque built?

4 - Who conquered Palestine and when?

5 - What are the battles that took place at the time of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq's
Conclusion
succession?
Dear Student what have we presented in this course (Palestine from the dawn of
6 - Why didtothe
Islam thePatriarch (Seferonius)
occupation insist onlet
of the Crusaders, putting
us try Jerusalem
together toback to Omarthe
summarize ibn
al-Khattab?
most important points:
7 - Why did the countries become more numerous during the Abbasid Caliphate?

56
Conclusion
Muslims conquered Palestine in the first Rashidi era in the succession of Omar
ibn al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him), the Caliph Omar signed with
the inhabitants of Jerusalem a treaty called "The commitment Omari ", which
predicted that no Jew will coexist with them in the holy city.

•The two most famous battles of the Rashidi era were the Agnadin ba-size led
by (Amr ibn al-Aas) in (634 AC), and the Yarmouk battle led by Khalid ibn al-
Walid, one of its consequences is the expulsion of the Romans from Palestine.

•Palestine at the time of the Omeya was part of Damascus. Abd al-Malik Ibn
Marwan built a huge building at the Dome of Rock where the Prophet
Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) went to rise to the
heavens on the night of the ascent. Walid Ibn Abdul Malik continued the
construction of the Al-Aqsa Mosque after the death of his father Abdul Malik.

•The Abbasid era saw an increase in the Arabization process following the
marriage between the Arab conquerors and the people of Palestine.

•Because of the weakness of the Abbasid dynasty, the Toulonites led by (Ahmad
Ibn Touloun), came to exercise their dominance over Lebanon, Syria and
Palestine. One of the most famous monuments during their reign was the
fortification of the port of Acre.

•Historians regard the fourth century as a century of political turmoil. The

Qaramites, who came from the Persian Gulf on Syrian lands, occupied Palestine
after causing much destruction and devastation.

•After that, Palestine was invaded by various regimes: Ikhshidids, Seljuks and
Fatimids, it was a century of confusion and chaos by definition.

57
Answers to the exercises

Exercise 1)

The Muslims won a great victory over the Romans at the battle of Yarmuk in
(635-14 AH) in Sham's land, and they then set out for Jerusalem to clear Gaza,
Nablus, Lod, Jaffa, Rafah and Gaza and other cities. The Christians entrenched
themselves in Jerusalem.

The siege of Jerusalem lasted four months until Abu Ubaida won. The Romans
surrendered in the year 636 AC / 15AD. Omar bin al-Khattab came out with his
servant from Medina in Palestine to be the first to enter.

After the siege, the people of Jerusalem surrendered, The Patriarch of Jerusalem
asked that no one enter before Amir al-Mu'amni. Abu Ubaida sent this to Omar
and he told him, "I'm coming".

Exercise (2)

-The caliph Omar left with his servant on the back of a single camel; both of
them took turns. Whereas, he could be able to leave in a solemn parade that
would have shaken the earth under the horses' feet .However, he preferred to
give the kings of the Mountain a lesson of humility and glory to God, and to no
one else.

-On his arrival in Jerusalem, it was the servant's turn to get on the camel, but he
wanted to make room for Omar so that people would see him. Omar refused and
walked to Jerusalem, while the servant rode on a camel. When the Muslims saw
him, they declaimed the ejaculatory prayers referring to the absolute greatness of
God and his uniqueness of the Sublime.

Omar was acclaimed on a mountain which was later called "the Mountain of
Sublime." The Caliph Omar dressed in modest and worn clothes approached the
army. From the wall of Jerusalem; the Christians remained speechless in front of
this strange spectacle, while the exchanged glances and gestures seemed to
wonder if this individual was indeed the chief of these so well equipped armies!

-Upon reaching the ford of a river full of mud, the servant wanted Omar to ride
on the camel to prevent it from smearing the clothes of water and clay, but Omar
refused. The servant then obeyed and pulled the animal's reins to cross the ford.
Omar took off his shoes, took his shoes and continued his way under the
astonished gaze of the people. Abu Ubayda could not resist the show and
58
hastened to tell Omar: "Prince of the believers! Today you did a magnificent
work in front of all human beings, could you ... "Omar then hit his chest,
censoring him and said:" If only, it was another who in your place would have
told me Abu Ubaydah ... We were a submissive people and God honored us with
Islam, we were weak and he gave us strength. "

On his arrival in Jerusalem, it was the servant's turn to get on the camel, but he
wanted to make room for Omar so that people would see him. Omar refused and
walked to Jerusalem, while the servant rode on a camel. When the Muslims saw
him, they declaimed the ejaculatory prayers referring to the absolute greatness of
God and his uniqueness of the Sublime. Omar was acclaimed on a mountain that
was later called "the Mountain of Sublime". The Caliph Omar dressed Modest
and worn clothes approached the army. From the wall of Jerusalem; the
Christians remained speechless in the face of this strange spectacle, while the
exchanged looks and gestures seemed to wonder whether this individual was
indeed the chief of these well-equipped armies!

Omar signed a treaty called "The Omari Covenant" with the Christians, he
offered them security in Jerusalem and protection for their worship, their
churches and their sacred places, prohibiting their destruction or their violation.
At that time, Jerusalem knew the most merciful and most conquering conqueror.
Arrived at the Al-Aqsa Mosque, Omar saw how this holy place had become a
huge garbage dump; he cleaned it with the Muslims. While praying the caliph
Omar read during the first prostration, the sura "Sad" in which one speaks of
David, during the second, he read the sura "Al Israa" in honor of the place.

59
The fifth course
Palestine since the occupation of the Crusaders until the end of
the Ottoman era

An old photo of the city of Jerusalem inside the fort

60
Content of this course
The subject Page
Introduction 62
The objectives of this course 62
1 -Occupation of the Crusaders 63
2 -Palestine in the ayyubid era 66
3 - Palestine in the Mamluk era 67
67
4 - Palestine in the Ottoman era
The reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid 67
Conclusion 69
Answers to exercises 70

61
 Introduction
Dear student

Welcome to the fifth course,

This course reviews (Palestine since the occupation of the Crusaders until the
end of the Ottoman era), an important step among steps lived by Palestine
because this step paved the way for the Palestinian cause and Zionist and
Western plan later to occupy Palestine and expel the people.

This course consists of four main sections. The first deals with the occupation of
the crossroads of Palestine and how has this occupation affected the Palestinian
people and the atrocities committed by the Crusaders against them. The second
addresses the role of leader Salah al-Din Ayyubi in the liberation of Jerusalem
and the elimination of Crusader occupation. The third part of this course deals
with the situation of Palestine in the Mamluk era and its many contributions to
Palestine. In the last section, we will discuss Ottoman rule, in particular the era
of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. The course includes a number of exercises, self-
assessment questions, illustrations and activities that contribute to the
understanding of the topics. We hope that this will be a good approach for you
and that you will be enthusiastic to study, that you will contribute to criticize
and evaluate it.

The objectives of this course

Dear student, after completing this course, we hope you will be able to:

1 -Discuss the impact of the occupation of the Crusaders on Palestine and the
massacres they committed.

2 - Briefly summarize how Salah Eddine El Ayoubi was able to liberate Palestine.

3 -Remind the most important achievements of the Mamluk era in Palestine

4 - Explain the impact of the Ottoman era on Palestine, focusing on the reign of
Sultan Abdul Hamid II
1 - Occupation of the Crusaders

62
1 -Occupation of the Crusaders
Dear student,

The West invaded the East in the Middle Ages, and sent for it several armed
troops, including those who went to the land of Sham as the first Crusades, the
second, the third, sixth and seventh.

Foreign occupation returned to Palestine at the end of the 11th century AC, at
that time, Europe faced many political, social and economic problems: poverty
of raw materials, increase in the number of populations, differences between
kings and knights, popes and kings. Therefore, the raid on the east was a
practical solution for all parties. The moral influence began with the pope's
(Urban II) speech in (1095 AC) he spread rumors about the suffering that
Muslims inflicted on Christian pilgrims and the desecration of Chris's grave.
Peter the Hermit led the first military campaign that lasted two centuries; known
as the Crusades, because he took the cross as a slogan.

63
Peter the Hermit occupied the city of Ramleh, destroyed Jaffa and besieged
Jerusalem with about 4,000 soldiers, and after a month's siege, the Egyptian
garrison surrendered. The Crusaders entered Jerusalem in 1099, and killed a
large number of Arabs; historical references estimate the death toll to seventy
thousand people.

The priest Raymond, according to an eyewitness to this massacre, said: “I could

hardly make my way between the corpses, and the blood reached the knees.”

Gustave Lebon also recounts from Duhmi: "The remaining prisoners were taken and
gathered in the Jerusalem Tower, and most of them were children, women, and old
men. The governor of the Crusaders ordered the slaughtering of people without
distinguishing between children, women, the elderly, and keeping the young alive,
they were enslaved and sold to Antioch.

"Gustave Lebon tells the following story, according to the priest Raymond Douglas
who was on the battlefield. He recounts: Our people strove to shed so much blood in
the temple of Solomon that the corpses floated in the air. Blood, feet and hands were
swimming. The soldiers could not stand the stench that came from the corpses. "

The Crusaders declared the establishment of a Latin kingdom in Jerusalem and

extended their influence to Ashkelon, Besan, Nablus and Acre and settled in
Tiberias. During the reign of the Crusaders, Palestine was part of the Kingdom
of Jerusalem, which extended from Beirut north to Rafah in the south and Jordan
to the east and part of Syria Banias. A group of kings numbering nine were
linking the governance of Palestine.

64
 Opuscule on the life of Saladin

Saladin was born around (530 H / 1137 After C) in the citadel

of Tikrit in Iraq. His father was the governor of the city.
Later, while still a young man, he held the vizier position in
Egypt. He was educated by the same reformist school that
also trained Nur ad-Din and Imad ad-Din Zanki. He possessed
a very strong conviction, was a great devotee, devoted himself
to collective prayer, applied to the preservation of traditions
and supererogatory acts. He watched and loved to listen to the
reading of the Koran. He used to personally choose the Imam
for prayer, seeking from among people the one with the best
voice and the highest qualities. He was sensitive, had the easy
tear, filled with mercy and tenderness, qualities he showed
during the fighting. Whenever he listened to the Quran, he
was close to tears. He needed to listen to the Hadith (maxims
of the Prophet) and to exalt the divine laughter. He had great
faith in God and was counting on him. Good companion, he
was right and indulgent with people; merciful, and defended
the oppressed and the weak. He was generous and very
chivalrous. His moral conduct was upright, as well his
hearings, where the verb was kind, and where the reference to
anyone was always respectful. He refused gossip and slander.
He was a man of pure ears and mind, just as his pen was.

I practice (1)

Surf the Internet and find some references to the Crusades and other reasons for
these wars on the East.

2 - Palestine in the Ayyubid era (583-658He-Gir / 1187-1260 AC)

65
 Palestine in the ayyubid era
Sultan Salah al-Din Ayyubi put an end to the Fatimid caliphate
in Egypt (565H / 1171 AC). The efforts of Imad Eddin Zanki
and his son Noureddine Zanki were completed by resisting the
Crusaders and to achieve this, Saladin made the decision to
unify the command of the armies of Egypt and Syria with the
aim of forming a single force and overwhelming intended to
face the Crusaders. It is this decision
Minbar de Salah al-Din which decided the great battle of Hattin
in (583H / 1187a).

In the month of Rajab 27 of the year 583 AC, the Hegir

corresponding to 20/09/1178 AC, that is to say
immediately after the events of Hattin, Salah al-Din al-
Ayyubi recovered Jerusalem. Ayyubid forces entered the
Al-Aqsa Mosque and prayers took place, after Saladin
immediately ordered to support the Dome of the Rock
Mosque and clean it, where he prayed.

Following these events, a third crusade had been Chart of Salah Aldin

launched from Europe, led by Richard Lionheart King of

England and Frederick Barbarossa the German Emperor and King of France
Philippe Auguste. This campaign was able to conquer Acre and a group of
Palestinian cities, to the point that Richard approached Jerusalem and settled
with his forces in the city of Beit Nuba. There he fell ill, and the negotiations
took place between him and the Muslims ended with the Treaty of Ramla which
was signed by Saladin and Richard the Lionheart on (588Hijri / 1192 AC).

I practice (2)

Briefly explain the preliminaries of the Battle of Hattin and the preparations for the
decisive battle that Saladin had worked out all around Jerusalem.
3 - Palestine in the Mamluk era (658 - 922Hegir / 1260 - 1516 AD)

66
 3 - Palestine in the Mamluk era (658 - 922Hegir /
1260 - 1516 AC)On Friday 25th of Ramadan of the
year (658 AC / 1260 AC),

the Mameluke and Mongol armies met at a place

called Ain Yalut (Ain Jalut) in the north-east of
Palestine under the command of Saif Al-Din Qutuz
and Al-Zaher Baybars. The Muslims won in this
Ottoman Mosque in Istanbul battle and expelled the Mongolians from the
region. The Mamluk ruins that still exist in
Palestine until then, some buildings and schools and a bridge near (Lod), among
their achievements are the restoration of the Mosque of
the Dome of Rock and the Ibrahimi Mosque.

4- Palestine at the time Ottoman

The Ottomans defeated the Mamelukes at the Battle of

Marj Dabik near Aleppo in (1516BC) and conquered
Palestine, which has been under their rule ever since,
for four centuries.
Sultan Abdelhamid
The reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II 1909 -1876

After securing the power, Sultan Abdul Hamid II began

to organize the state by promulgating the Ottoman constitution, the setting in
operation of the parliament and the establishment of the consultative assembly,
he made the Arabs participate in the government, but real authority remained in
the hands of the Turks. Sultan Abdul Hamid II issued a decree prohibiting
Jewish immigration in groups to Ottoman lands, as well as to visitors staying for
more than three months in Palestine, even to single persons.

I practice (3)

Do you think that if the Ottoman Caliphate continues to this day, could Jews and Zionists
have occupied Palestine? Justify your answer.

67
 Practical activity

10 - Write the thesis on Saladin's experience in the liberation of Jerusalem and the Aqsa
Mosque.

11 - Watch a documentary film about Sultan Saladin and his role in Crusader
resistance.

Self-assessment questions

Dear student,

At the end of this class, review your lesson and answer the following questions:

1 - What are the objectives that led the Crusaders occupy Palestine?

2 - Why did Saladin join Syria and Egypt and then started fighting against the
Crusaders?

3 -What is the battle in which the Muslims defeated the Mongols? Who is the
leader of the battle?

4 - Summarize the book of (the Ottoman Empire) written by Dr. Muhammad Ali
Al-Salabi.

5 - What role did Sultan Abdul Hamid play in preventing Jewish migration to
Palestine

6 - Fill in the following gaps: The Ottomans ruled the country of Sham in ......
After their victory over the Mamelukes in the battle ......... .Palestinia continued
under Ottoman rule for up to a year ......... ..

Conclusion

68
Conclusion
Dear student, summarize the most important points:

•Foreign occupation returned to Palestine in the late 11th century AC, at that
time, Europe was experiencing many political, social and economic problems.
Therefore, the raid on the east was a practical solution for all parties. The moral
influence began with the Pope's speech (Urban II) in (1095 AC) he spread
rumors about the sufferings that the Muslims inflicted on Christian pilgrims and
the desecration of Chris's tomb. Hermit led the first military campaign that
lasted two centuries; known as the Crusades, because he took the cross as a
slogan.

•The crusaders entered Jerusalem in 1099, and and killed a large number of
Arabs. Historical references estimate the number of dead seventy thousand
people.

•During the reign of the Crusaders, Palestine was part of the Kingdom of
Jerusalem, which extended from Beirut in the north to Rafah in the south and
Jordan to the east and part of Syria Banias, it knew the succession of nine kings
during the Crusaders reign.

•Sultan Salah al-Din Ayyubi put an end to the Fatimid caliphate in Egypt (565H
/ 1171 AC). The efforts of Imad Eddin Zanki and his son Noureddine Zanki
were completed by resisting the Crusaders and to achieve this ,Saladin, made the
decision to unify the command of the armies of Egypt and Syria with the aim of
forming a unique and overwhelming force to deal with the Crusaders. It was this
decision which was precisely the start of the great battle of Hattin in (583H /
1187after JC).

•Following these events, a third crusade had been launched from Europe, led by
Richard the Lionheart, King of England, Frederick Barbarossa the German
Emperor and King of France Philippe Auguste. This military campaign was able
to conquer Acre and a group of Palestinian cities, to the point that Richard
approached Jerusalem and settled with his forces in the city of Beit Nuba. There
he fell ill, and negotiations took place between him and the Muslims, they ended
with the Treaty of Ramla which was signed by Saladin and Richard the
Lionheart on (588H / 1192 AC)

•On Friday 25th of Ramadan of the year (658 AC / 1260 AC), the Mameluke
and Mongol armies met at a place called Ain Yalut (Ain Jalut) in north-eastern
69
Palestine under the command of Saif al-Din Qutuz and Al-Zaher Baybars. The
Muslims won in this battle and expelled Mongolians from the region.

•The Ottomans defeated the Mamelukes at the Battle of Marj Dabik near Aleppo
in (1516BC) and conquered Palestine, which has been under their rule ever
since, for four centuries.

•Sultan Abdul Hamid II (The Last Ottoman Caliphs) issued a decree forbidding
mass Jewish immigration to Ottoman lands and to the visitors to remain in
Palestine for more than three months, even to single persons.

Answers to questions
Exercise 1)

Pope Urban II declared the Crusades to Muslims in 1088 AC / 480H, after the
spread of rumors about the suffering that Muslims inflicted on Christian
pilgrims and the desecration of Chris's grave, En1095 AC / 488H. A meeting of
the more successful, took place under the authority of Pope Urban II, he
launched an appeal to form a Christian army with the mission to conquer
Jerusalem. People came from all sides to enlist, giving rise to the formation of a
great movement of volunteers from most European countries.

The most important causes behind the crusaders' companions were as follows:

• Religious enthusiasm and the liberation of the holy places in Jerusalem.

• The existence in Europe of a poor, indigent class for which a door to

sustenance was opened through the struggle of the "land of the rich"

• The religious and ideological instruction given by the monks to people to

incite them to fight against those who had usurped their sacred places.

• The Pope wanted to unify Europe as a great Christian nation (Orthodox and
Catholic) under his authority.

The European army advanced towards Jerusalem and conquered the cities that
were on its way like Antioch, Tripoli, Beirut and Saida, leaving garrisons
stationed in each city.

In (1099 AC / 492H), Jerusalem surrendered to the Crusaders, they entered with

great brutality. In the Al-Aqsa Mosque, they slaughtered people without
distinction between children, adult women, and elderly. According to the priest
70
Raymond: "Our people strove to shed so much blood in the Temple of Solomon,
that corpses floated in the blood, feet and hands were swimming. The soldiers
could not stand the stench that came from the corpses. "

After this huge killing, the Crusaders divided the Al-Aqsa Mosque into several
parts. In the main area, they made a church. One part was reserved for horses,
while another part was transformed into ammunition depot. The porticoes were
transformed into stables. The crusaders occupied Jerusalem during the period:
1099 -1187ap.JC / 492H-583H.

Exercise (2)

Salah al-Din opened the fortress of Tiberias in 1187 AC, the Christians prepared
an army to confront Saladin, and it was the battle of Hattin near the plain of
Tiberias. The army of Saladin had only 12,000 combatants, while the forces
crossed had 63,000 soldiers. This imbalance did not dissuade him from his plan
to deliver a decisive confrontation, in 1187 AC / 583 AH. Saladin captured the
kings of the Crusaders, including Arnat, the governor of Karak, but he killed
him because he betrayed his promises and violated his pacts more than once.

The Muslims seized the cross of Christians, on which according to their beliefs,
the Chris had been crucified. It was one of their most sacred symbols. For two
months and after the Battle of Hattin, the cities of Acre, Nazareth, Haifa,
Nablus, Jenin, Berhsan, Jaffa, Safed, Beirut, Ramla, Bethlehem and Hebron
were reconquered during this short period.

The crusaders still preserved certain areas as a part of Antioch (in the south of
Turkey and all the north of Syria) the kingdom of Tripoli (in Lebanon) and in
Jerusalem. The fugitive Christians of the kingdoms gathered in Jerusalem
because they had their holy places.

After Hattin's event, Saladin moved his army to Jerusalem, which he encircled
with an iron hand. The Crusaders (60 Miles) realized that they had to surrender,
and that was the year (1187 AC / 583H) .Saladin allowed the Crusaders to go
out peacefully and leave Jerusalem with their possessions but without their
weapons.

The conduct of Saladin was unheard of in the world of that time; only the
prophets, the messengers incarnated it. Saladin's tolerance extends to the
liberation of fighters, youth, women, children and the elderly from Jerusalem, a

71
stark contrast to what the Crusaders did to the people of Jerusalem when they
occupied them.

The year (1187 AC / 583 AH), after 88 Gregorian years of cross-occupation,

Muslims could finally enter Jerusalem.

Exercise (3)

However, it is important to note that the positions of Ottoman Sultan Abdul

Hamid II, towards Jewish immigration and his refusal to submit to the Jews;
confirms that the state of the Ottoman caliphate should not allow the occupation
of Palestine, but it seems that the conspiracy on the caliphate and the isolation of
Sultan Abdul Hamid was planned for the implementation of the British promises
to the Jews, (this will come in the next classes).

We recall here that the President of the Republic of Turkey, Recep Tayyip
Erdogan (leader of the Justice and Development Party) of Islamic culture, has
shown great sensitivity to the Palestinian question since his takeover in Turkey,
often positioning himself as the protector of the Palestinians. He simulates the
positions of his Ottoman ancestors and his positions resemble to those of his
ancestors.

72
The sixth course:
The Zionist movement

73
Content of sixth course:
Subject Page

Introduction 75
The objectives of this course 75
1- The origins of the Zionist movement 76
2 - Definition of the Zionist movement 77
Objectives of the emergence of the 77
Zionist entity
3 - Hertzl and the Zionist movement. 78
Association of Union and Progress 79
The dismissal of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. 79

Conclusion. 81

Answers to the exercises. 82

74
 Introduction
Dear student, Welcome to the sixth course,

This course addresses one of the most dangerous and influential movements on
the Palestinian cause: the Zionist movement, which is an important entry point
for understanding the Zionist state of mind that affects many leaders of the
world. Today, the lesson consists of three main sections, the first, reviews the
causes of the emergence of the Zionist movement, and why the Jewish activists
in the world have created this movement, the second studies a brief definition on
the Zionist movement and its important conferences, this subject is directly
related to the goals of Zionism. In the third part, we will discuss the personality
of Herzl, the founder of the Zionist movement and its role in the world,
especially its relation to the war against the Islamic caliphate and its cooperation
with certain political and military symbols to eliminate the caliphate, in
particular. The Association of Union and Progress, which ultimately led to the
isolation of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.

This course, as in previous courses, includes a number of exercises, self-

assessment questions, illustrations and activities that contribute to your
understanding. At the end of the lesson, we have a set of activities and
applications that are necessary to improve your understanding and that you need
to become more involved in the topics. We hope that this course will be very
useful, and that you will appreciate it, and that you contribute with us in its
criticism and evaluation, to develop it later.

The objectives of this course

Dear student

After completing this course, we hope you will be able to:

1 - Define the reasons for the emergence of the Zionist movement.

2 - Compare the objectives of the Zionist movement and the objectives of the Zionist
entity.

3 - To briefly show the role of Herzl in the direction of the Zionist movement.

4 - Summarize the role of the Zionist movement in the isolation of Sultan Abdul Hamid
II.
75
 The origins of the Zionist movement

The origins of the Zionist movement which sought to establish a Jewish entity in
Palestine, are due to the following:

-The emergence of Zionist conflicts favoring the regroupment of Jews in

Palestine, in the middle of Christian Europe, especially the Protestants of (16th
century AC)

-The emergence of nationalist and national ideologies and the emergence of

statehood in Europe, especially in the nineteenth century.

- The genesis of the so-called Jewish problem, especially in Eastern Europe and
the persecution of Jews by the Russians, and the access of Jews to a number of
influential circles in Europe and America.

- The failure of the movement (lights or Al Haskla), which in the Hebrew

language means (understanding), sought to integrate the Jews into the societies
instead of living in isolated neighborhoods called the ghetto, thus becoming the
Jew's loyalty to the state in which he lived, not to Jewish nationalism, according
to one of the most famous preacher, the Jewish philosopher Moses
Mendelssohn.

David Ben Gurion said about Zionism:

"It was not just a complete theory, philosophical or religious, independent of time, place
and circumstances, but in fact a Jewish philosophy that was essentially a struggle against
integration into Western societies."

I practice (1)

After examining the origins of the Zionist movement, do you think that the Jewish
conflict is the decisive factor in its creation?

76
Definition of the Zionist movement
It is an extremist political movement, racist and colonial, intended to bring
together the Jews of the world and establish their national homeland in
Palestine, in application of the slogan: a land without people for a people
without land, it is based on the Jewish religion heritage and national origins, and
the condition of its success is linked to the revocation of the rights of the Arab
inhabitants of Palestine. There is no difference in the essence of the Zionist idea
between secular, socialist, religious, cultural or political currents. They are all
ultimately Jewish compromises seeking the same goals.

The first appearance of this movement was in 1893, called the Zionist
movement in relation to Mount Zion next to the city of Jerusalem, but the
movement as content appeared before that date.

The objectives of the Zionist entity

The idea of creating a Jewish entity to act as a buffer state is supported by

Western colonization, especially Great Britain which represents the peak of the
Western Zionist threat in the heart of the Muslim world, its purpose is to
separate it in two , an African part and an Asian part. Two separate parts,
seeking to weaken it, to prevent its unity, to produce raw materials and a
consumer market for Western products, thus seeking to weaken it and prevent
its unity, in order to keep it incapable of Renaissance. It would be trapped in a
cycle of dependence, a product of raw materials and a consumer market for
Western products. The idea of establishing the Zionist entity also aims to
prevent the emergence of a major Islamic power, which would replace the
Ottoman Empire that was falling apart. The equation of survival and stability of
the Zionist Jewish entity in a hostile environment is linked to the assurance of
the weakness of its Muslim countries and its disintegration and
underdevelopment. The equation of the Renaissance, the unity and strength of
the nation is also linked to the elimination of the Jewish Zionist project that is
perched on his heart.

77
 I practice

If the goal of establishing the Zionist entity is to isolate East Africa from the Asian role,
have the Zionists succeeded? Justify your answer.

3 - Herzl and the Zionist movement

The Hungarian Theodore Hertzl, founder of "Jewish
Settlement League in Palestine", entered the
international political scene with his book "The Jewish
State", published in 1896 in which he called for the
formation of a Jewish state in Palestine, and if possible
in Argentina.

Under the direction of Theodore Herzl, the World

Zionist Organization was founded in Basel, Switzerland, Theodore Hertzl
in August 1897. It became involved in the Western
colonial project and gained nothing until the end of the First World War. .

When the war broke out between Greece and the Ottoman state, which was
suffering from a great economic crisis, Hertzl taking advantage of the situation,
offered through the Ottoman ambassador to Vienna, a huge Jewish donation to
the Sultan, in exchange for lifting the boycott of Jewish immigration to
Palestine. But the Sultan's response was: "It is not in my power to give up a
single inch of Palestinian land simply because it is not a personal property but
that of a whole people. My people have struggled for many years and shed a lot
of blood to preserve this land."Disappointed with this missive Theodore Herzl
began to consider the elimination of the Ottoman Caliphate.

78
 Unity and Development Association

Sultan Abdulhamid II's policy was not to the liking of Zionists in the region who
saw it as an attempt to reunite the Ottoman Empire against colonial interests;
they therefore decided to revive Turkish nationalism, represented by the
"Turkish Youth Movement" and its political arm: "the Unity and Development
Association" of which one of its most brilliant leaders was the officer Kamel
Atatürk, elected for put an end to the claims of the Sultan. Kamel
Atatürk nicknamed "the Conqueror", was the hero of the
Dardanelles wars, during the 1st World War.

The dismissal of Sultan Abdulhamid II

The representatives of this Association "Unity and Development"

in the parliament, as well as other parliamentarians, voted for the
dismissal of Sultan Abdülhamid. After a short while the Mustafa kamal

Association "Unity and Development" came to power.

Theodore Herzl (1860-1904): nicknamed "the father of the

Zionist movement", this is his first founder.

He is the founder of his goals and his programs, he was born

in Budapest, capital of Hungary in 02/05/1860, He first
worked in the press, it is the author of "L 'Jewish State' in
which he called for the creation of a political entity for the
Jews of the world

I practice

Exercise 3

Find other sources on Herzl's offer to Sultan Abdel Hamid on Jewish immigration.

79
 Practical activity

1 - Refer to some historical sources and write a research paper on anti-Zionist

currents.

2 - What is Herzl's role in establishing the Zionist movement? Justify your answer.

Self-assessment questions

Dear Student At the end of this course, please review your knowledge by
solving the following questions:

1- Explain what the following concepts and terms mean:

- Zionist movement.

- The ghetto.

2- Show the objectives of the Zionist movement4- Talk about the circumstances
of the emergence of

3- Who is the founder of the Zionist movement?

5- What is the name of the book in which Herzl spoke about the right of Jews to
return to Palestine?

6- What does the Zionist movement attribute to?

7- Why was Sultan Abdul Hamid II deposed? who was the author?

80
Conclusion

Dear Student, What did we present in this course on the Zionist movement? Let
us try together to summarize the most important points:

The Zionist movement was born for several reasons, including:

- The emergence of Zionist conflicts favoring the grouping of Jews in Palestine,

in the middle of Christian Europe, especially the Protestants of (16th century
Ac).

The emergence of nationalist and national ideologies and the emergence of the
nation-state in Europe, especially in the nineteenth century.

- The genesis of the so-called Jewish problem, especially in Eastern Europe, the
persecution of Jews by the Russians and the access of Jews to a number of
influential circles in Europe and America.

- The failure of the movement (lights or Al Haskla), which in the Hebrew

language means (understanding), which sought to integrate the Jews into the
societies in which they live.

The Zionist movement is an extremist, racist and colonial political movement,

aimed at bringing together the Jews of the world and establishing their national
homeland in Palestine, according to the slogan "Land without people for a
people without land".

- The first appearance of this movement was in 1893, called the Zionist
movement in relation to Mount Zion next to the city of Jerusalem, but the
movement as content appeared before that date.

- The idea of creating a Jewish entity to act as a buffer state represents the
summit of the Western Zionist threat in the heart of the Muslim world, its
purpose is to separate it in two, an African part and an Asian part, two separate
parts . The most eminent of those who called for the establishment of a national
homeland for Jews, Theodore Herzl, a Jew of Hungarian origin, who declared
the establishment of the Jewish Settlement Association in Palestine, he
published his book "The Jewish State". If the Jews cannot dominate Palestine, it
will be the new Jewish state - in Argentina.

81
- The World Zionist Organization was founded in Basel, Switzerland, in August
1897 under the leadership of Theodore Herzl, became involved with the Western
colonial project, and received no value until the end of the First World War.

Herzl offered the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II a considerable financial

contribution to the emigration of the Jews to Palestine. The Sultan's response
was strong and resolute; Theodore Herzl began to consider the elimination of the
Ottoman Caliphate.

- The Jews decided to conspire against Sultan Abdul Hamid II, so they decided
to revive the Turkish nationalism, represented by the "Turkish Youth
Movement" and its political arm: "the Unity and Development Association"
which one of its The most brilliant leaders were the officer Kamel Atatürk,
nicknamed "the Conqueror".

- The representatives of this Association "Unity and Development" in the

parliament, as well as other parliamentarians voted the dismissal of Sultan
Abdülhamid. After a short while the Association "Unity and Development"
came to power.

Answers to the exercises:

Exercise ( 1)

It is clear that there are two conflicting currents in the Jewish community, one of
them tending to coexist with the European reality and integrate into Western
societies, one of the most famous proponents of this trend was the Jewish
philosopher Moses Mendelssohn. Jews were excluded in Western societies and
lived in the ghetto and could not be assimilated because of the Jewish nature,
and their different beliefs and customs of the communities in which they live.
Therefore, Herzl's other current was the most powerful and convincing of all,
because the European governments had the desire to get rid of the Jewish
presence and to build an independent entity outside Western countries.

Exercise (2)

There is no doubt that the location of Palestine is strategically important on a

global scale. The existence of the Zionist entity in the region has led to the
breakdown of direct contact between Arab and Islamic countries, which is not
directly related to the Zionist entity, but there are problems between the Arab
countries themselves, which prevent them from achieving a form of integration

82
and unity. We cannot exclude Zionist intervention in the distinction between
Arabs and Muslims, a policy that has always been followed by the Zionist
entity. Settlement agreements and the division of the Arab world into states of
moderation and oppression are one of the methods of control of the region, with
the full support of the United States of America. The situation may not last long
as we see it because of the many changes experienced by the Arab countries.

Exercise (3)

The Hungarian Jewish journalist Theodore Herzl announced the founding of

"Jewish Settlement League in Palestine", he published his book "The Jewish
State" and he called for the formation of a Jewish state in Palestine, and if
possible in Argentina. Herzl's book spread among the Jews and became the
leader of the Zionist movement. The war broke out between Greece and the
Ottoman state, which was suffering a great economic crisis. Hertzl, taking
advantage of the situation, offered through the Ottoman Embassy, a huge gift to
the Sultan, to allow Jews to immigrate to Palestine. But the answer of the Sultan
was: "It is not in my power to yield a single inch of Palestinian land simply
because it is not a personal property, but that of an entire people. My people
fought for many years and shed a lot of blood, to preserve this land "It was in
the year (1897 - 1315 AC).

Hertzl convened the Second Congress to ratify the establishment of the Jewish
Bank, the promotion of Hebrew teaching, and Hertzl's task of seeking European
support for the creation of a Zionist state.

There were problems in Turkey, the representatives of the party "Unity and
Development" and their president Kamel Atatürk managed to control the state
and deposed Sultan Abdülhamid II in (1909 / 1327after JC). In power, the Unity
and Development Party began with the creation of a series of Jewish-backed
laws, the first of which was a law decree promulgated in Tel Aviv, north of
Jaffa, authorizing the immigration of Jews to Palestine.

Several Palestinian and Arab newspapers, such as Al-Manar and the Palestinian
newspaper, published articles from the early 19th century and the early 20th
century warning of the danger of Jews and their ambitions in Palestine. In the
first World War (1914-1919), the Ottoman state became an ally of Germany,
and the Muslim Arabs allied themselves with the Ottomans, despite the enmities
between Turks and Arabs. Relations between the Arabs and Turks have
deteriorated and Sharif Hussein and other Arab leaders have declared a
83
revolution against Turkish rule and have joined with Britain to give them the
region of Syria. While negotiations were in progress, Britain was secretly
planning a conspiracy against the Arabs. It was a pact that divided the future
map of the Arab world between the two colonial powers. In this agreement,
called later "Sykes - Picot" agreement

The Great Arab Revolt was declared in (1916/1334 AH), and with the end of the
World War, Ottoman rule ended as well as the Islamic Caliphate, and the
Islamic State was completely subdivided into several countries ruled by Great
Britain or France.

Reference answer:

"Palestine Illustrated History" Dr. Tareq Suwaidan

84
The seventh course
Palestine under the British mandate

Ben Gurion declares the state (of Israel) in Tel Aviv in 1948

85
The content of the seventh course
Subject Page
Introduction 87
Course objectives 87
1-British conspiracy against the Arabs 88
2-Jewish Immigration 88
3- Resistance to occupation 89
4-Sharing 90
State Declaration (Israel) 91
The Arab role in the liberation of Palestine 91
Conclusion 92
Answers to the exercises. 94

86
 Introduction
Dear Student Welcome to the seventh course.

This course (Palestine under the British mandate) shows the main stations that
took place after the fall of the Ottoman caliphate, the colonization of the Arab
region by various colonial powers. Palestine was part of Britain, which shared
the region with France (as part of the Sykes-Picot Agreement), which was
supposed to allow the implementation of the promise of the British Foreign
Minister to grant Palestine to Jews.

The first part of this course deals with the conspiratorial role of Britain against
the Arabs, the most important feature of this role was to facilitate Jewish
immigration to Palestine, which we reviewed in the second part of this course
while the third section deals with resistance to colonial regimes and Judaisation.
In the last section, we will review the most important event of the twentieth
century for Palestine and the Arab world which is the establishment of the
Zionist state based on the UN partition resolution. At the end of the section, we
will see the Arab role in the liberation of Palestine.

The course includes a number of exercises, self-assessment questions,

illustrations and activities that contribute to your understanding. They are also
given in order and in simple language in order to gain a clear understanding of
the important issues

We hope that it will be a useful course for you, and that you will want to study,
and that you will contribute with us in its criticism and evaluation for future
development.

Course objectives:

Dear Student, after completing this course, we hope you will be able to:

1-Briefly explain the role of the British conspiratory against the Arabs in Palestine.

2 -Discuss the impact of Jewish immigration on the construction of the usurping entity in
Palestine.

3- List the most important stations to resist the British occupation by the Palestinians.

4 -Summarize the highlights of what has been done, from the partition resolution to the
declaration of the State of Israel.
87
The British conspiracy against the Arabs

Great Britain declared on November 2, 1917, through its

Minister of Foreign Affairs, its commitment to the
Internationalist Organization: Palestine was to be the
homeland of the Jewish people (Balfour Declaration). In 1918
Great Britain occupied Palestine and gave up its promise to
the Arabs of freedom and independence, and shared the zones Balfour, British Foreign
of influence in the country of Scham and in Iraq, between Secretary
them and France, according to the agreement of (Sykes -
Picot) in May 1916 which planned to make Palestine an
international zone.

Great Britain, in accordance with the San Remo Agreement,

took control of Palestine in April 1920. Britain incorporated
the Balfour Declaration into its mandate over Palestine,
approved by the League of Nations in July 1922, and named
the Jewish Herbert Samuel, the first British High Sharif Hussain
Commissioner in Palestine.

I practice 1)

What are the highlights of the Balfour Declaration? (According to the official
text)

2 -Jewish immigration

During its occupation of Palestine (1918-1948), Britain opened the door to

Jewish immigration, from 55,000 (1918) to 646,000 in (1948), that is, 8 % of
inhabitants at 31.7%. It also supported land acquisition, as Jewish land
ownership increased from about half a million meters of land to 800 thousand
(6.7% of Palestine land). The lands were distributed to Jews for the most part,
either from British rule or from non-Palestinian feudal fiefs. The Palestinian
people, despite the difficult circumstances and suffering, were able to resist their
lands for 30 years, retaining the majority of the population 68.3% and most of
the land 93.3%.

88
 Herbert Samuel

A Jew of British nationality worked to

Judaize Palestine and opened the doors
Under British protection, Jews built their of immigration and confiscated land. He
economic, political, educational, military and is the founder of the Hebrew University
social institutions. In 1948, they established of Jerusalem and has added Hebrew as
292 colonies and formed the military forces of an official language alongside the
the organizations Arabic and English languages. In his
Haganah, Irgoun, and Stern, more than day the phrase "Land of Israel" was
seventy thousand combatants, ready to declare written on coins and postage stamps
their condition. beside Palestine in Arabic and English.
He placed senior English officials in
government ministries. He increased
taxes on the population and abolished
ottoman laws and replaced them with
new laws to help realize the Zionist
project. By the end of his 1925 reign,
the Jews had about a million dunams.

I practice 2

Do you think that Britain was sincere in its promise to the Jews? Did promote their existence
in Palestine, or is it the power of the Jews and their relations that helped them to occupy
Palestine.

3 - Resistance to occupation

Although the conspiracy against Palestine is greater than the Palestinian people;
the people of Palestine rejected the occupation and the Zionist project and
appealed for independence. The national and Islamic currents led by Musa
Kazem and Haj Amin al-Husseini mobilized the people and the political
movements and this is how the revolutions of Jerusalem are born: (1920) and
Jaffa (1921), Buraq (1929) and October ( 1933) and the jihadist movement led
by Sheikh Izz al-Din al-Qassam and the organization of the Holy Jihad headed
by Abdelkader al-Husseini and the Higher Arab Committee for Palestine led by
Haj Amin al-Husseini, represents the cover political resistance movements.

89
Under the pressure of the Great Revolution (1936-1939),
Britain was forced to issue a letter of commitment called the
White Paper in May 1936, promising to establish a
Palestinian state within ten years and to stop Jewish
immigration within five years. But it repudiated its
engagements in November 1945; and life in the Zionist
project has come back under the auspices of the United
Azzedine Al-Qassam
States.

I practice 3
Look for the text of the white paper published by Great
Britain which it did not respect later.

Abdelkader al-
4 – Sharing Husseini

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly

adopted the resolution (No. 181) to divide Palestine into two
states, one Jewish with 54 per cent of the area, and the other
Arab with 45 per cent the Arab State and 1% for the
international region "to submit Jerusalem to an international
administration"). This plan was rejected at first reading, and it Haj Amin al-
was accepted by the use of money and political extortion at Husseini
second reading.

The decisions of the General Assembly are not binding even within the
framework of the United Nations charters themselves. The Plan was not
accepted by the Palestinian Arabs and the Arab States, who argued that they
violated the provisions of the United Nations Charter recognizing the right of
every people to decide their own destiny. The Palestinian people in question is
not consulted or questioned, as well as an immense injustice by granting special
and preferential rights and status to a Jewish and Zionist minority.

90
State Declaration (Israel)

The Zionists announced their statehood (Israel) on the

evening of May 14, 1948, and managed to defeat Arab
armies as a model of poor leadership, poor coordination,
and lack of experience. Many of them were under colonial
influence. The Zionists dominated 77% of Palestinian
territory and one of the dangerous consequences of this
disaster was the forced exile of 800,000 (925miles)
Palestinians, outside the area where Jews were
established, (The total number of Palestinians in the end
of 1948 was about 1 million and 400 thousand
inhabitants). In addition to a set of 585 Palestinian
hamlets, the Jews destroyed 478, they committed 34
massacres. The Kingdom of Jordan officially decided to
integrate the Jordanian Cis-Jordan (5876 square
kilometers) into Jordan; Egypt, for its part, announced the
administration of Gaza (363 square kilometers) which
remained under its rule.The United Nations has agreed to
enter (Israel) into its membership, as long as it guarantees
the right of refugees to return to Palestine, which is not yet
done by the Zionists.

- The Arab role in the liberation of Palestine

The slogan "National Battle" and "Liberation Unit" were adopted between (1948
and 1967). Arab regimes were led by Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser,
while the decline of the Palestinian national leadership role had a breakthrough
for the Arab solution. However, the Arab regimes lacked the right methodology
and the real will to fight, as the Zionist entity grew stronger and stronger.

I practice 4

Refer to UN documents and mention the countries that have agreed to share with
Palestine, those who have rejected it or who have abstained.

91
 Practical activity

12- Prepare a research paper on the three most important Palestinian personalities
who resisted the occupier, referring to the sources considered.

13 - Discuss the role of the (League of Nations) in facilitating the establishment of

a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Self-assessment questions

Dear student

At the end of this course, answer the following questions

1 - Why did Britain choose Herbert Samuel as its first representative in Palestine?

2 -How do you evaluate the role of the Arabs in the confrontation with the Zionist
project?

3-Talk about the Arab revolution: its causes and consequences.

4 -What is the most important thing in the white paper?

Conclusion
Dear student, what happened to Palestine under the British mandate? Let us try
together to summarize the most important points mentioned in this course:

Great Britain declared on November 2, 1917, through its Minister of External

Affairs, its commitment to the International Zionist Organization: Palestine was
to be the homeland of the Jewish people (Balfour Declaration). In 1918, Great
Britain occupied Palestine and renounced her promise to Sharif Hussein of
92
freedom and independence. It divided areas of influence in the country of Scham
and in Iraq between it and France, according to the agreement of (Sykes - Picot)
in May 1916 which planned to make Palestine an international zone.

- Great Britain, in accordance with the San Remo Agreement, took control of
Palestine in April 1920. Great Britain incorporated the Balfour Declaration into
its mandate on Palestine, approved by the League of Nations in July 1922, and
named the Jewish Herbert Samuel, the first British High Commissioner in
Palestine.

During its occupation of Palestine (1918-1948), Britain opened the door to

Jewish immigration, from 55,000 (1918) to 646,000 in (1948), that is, 8 % of
inhabitants at 31.7%. It also supported land acquisition, as Jewish land
ownership increased from about half a million meters of land to 800 thousand
meters (6.7% of Palestine land).

Under British protection, Jews built their economic, political, educational,

military and social institutions. In 1948, they established 292 colonies and
formed the military forces of the Haganah, Irgun and Stern organizations, more
than seventy thousand fighters, ready to declare their state.

The national and Islamic currents led by Musa Kazem and Haj Amin al-Hussein,
who mobilized the people and the political movements. It was the revolution of
:Jerusalem

(1920) and Jaffa (1921), Buraq (1929) and October (1933) and the jihadist
movement led by Sheikh Izz al-Din al-Qassam and the organization of the Holy
Jihad led by Abdelkader al-Husseini and the Higher Arab Committee for
Palestine led by Haj Amin al-Husseini, representing the political coverage of the
movements of resistance.

-Under the pressure of the Great Revolution (1936-1939), Britain was forced to
publish a letter of commitment called the White Paper in May 1936, promising
to establish a Palestinian state in ten years and to stop Jewish immigration
within five years. However, she did not honour her commitments in November
1945; and life in the Zionist project has come back under the auspices of the
United States.

93
On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted
resolution (No. 181) to divide Palestine into two states, one Jewish with 54 per
cent of the area, and the other Arab with 45 per cent Arab State and 1% for the
international region "to submit Jerusalem to an international administration")

The Zionists announced their state (Israel) on the evening of May 14, 1948, and
managed to defeat the Arab armies. The Zionists dominated 77 percent of the
Palestinian territory and one of the dangerous consequences of the disaster was
the forced exile of 800,000 (925) Palestinian girls, outside the area where the
Jews settled.

The slogan of "National Battle" and "Liberation Unit" in the period 1948-1967,
and the Arab regimes led by the Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser led the
initiative. However, the decline of the role of Palestinian national leadership in
the area of the Arab solution was left for the Arab regimes that lacked good
methodology and real will to fight.

Answers to the exercises

Exercise(1)

The literal translation of the text of the Balfour Declaration by the British
Foreign Minister. November 2nd, 1917.

Dear Lord Rothschild,

I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's

Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist
aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet.

His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a

national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to
facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing
shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-
Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by
Jews in any other country. I should be grateful if you would bring this
declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation.

Yours sincerely,

Arthur James Balfour

94
Exercise (3)

The Colonial Office of London and its minister, Mr. Winston Churchill,
published White Paper No. 1700 on June 22, 1922. In this book, Churchill cited
the correspondence between him and the delegation of the Arabs of Palestine,
who was traveling to London to demand the establishment of a national
government in Palestine based on the pacts made by Great Britain to the Arabs
and the League of Nations Charter. The White Paper said that these promises did
not include Palestine. The White Paper rejected the requests made by the
delegation of Palestine Arabs to the British Government and emphasized that
Jewish immigration continued in Palestine and the implementation of the
mandate policy.

Mr. Churchill tried to explain the national homeland and its extent, and to
appease the fears of the Arabs. It was in the white paper:

"His Majesty's government would draw attention to the fact that the limits of the
declaration were not aimed only at Palestine as a whole and should not be
converted into a Jewish national house, such a house should be founded" in
Palestine. For the accomplishment of this policy, the Jewish community in
Palestine must be able to increase its numbers by immigration. This immigration
cannot have a large volume. It must not exceed that which may exceed the
economic capacity of the country. The number of emigrants should not be a
burden for Palestinians, nor should they deprive them of their work.

Then he said: "If a question was asked about the meaning of the development of
the fatherland in Palestine, it would be possible to answer that it does not mean
the imposition of Jewish nationality on the Palestinian people, but to increase
the Jewish community with the help of Jews around the world, to become a
center where all the Jewish people will have an interest and pride both
religiously and nationally ". In the opinion of the Minister, the statement if
included on this image, does not contain any order and does not imply anything
that could frighten the Arab population of Palestine.

Dr. Weizmann noted in his memoirs (page 360) that Mr. Herbert Samuel, British
Jewish High Commissioner for Palestine, wrote the White Paper and that the
British Government presented it to the Zionist Committee prior to its
publication. Moreover, to express the opinions of Jewish leaders on this
subject. The Jewish government asked the Jews to accept the principles
contained in the White Paper, for the approval of the British House of
95
Commons, and the conclusion of the mandate by the League of Nations and the
British Parliament. The British Government officially inaugurated the Principles
on June 22, 1922.

Exercise (4)

By November 1947, only 57 countries were members of the United Nations. The
defeated countries of the Second World War (Germany, Japan and its allies) are
still subject to occupying powers or banned from joining the international
organization. The majority of countries on the African continent and Southeast
Asia remained under colonial rule and were not independent. 56 countries
participated in the vote ie all Member States except one state, the Kingdom of
Siam (currently Thailand). At that time, the great powers (the Soviet Union, the
United States and France) accepted the partition plan, except Great Britain,
which administered the Mandate, preferring to abstain Countries opposed to the
plan included all Arab and Islamic countries, as well as Greece, India and Cuba.
On 29 November, there were 33 votes in favor, 13 against and 10 abstentions,
one country was absent. The 33 countries that approved the partition resolution
were: Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Belorussia, Canada, Costa Rica,
Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Guatemala
and Haiti. Iceland, Liberia, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua,
Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Sweden, Ukraine, South
Africa, Soviet Union, United States of America, Uruguay and Venezuela.

The 13 countries against the resolution are: Afghanistan, Cuba, Egypt, Greece,
India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey and Yemen.

The 10 abstentions were Argentina, Chile, China, Colombia, Salvador, Ethiopia,

Honduras, Mexico, the United Kingdom, Yugoslavia and Thailand were absent
from the vote.

When the result announced, the Arab delegates withdrew from the meeting and
announced in a joint statement their rejection of the plan and their denunciation.
US Defense Secretary James Forrestal said in his memoirs: "The methods used
to pressure and coerce other nations into the United Nations have been a
scandal.”

96
The eighth course
Palestine after the war 1948

97
Eighth course content
Subject Page
Introduction 99
The objectives of this course. 99
Establishment of the Palestine Liberation 100
Organization
The war of June 1967 101
101
Israeli politics after the 1967 war
The Jerusalem question 102
The refugee problem 103
Armed resistance 105

5-The withdrawal of the Arab role to 106

support the Palestinian revolution
Conclusion 108
Answers to the exercises 110

98
 Introduction
Dear Student Welcome to the eighth course.

This course (Palestine after the war 48) presents a modern era remembered by a
large number of Palestinian refugees where their memoirs still hold hundreds of
images, refugee events that accompanied the occupation of Palestine in 1948.

The first part of this course deals with the establishment of the Palestine
Liberation Organization and the reasons and circumstances of its creation and
underlines the events that took place until the war of June 1967. The second part
of this course includes the 1967 War and the nature of Zionist politics after this
war. Section III deals with one of the most important problems caused by the
Zionist occupation of Palestine, which is the problem of refugees. While in the
fourth section, we review the paternal armed resistance, its role and its influence
during the Palestinian cause. In the fifth and final section, we discuss the
removal of the Arab role from support for the Palestinian cause for many
reasons.

As usual, the course contains a series of exercises and self-assessment

questions, illustrations and activities that contribute to your understanding of the
topics. We hope that it will be a useful course, and that you will appreciate its
study, and you will contribute with us in its criticism and evaluation, in order to
develop it in the future.

The objectives of this course

Dear student

After completing this course, we hope you will be able to:

1 - Summarize the main reasons for the creation of the PLO.

2 - Explain the impact of the 1967 war on the Palestinian issue and Israeli policy.

3 - Prove that armed resistance has helped support the Palestinian cause around the
world.

4 - List the most important reasons for the withdrawal of the Arab role in support of the
Palestinian revolution.

99
1 - Establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was created in 1964
under the presidency of Ahmed Ash-shuqueiri, relying on the direct
support of President Jamal Abdel Nasser, who feared that this subject
would be out of control after that the Palestinian scene has known
several secret movements and organizations, in particular - Fatah -
whose origins go back to 1957.
Ahmed ASH-
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) aimed to liberate the shuqeiri
occupied territory in 1948, confirming the armed struggle as the only
way for liberation. The Palestinian people very much welcomed the O.L.P and
its strong and clear decisions to confront the Israelis, and as an embodiment of
Palestinian national identity after a long absence.

In 1968, Fatah, along with other Palestinian organizations,

joined the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1969 Yasser
Arafat was appointed chief of (O.L.P.).

In 1974, the Arab states recognized the Palestine Liberation

Organization, led by Yasser Arafat, as the only legitimate
representative of the Palestinian people, and represented in the
same year as an observer member of the United Nations.
Yasser Arafat

I practice (1)

The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) created to liberate the land in 1948,
and now it is calling for the liberation of the occupied territories in 1967, does this
represent a retreat from the idea and the goal of the Palestinians who is to liberate
all of Palestine?

100
2 - The war of June 1967
The war of June 1967 was the
biggest scandal and the most serious
defeat for the Arab regimes, in a few
days, the catastrophe was obvious
and the battle revealed a complete
failure that allowed the Israelis to
occupy the West Bank including
Jerusalem, Gaza, and the remaining
part of Palestine, and 330,000
Palestinians exiled. As they occupied
the Syrian Golan Heights (1150 sq. The Israeli occupation of Jerusalem in 1948.

Km)

Israeli politics after the 1967 war

The Zionist entity continued to Judaize the land of Palestine and sought to de-
root its Islamic identity and cultural traits, 96% of the land occupied in 1948 was
confiscated including Palestinian land and property exiles, and most of the
Islamic Waqfs and many lands of the Arabs they abandoned during the war. The
Zionists built 756 towns and villages in the occupied territories in 1948.

Since the 1967 war, the Zionists have confiscated about 60% of the West Bank,
and built 192 settlements, as they confiscated 30% of the land in the Gaza Strip
and built 14 settlements.

While the Zionist entity deprived the Palestinians of returning to their lands, the
doors of Jewish immigration to Palestine opened, and more than 2 million
800,000 Jews emigrated there between 1949 and 2000; the total number of Jews
immigrating to Palestine is about five million and 200 miles in 2002 .

101
 I practice (2)

What do you think of the philosophy of the Zionist entity, which is the idea of
Jewish immigration to Palestine?

The Jerusalem question

The Zionists focused on the Judaization of the city of Jerusalem, so they did the
following:

- Controlled 86% of its territory and hosted Jewish immigrants (450 thousand
Jews against 210 thousand Palestinians according to the statistics of the year
2000).

They settled about 200,000 Jews in the East Jerusalem area, after having
surrounded it with a fence of Jewish settlements isolating it from its Arab-
Islamic environment, declaring the Holy City, the eternal capital of the Zionist
entity.

The Jews were interested in controlling the Al-Aqsa Mosque. They confirmed
the west wall of the Al-Aqsa Mosque (Al-Buraq wall) and destroyed the

area Al-Mughariba and confiscated his land. They completed ten excavations
under the Al Aqsa Mosque.

- They dug four tunnels in a way that threatens the collapse of the Al-Aqsa
Mosque at any time.

About 25 Jewish terrorist organizations formed to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque

and establish the Jewish temple. In 1967-98, they perpetrated more than 112
hostile acts against the Al-Aqsa Mosque (72 of them after the 1993 Oslo
Accords). The most famous attack was the burning of Al-Aqsa Mosque on
August 21, 1969.

102
 Jews in Jerusalem

The Jews rushed into the mosque of El

Al-Aqsa, shouting insolently and
arrogantly insalubrious and obscene
things such as "toss apricot on apples,
Mohammed's religion has disappeared
forever". "Muhammad died leaving
behind only frail little girls." This is how
the Jews demonstrated their contempt
for the Arabs. They also wanted to show
us oh! How weak and defeated the
The first rows of Jewish soldiers entering Jerusalem Arabs were and during the battle with
the Prophet Muhammad (may the
salvation be upon him), the Jews howled
loudly: "khaybar, khaybar". This being a
revenge on the part of the Jews in
response to their defeat at the battle of
Khaybar .

I practice (3)
Jerusalem is a cause for Muslims around the world, so how can you, in your
opinion, unite the diaspora of the nation on this issue?

The refugee problem

The Palestinian refugees have retained their right to return to their lands and
have rejected all resettlement projects outside their territory, which has reached
243 projects. Although the United Nations has issued more than 110 resolutions
on the right of return, none of them was implemented because of the insistence
of the Zionist entity to reject it. And the lack of seriousness of the major powers
and the international community to force it to do so In 2012, the number of
Palestinian refugees displaced from occupied territory in 1948 is now more than

103
 5 million and 666,000. Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip denied
the right to return to their lands. In other words, that is to say), there are about 6
million 666,000 refugees representing 86.6% of the Palestinian people. It is the
largest number of refugees among the peoples of the world,

Refugee camps

Palestinian refugees represent the largest refugee population and the largest
humanitarian tragedy in the world today

The United Nations treated the question of Palestine as a refugee problem from
1949 until the early 1970s.

Since 1974, the Palestinian cause has garnered great political successes through
the UN, with regard to independence, sovereignty, repatriation and recovery of
its rights including the use of military force. The General Assembly of the U.N.
voted in its favor, considering Zionism as a form of racism, and the inalienable
right of refugees to return to their lands.

However, the United States and its allies were always ready to support the
Zionist entity by rejecting these decisions, ignoring them and emphasizing the
right of veto to prevent the practical implementation of these decisions. At the
same time, they used international legitimacy to establish the Zionist state on the
land of Palestine and consolidate its existence, revealing the ugly face of this
legitimacy.

104
 Alignment of the Zionist project:

Throughout the history of the Palestinian cause, one of the major problems has
been the flagrant bias of the great powers of the Zionist project, particularly the
recognition of the right to establish one's state over the lands violated in 1948
(77)% of Palestinian land).

I practice (5)

Dr. Salman Abu Sitta, a specialist on the issue of refugees and the right of return, says
that the right of return is a sacred, legal and possible right. Do you support him?
Justify your response.

4 - Armed resistance

Group of Fatah soldiers in arms training

105
The years1967-1970, represent the golden period of the Palestinian armed
guerrillas and the resistance. In 1971 armed resistance was banned from using
the Jordanian arena, so it focused on the Lebanese arena but suffered from
targeting attempts during the Lebanese civil war in 1975-1990. The Zionist
aggression against Lebanon continued, after the establishment of a spies security
belt. Jews invaded southern Liban in 1978 and in 1982 for the destruction of the
infrastructure of resistance and forced the Palestine Liberation Organization and
its fighters to withdraw from Lebanon, thus closing all Arab borders in the face
of Palestinian resistance.

5 - The withdrawal of the Arab role of support for the Palestinian

revolution
In general, the Palestinian revolution has suffered from its Arab brothers who
have tried to tame and control it. After the October 1973 war against the Zionist
entity, which won mainly moral victories
for Egypt and Syria. The Palestine
Liberation Organization became a
legitimate representative of the Palestinian
people in 1974, the feeling of Arab
responsibility towards Palestine has
increasingly shifted. The signing of the
Camp David Accords in September 1978
allowed the most powerful Arab force to
emerge from the Arab conflict: the Iraq
war of 1980-1988 and the decline of the
Gulf's financial support for the Palestinian
revolution due to lower prices oil, the Israeli soldiers wounded in the 1973 war.

collapse of the Soviet Union and the

Eastern bloc .All these factors weakened the Palestinian resistance and directed
the PLO leadership towards a peaceful settlement, thus restricting its activity in
the political field, in particular with the existence of the self-will in the
leadership of the PLO to abandon some of the constants in exchange for
continuing leadership and representation of the Palestinians.

106
Carter, Sadat and Pigeon at the signing of the White House Peace Agreement The Camp David Accord
1-09 -1978
- An agreement signed in
1978 between Egypt and
Israel stipulates in the first
agreement:

- Diplomatic exchange
between Egypt and Israel.

- cancel the economic boycott

between the two countries and
put an end to the state of war.

- The withdrawal of Israel

from Sinai in three years.

- The second agreement

provides for the autonomy of
the Palestinian people.

I practice (5)
From your point of view: what is the impact of the Camp David agreement on
the Arab-Zionist conflict and has this a negative impact on the future of the
Palestinian cause?

Practical activity

14. Discuss the reasons for the defeat of the Arab States during the 1967 war.

15. Write a report on the reasons that led Egypt to conclude the Camp David agreement.

107
 Evaluation questions

Dear student, at the end of this course answer the following questions:

1 - Why was the PLO created?

2 - Has the international community solved the refugee problem?

3 - What are the causes of the 1967 war?

4 - What is Judaisation?

5 - What are the obstacles of armed resistance?

Conclusion
Dear student

What happened to Palestine after the Nakba war in 1948. We try together to
summarize the most important points of this course:

•The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) created in 1964 under the

presidency of Ahmed Ash-Shuqueiri, relying on the direct support of President
Gamal Abdel Nasser, who feared that this subject would be out of all control,
after the Palestinian scene went through several movements and secret
organizations, in particular - Fatah - whose origins go back to 1957.

•In 1968, Fatah, along with other Palestinian organizations, joined the Palestine
Liberation Organization in 1969 Yasser Arafat was appointed chief of (O.L.P.).

•In 1974, the Arab states recognized the Liberation Organization of Palestine,
led by Yasser Arafat, as sole and legitimate representative of the Palestinian
people, and he was represented the same year in as an observer member of the
United Nations.

108
•The war of June 1967 was the biggest scandal and the most serious defeat for
the Arab regimes. Within a few days, the disaster was evident and the battle
revealed a complete failure that allowed the Israelis to occupy the West Bank
including Jerusalem, Gaza, and the remaining part of Palestine. 330,000
Palestinians were exiled. The Zionists also occupied the Syrian Golan (1150
square kilometers) and Egyptian Sinai (61198 square kilometers).

•While the Zionist entity deprived the Palestinians of returning to their lands, the
doors of Jewish immigration to Palestine were opened, and more than 2 million
and 800,000 Jews emigrated there between 1949 and 2000.

•The Zionists focused on the Judaization of the city of Jerusalem , they

controlled 86% of its territory and hosted Jewish immigrants by declaring the
holy city, eternal capital of the Zionist entity. The Jews were interested in
controlling the Al-Aqsa Mosque. They confiscated the west wall of the Al-Aqsa
Mosque (Al-Buraq Wall) and destroyed the Al-Mughariba neighborhood and
confiscated its land. They also completed ten archeological digs under the Al
Aqsa Mosque. They dug four tunnels so that they become a threat of collapse of
the Al-Aqsa Mosque at any time.

•The number of refugees in the 2003 census and displaced persons in the
occupied territory in 1948 was over 5 million, while there are about one million
Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip who are deprived of the right to
return to their lands, that is: there are about 6 million 666,000 refugees
representing 86.6% of the Palestinian people. It is the largest number of refugees
among the peoples of the world.

•The years 1967-1970, represent the golden period of armed guerrillas and
resistance. In 1971 armed resistance was banned from using the Jordanian arena,
so it focused on the Lebanese arena. Zionist aggression against Lebanon
continued; after forming a security belt of spies. Jews invaded southern Lebanon
in 1978 and 1982 for the destruction of the resistance infrastructure.

•After the October 1973 war against the Zionist entity, and after the Palestine
Liberation Organization which became the legal representative of the Palestinian
people in 1974; the sense of Arab responsibility towards Palestine has
diminished. Egypt's signing of the September 1978 Camp David Accords
allowed the most powerful Arab force to emerge from the Arab-Zionist conflict,
the Iraq-Iran war of 1980-1988 and the decline of the Gulf's financial supported
the Palestinian revolution due to lower oil prices. As well as the Iraqi invasion
109
of Kuwait in 1990, and the resulting Gulf War, in addition to the collapse of the
Soviet Union. All these elements contributed even more to the weakening of the
Palestinian military action and led the leadership of the PLO towards a peaceful
settlement.

Answers to the exercises

Exercise (1)

There is no doubt that the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization

was before the occupation of 1967, and therefore its reason for being relates to
the Zionist colonial project in Palestine, which poses a threat to of the Arab and
Islamic world, so that the support of the Palestinian resistance was part of the
preservation of the nation's structure. However, the many factors faced by the
region, the rape of the rest of Palestine in 1967 and turning the Palestinian issue
of an Islamic issue into an Arab issue, and then turning it into a Palestinian
problem, weakened the momentum for the cause. Things collapsed when the
armed struggle turned to peace as a strategic option that could not be canceled.

Exercise (2)

The control of the Palestinian land is the essence of the philosophy pursued by
world Zionism since the birth of the first thought to settle the Jews in Palestine,
followed by Israel after its creation until now. Seizures of land approved a
process of demographic change, Jews were brought from different parts of the
world to replace the Palestinian Arab population. The Palestinian territories have
been subjected to five successive waves of Jewish migration, each following an
international and local event, or following an existing Zionist plan. This policy
continues to this day. Due to the superiority of Palestinian population growth in
the West Bank and the Gaza Strip today, the Zionists' demands are to recognize
the Jewishness of the state so that the demographic factor does not affect the
racist ideology that governs the usurping entity.

Exercise (3)

Many organizations and institutions work to support the cause of Jerusalem and
its people, and a conference held every year to coordinate efforts for Jerusalem.
Sheikh Raed Salah made special efforts in this context. An effort so worrying
for the Zionist entity that they attempted to assassinate him when he participated
in the Marmara ship destined to lift the siege of the Gaza Strip. They also traced

110
a plot in Britain that placed him under house arrest in London for several
months. He has always been under the good hospices of Allah.

Support for the Jerusalem issue must turn Jerusalem's projects into daily projects
for the families and institutions of the Islamic world, so that all share and feel
the concern for Jerusalem and the need to stop the process of Judaization.

Exercise (4)

Why is the right to return sacred?

Because it is a historic right resulting from the presence of palestinians in

Palestine since eternity and their attachment to the homeland, because it is a
legitimate right for them on the land of Rabat, and because it is a permanent
legal right. The right of Palestinians in their homeland Palestine is deeply rooted
in history and its roots are older than the British in Britain, and of course older
than the Americans in America.

Why is the right of return legal?

The right of return is an inalienable right derived from universally recognized

international law. The right of return is guaranteed by the articles of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 10 December 1948. The second
paragraph of Article 13 states: "Everyone has the right to leave any country,
including his own, and to return to his country ". This has been repeated in
regional human rights instruments such as European, American, African and
Arab instruments. The day after the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, on
11 December 1948, the famous Resolution 149 of the United Nations General
Assembly issued, which provided for the right of Palestinian refugees to return
and receive compensation. . Of the 135 times opposed only by (Israel), after the
Oslo agreement, America opposed it. The question is whether return is possible
under the pretext that occupied Palestine in 1948 - has become full of Jewish
immigrants and no place for returnees. Is it true?

In fact, this claim is a lie, since 80% of Jews (called Israel) still live in ,15% of
them live in area (of Israel) and the remaining 28% live in Palestinian cities,
while only 2% live on refugee lands which is 85% of occupied Palestine. In
other words, only 200,000 Jews enjoy 17,325,000 dunums which is the legacy of
5,500,000 Palestinian refugees deprived of their land by Zionists and piled in the
camps.

111
Exercise (5)

The Camp David Agreement represents a historic change during the Arab-
Zionist conflict: for the first time in the history of this conflict, an Arab state
signed a contractual agreement with the enemy, recognizing the legitimacy of its
existence. The Arab identity of Palestine and its historic Arab right have been
renounced, (Israel )has the right to exist and security has been recognized. This
implies acceptance of the Zionist project. On 17 September 1978, the United
States announced that Egypt and Israel had reached an agreement among
themselves to end the Arab-Israeli conflict, and to bring lasting peace to the
Middle East.

There is no doubt that a number of negative results have resulted in the signing
of the Camp David Accords or the Israeli-Egyptian Peace Agreement, which can
be summarized as follows:

1 - The exit of Egypt from the Arab ranks and the loss of its political status
among the Arabs

2 - Egypt left the equation of the Arab-Israeli conflict

3 - Sadat accepted conditions that are not for the benefit of Egypt and the Arabs.

4 - Sadat gave everything the Israelis wanted to legislate their existence. They
had been looking for him since 1948.

5 - The signing of the agreement led to the overthrow of the Arab front of the
Israeli military accounts and the reduction of the Egyptian role on the Arab
scene.

6 - The agreement has weakened the Palestinian cause and the Palestinian role.

112
Ninth course:
Palestinian Intifada and Draft Regulations

113
The content of ninth course:
Subject Page
Introduction 115
The objectives of this course 115
1 - first Intifada 116
2 - Peace process and draft regulation 116
Opponents of the Oslo agreement 117
3 - The second Intifada. 120
4 - The role of Christians in the nation 121
movement
Conclusion. 123
Answers to the exercises 124

114
 Introduction
Dear student,

Welcome to the ninth course

This course examines (the Intifada and the Draft Settlements), a phase of return
to the Palestinian question, after a major neglect before the uprising in Gaza
City, where the Palestinians confronted with stones and simple tools the forces
of usurper occupation which led to the circulation of the term intifada globally.
The first part of the course deals with the subject of the first intifada and the
reasons for its creation, and the results obtained which could indirectly lead to
the draft settlement of the Palestinian cause; and to break the stalemate of the
valiant popular resistance to the occupation. The section also examined the
views of opponents of the settlement and Oslo agreements.

In the third section, we review the second Intifad (Al-Aqsa Intifada -) why did
this happen and where did the liberation project take place? In the fourth section
- the last one - we will tackle the important question of the role of Christians in
the Palestinian national movement to emphasize the cohesion of all forces in the
face of Zionist occupation. This course, like the previous one, includes a number
of exercises, self-assessment questions, illustrations and activities that contribute
to the understanding of the topics. We hope that it will be a useful course for
you and that you will be able to enjoy it while contributing to its criticism and
evaluation for future development.

Course objectives

Dear student, after completing this lesson, we hope you will be able to:

1-Recall the reasons that caused the appearance of the first Intifada.

2-Show the strengths of the Settlement Projects stations and the views of the
opponents.

3-Explain the main reasons that led to the outbreak of the second intifada.

4-Summarize the most important contributions of Christians in the Palestinian

national movement.

115
 1 - The first Intifada
Dear student,

The 1987-1993 Intifada gave the initiative to the

Palestinian interior, and the Islamic trend became an
essential (key) element of the Palestinian resistance,
notably through the Islamic Resistance Movement -
Hamas - .The uprising gained international public opinion
and resuscitated the Palestinian cause that had died at the
Arab and Islamic levels. But the prevailing conditions and
the nature of the Palestinian and Arab leaders did not
allow for fueling and expanding liberalization, served as
a quick political investment for a settlement with the
Zionist entity.

I Practice (5)

Return to one of the references on the Palestinian uprising and remind us how the first
intifada began?

2. The peace process and draft regulations

In November 1988, the National Committee of Palestine accepted the resolution
of the O. UN (181) on the participation of Palestine, and he accepted the UN
resolution ((242) November 1967), which addresses the question of Palestine as
a refugee problem and calls for peaceful resolution to this problem.

- October 1991, the Congress for Peace in Madrid was celebrated in the presence
of the PLO and all the representatives of Arab leaders. There were intense
discussions to reach an agreement between Palestinians and Israelis. During the
two years, the official delegation of the organization could not reach an
agreement with the Zionist entity. There was no status disclosed other than a

116
secret channel different from the negotiations that were opened in December
1992 and led to what is known as the Oslo or (Gaza - Jericho) Agreement. It was
in Oslo, Norway, and it was officially signed with the Zionist entity on
September 13, 1993 in Washington. Under the agreement, the leadership of the
PLO recognized Israel's right to exist and the legitimacy of its occupation and
the ownership of 77% of Palestinian land. As the PLO committed itself to put an
end to armed resistance to the uprising and also undertook to suppress and to
annul all elements for the liberation of Palestine and the destruction of the
Zionist entity of the National Charter. It is also committed to resolving all issues
peacefully. This Convention virtually scratched the Liberation Organization of
itself; and its objectives and charter. In exchange,
(Israel) recognized the Palestinian Organization as
the representative of the Palestinian people, and
ceded the right to self-determination in Gaza and the
West Bank to the O.L.P. The other big questions can
be solved within five years.

Opponents (adversary) of the Oslo agreement:

Palestinians, Arabs and Islamists strongly opposed

the Oslo agreement and were the main points of
objection:

• The appearance of a law dictated by a large number

of sages in religious sciences (Ulama) incited the
inadmissibility of a peaceful settlement with the
Zionist entity and the necessity of sacred jihad to
bring all of Palestine under the banner of 'Islam. Sheikh Ahmed Yassin founder of the
While considering this battle, between good and evil Hamas Movement
until it is inherited by the generations. Allah will grant victory. Palestine is an
Islamic land, nobody has the right to give it up. The question of Palestine

is also the cause of all Muslims who refuse to surrender their rights, no matter
how long.

The leaders of the PLO were unique in their endorsement of the Oslo Accords
without reference to the Palestinian people. That is why the Palestinian
organizations (Islamists, nationalist, leftists and even Fatah) who are opposed to
the agreement, declared their refusal to this agreement.

117
 This agreement solved the most important
and delicate issues, and its resolution became
linked to the extent of the "generosity" of the
Zionist party, which exploited its power to
impose its conditions on the weakest
Palestinian party. They were obliged, by
force, to accept everything, even the most
Clinton, Rabin and Arafat at the time of the
salient of these questions:
signing of the White House Peace Agreement,
In the future of the city of Jerusalem, the September 13, 1993.

agreement did not clarify its situation.

b- The future of Palestine refugees.

c- The future of Jewish settlements in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

d- Nature, powers and limits of the Palestinian entity.

After more than ten years of negotiations, none of the major problems have been solved,
while the Zionist entity is in the process of judaizing the occupied territory under its
authority. This without respecting the commitments and agreements which were signed.
Only 18 per cent of West Bank land has been handed over to the Palestinian Authority in
terms of administration and security, and 60 per cent of the Gaza Strip, or about 4.72 of the
total historical area of the Gaza Strip. Palestine is under joint surveillance with the security
of the Zionist entity. (24%) of the West Bank area is subject to the Palestinian Authority,
while Zionists have administrative and security control over 58% of the West Bank and 40%
of the Gaza Strip.

-The Oslo draft approved a Zionist desire to eliminate the burden of densely
populated Palestinian areas that are still facing serious economic and security
problems (Israel) dreamed of getting rid of the Gaza Strip, which is one of the

118
 most populous regions in the world. It has already offered it to Egypt, which has
refused to direct it.

- The agreement did not include the creation of the Palestinian state and
therefore did not guarantee Palestinian security and the exercise of these
freedoms naturally; it stipulated that Israel had the right to veto any legislation
of the Palestinian parliament if they were against their interests. The other ban
on this agreement was the formation of a Palestinian army and the possession of
Palestinian armaments without the prior authorization of Israel.

- Being in agreement and in preventive mode, the O.L.P forms nine security
organs, which undertake to prohibit any military operation against the Zionists.
Fighters from Palestinian organizations targeted by Palestinian security services
to prove their good intentions and their desire to establish peace and peaceful
coexistence with the Israelis. Moreover, the political repression, the limitation of
the freedoms and the corruption that the administration suffered, spread through
these security services, and they neither limited nor diminished their authority
until after the Intifada Al-Aqsa "in September 2000.

- The agreement deprived the Palestinian Authority of external security, borders

and the right to legislate without the authorization of Israel, which had the
authority to enter, according to its will in the territories of Gaza and the West
Bank.

- The agreement did not consider the West Bank and Gaza as Palestinian
territories but as (Israeli) territories where Palestinians exercised an autonomous
government.

- This agreement offered peace solutions between the Arab and (Israel)
governments, and promoted the launching for economic domination to achieve
territorial expansion, and strike national and Islamic forces in the region.

I practice (1)
After nearly twenty years of the implementation of the Oslo agreement, did the
Palestinian people get something on the ground?

119
3- The second intifada:
The Al-Aqsa uprising in September
2000, the attachment of the Palestinian
people to their lands, confirmed the
broad interaction of Arab and Islamic
peoples with the Intifada. The Islamic
dimension of the issue, revealing the
ferocity of the Zionists and the ugly
face of the Zionist peace claim, and the
significant blow have also been
brought to the draft settlement, which
takes place at the expense of the rights
and rewards of the nation. The
Palestinian people suffered from
extremely harsh conditions, over
(3300) were martyred and more than
45,000 were injured. The
unemployment rate has reached about
58%. But their great tenacity and heroic resistance, in which all Palestinian
factions participated, brought for the first time (a balance of terror) with the
Zionist entity, which was subjected to serious blows in all areas, killing about
890 Zionist and wounding more than (6250) others. The continuation of the
intifada led to the fall of Zionist security, the deterioration of the Zionist
economy, the destruction of the tourism sector and a Jewish exodus increasingly
unfavorable outside Palestine.

The Intifada shook the two pillars of the Zionist project, namely security and the
economy.

120
4. The role of Christians in the
national movement:
The Christians of Palestine have
been subjected to the same injustice,
oppression and displacement of the
Muslims of Palestine, they have
participated in the Palestinian
national movement since the
beginning of the British occupation
of Palestine. They presented a Solidarity between Muslims and Christians of Palestine against
model of cohesion and national Zionist conspiracies.
unity in the face of the Zionist
project; they took part in the defense of the Arabization of Palestine with the
word, the pen and the hazelnut. Moreover, they expressed their cultural
affiliation to the region, with their identity, language and culture.

The love of his nation and the defense of his land and his people and his holiness
is a legitimate duty and a human right. The patriotism and the love of the people
and the clan isa normal behavior as long as it does not deprive them of halal and
not of harem or invalidate of the rights of other people and the working circles
of Palestine that they are national or Arab or Islamic. A human mother is a
harmonious and integrated orientation, it must not be contradictory.

On the other hand, the continuation of the diseases of society, the realization of
civilized development, the empowerment of the Islamic State on earth, the
search for Arab and Islamic unity and the search for the liberation of Palestine
are complementary and mutually beneficial efforts, and can go hand in hand,
without conflict or antagonism.

I practice (3)

From your point of view, what is the difference between the first intifada and the
second intifada?

121
 Practical activity

Write a report on the main obstacles and evils caused by the Oslo agreement.

Self-assessment questions

Dear student, answer the following questions:

1-What is the importance of the Intifada to move (advance) the Palestinian cause?

2 - What are the main currents that appeared during the first intifada?

3 - What is the feasibility of the draft regulations?

4 -What does the Gaza-Jericho agreement mean first?

5 - What is the legal position of the Oslo agreement?

6 - What are the issues that the "Gaza - Jericho" agreement has postponed first for
further

7- Is Palestinian autonomy reached? Justify your answer

122
Conclusion:
Dear student

What did we present in this course? Let us try together to summarize the most
important points:

•The 1987-1993 Intifada gave the initiative to the Palestinian interior; the
Islamic tenance became a key (key) element of the Palestinian resistance,
notably through the Islamic Resistance Movement – Hamas.

•In November 1988, the National Committee of Palestine accepted O's

resolution. UN (181) on the participation of Palestine, and he accepted the UN
resolution ((242) November 1967), which deals with the question of Palestine as
a refugee problem and calls for a resolution peaceful to this problem.

• October 1991, the Congress for Peace in Madrid was celebrated in the
presence of the PLO and all the representatives of the Arab leaders. There were
intense conversations to reach an agreement between Palestinians and Israelis.
During the two years, the official delegation of the organization could not reach
an agreement with the Zionist entity. There was no status piercing the secret
different channel. Negotiations were opened in December 1992 and led to what
is known as the Oslo or (Gaza - Jericho) Agreement was in Oslo, Norway, and
officially signed with the Zionist entity on September 13, 1993, at Washington.

• Palestinians, Arabs and Islamists have strongly opposed the Oslo agreement
based on the fatwa of Muslim scholars: the inadmissibility of a peaceful
settlement with the Zionist entity, and that Palestine is an Islamic land; nobody
has the right to give it up. The Oslo agreement did not include the creation of the
Palestinian state and thus did not guarantee Palestinian security and the exercise
of its freedoms in a natural way. The agreement did not consider the West Bank
and Gaza In addition, the leadership of the PLO has adopted the Oslo
agreement, which is referred to the Palestinians people.

•The Intifada (uprising) of September 2000 confirmed the attachment of the

Palestinian people to their land and to the Islamic dimension of the Palestinian
question .

•The Palestinian people were suffering from extremely harsh conditions, the
confrontations were a bloody clash between the Palestinians and the Israeli
army, making 3,300 martyrs and 45,000 wounded; the unemployment rate has

123
reached about 58%. But their magnificent firmness and their heroic resistance,
for the first time brought a balance against terror with the Zionist entity.

•The Christians of Palestine have been subjected to the same injustice,

oppression and displacement as the Muslims of Palestine. They have
participated in the Palestinian national movement since the beginning of the
British occupation of Palestine; they presented a model of cohesion and national
unity to the Zionist project.

Answers to questions:

Exercise (1)

The direct cause that paved the way for the Intifada and lit his wick was firstly
the fault of an Israeli driver of a truck, which on 8 December 1987 deliberately
exploded on a car belonging to a Palestinian worker. From Jabalia, stationed in a
service station, he passed on them killing four of them and wounding others.
The radio just announced the news without focusing on this event because it was
an accident similar to many others. It was said that the incident was a reprisal by

the father of an Israeli man who was stabbed to death two days ago while
shopping in Gaza. the Palestinians considered the incident a deliberate massacre.

On the second day of the victims' burial, a spontaneous demonstration broke out
in which crowds threw stones at an Israeli army outpost, and the soldiers fired
back violently, firing at the Palestinians, who were extremely motivated. With
strength, enthusiasm and integrity, any of them were able to move in front of a
tank and throw stones, Molotov cocktails. In front of this scene, the Israeli army
asked for support. This incident, apparently insignificant compared to the
massacres of the Israeli administrations, was of sufficient importance to be part
of the annals of history. However, it was the drop of water that broke the camel's
back, the embers that sparked the flames of the Intifada, igniting the fervor of
the Palestinian people to denounce the fight against the Israelis because of
deteriorating conditions , the policies of oppression and humiliation followed by
the Israeli administration, the desperation of the people after the six-day war,
although the Zionists opened the door for the Palestinians to work in (Israel).
That had led to the development of the local economy, but the economic
situation was quickly deteriorated due to repeated closures and programmed
war, by Zionists and other accumulated factors.

124
Exercise (2)

Obviously, we do not need to be patient for 20 years to judge the Oslo

agreement. The second Al-Aqsa Intifada in 2000 was the best proof that the
agreement reached a stalemate. Erroneous beginnings lead to erroneous results:
the acceptance of the principle of frag-mentation of the solution, the confidence
in the unbalanced mediator, even pre-partisan of the enemy, the postponement
of important issues to subsequent negotiations, all these issues have weakened
the Palestinian position in the collection of one of the inalienable rights of the
historical and legitimate people. It is clear that the disastrous reality of the
Palestinian Authority emanating from the Oslo Agreement reflects the reality of
the agreement itself, which made the idea of dissolving the Palestinian Authority
a possible option, in the conditions of the agreement.

Exercise (3)

In a report issued in February 2001, Amnesty International noted that the

Palestinian uprising began on Friday, September 29, 2000, when terrorist Ariel
Sharon surrounded by soldiers broke into Al-Aqsa Mosque on Thursday,
September 28, 2000. , in order to reaffirm at all costs the Zionists' sovereignty
over Al-Harem.

This provocative act was considered by the Muslim masses as an insult that
could not pass without an adequate response. The immediate reaction was a
bloody clash between the believers in the mosque and the Zionist soldiers who
fired at them near the Al-Buraq Wall (West Wall).

The second intifada characterized by the first because it came after the Oslo
agreement and the creation of the Palestinian Authority. The second Intifada is
an indication that this deal is deadlocked. The second uprising also saw
coordination between the various major resistance forces that felt the Zionist
Party's deception on many issues, the rise of Zionist extremism and the frequent
terrorist attempts at every moment. It never stopped practicing terrorism all the
time.

125
Tenth course:
Predictions and the future of the Palestinian cause.

126
The content of the tenth course:
Subject Page
Introduction 128
The objectives of this course. 129
1-Peace will not be with injustice. 129
The Muslim is not the enemy of the 130
Jewish religion.
Islam is the rule of launching the editorial 130
project.
2-Most important facts of the Islamic 130
solution
3-Differences in the use of international 131
standards
Do not give so much importance to the 132
power of the Jews
4-The predictions of the Qur’an and the 133
Sunnah

Conclusion 135

Answers to the exercises 136

Sources and reference 137

127
Introduction
Dear student,

Welcome to the tenth and last class:

This course (The Predictions and Future of the Palestinian Cause) is an attempt
to highlight the celestial signs that tell us that Palestine is promised victory. The
repercussions of the Arab-Muslim world that took place following the Arab
Spring confirm today that this nation is alive, is capable of liberating Palestine
and expelling the Zionist entity. In the first section of the unit, we will assert a
number of facts and principles that cannot be disputed, and that together are the
incompatibility of peace and injustice on the same Earth. We will also assert that
hostility is not against the Jewish religion, which is part of the message of the
prophets to the people. Islam is the starting point for any emancipation project.

In the second section we will study, the most apparent features of the Islamic
project for the liberation of Palestine, at different specific points. In the third
section, we will address a topic of capital importance, which concerns the
differentiations in the use of Western standards for the Palestinian cause at both
the political and the media levels. We would also like to address in this section
the fact that: One should not exaggerate or amplify the power and influence of
the Jews on the World.

In the last part of the study, we will examine the verses and hadiths that
predicted the disappearance of the usurper, confirming the triumph of Muslims
over their enemy. This course contains a number of exercises, self - assessment
questions, illustrations and activities that contribute to the understanding of the
topics. We hope that this will be a useful course for you, and that you will
appreciate its study. Finally, that you will contribute with us in its criticism and
evaluation for future development.

128
 Course objectives

Dear student,

After completing this course, we hope you will be able to:

1 - Compare the contours of draft regulations with the reality of injustice in the
face of the Palestinian cause.

2 - List the most obvious features of the Islamic solution.

3 - To cite examples of differentiations in the use of norms practiced by the West

with regard to the Palestinian cause.

4 - Highlight the most eminent predictions of the Holy Quran and Sunnah for the
triumph of good over evil.

1-Peace will not be accompanied by

injustices:
Islam is the meaning in itself of the word peace. The
word peace (Salam) means salvation and protection,
just as peace is one of the 99 names of Allah. The
word "peace" is the greeting of Muslims among them,
and paradise is the home of peace. In Islam, relations
with others are the very basis of religious forgiveness,
peaceful cohabitation and a dialogue that is one of the
benefits.

Therefore, and on the facts mentioned above, Islam is against all that can be
called terrorism; as it is against all murder of innocents; no such infamous act is
allowed in Islam.

Islam is the religion of truth, justice and freedom. It refuses that its disciples
become oppressors or oppressed; it asks them to defend their dignity, their land
and their sacred places. It is impossible for any peace to be based on the
oppression of individuals, the violation of their rights and the expulsion of their

129
lands. The imposed conditions by the usurper to a vulnerable people can lead to
a provisional settlement, yet they never lead to peace. Jihad for the liberation of
Palestine will continue to be a formal duty and an unprecedented honor for
every honest Muslim. In addition, there are no lessons to be learned from the
tyranny of Zionist and Western media which manipulate the verb and the word
of terrorism and peace at their power.

The Muslim does not oppose the Jewish religion:

Muslims do not fight Jews solely because they are Jewish. In Islam, the basic
rules of relations between Muslims and "book people" are: to be fair to them, to
be good by imposing welfare and charity and giving them the rights of full
citizenship under the Islamic regime. The Jewish and anti-Semitic problem
appeared in Europe and not in the Muslim world. Jews used to immigrate where
they felt safe from persecution, religious fanaticism and nationalism; so their
refuge was the Arab and Islamic world.

Muslims fight against Zionist Jews, those aggressors who violated the land of
Palestine. They expelled the Palestinians from their homeland, from their land
and desecrated their sacred places. Muslims will always fight against any group
that tries to occupy their land, regardless of religion or nationality.

Islam is the starting point for any liberation project:

Islam should be the main standard on which the project of emancipation of
Palestine and the destruction of the Zionist project is based, because Allah, the
Almighty has promised to give faith, strength and victory to believers who are
sincere. Islam is the one that can best mobilize the masses and their energies,
because it is through history that it has been proved that Jerusalem was liberated
from the Crusaders and Tatars thanks to the Muslims. Modern and contemporary
history has also proved the failure of other ideologies.

2 - 2-Most important facts of the Islamic solution

The most apparent features of the Islamic solution are:

A- The main articles of the Islamic faith define the lifestyle. Muslims
demonstrate their faith by worshiping Allah, following their laws and leading a
life of work and prayer, according to the judgments of Allah.

130
B - The competent Islamic leaders are the only ones qualified to face the Zionist
project and to conquer and destroy it forever.

C- Expand the circle of conflict with the Jewish enemy to include the entire
Muslim world, and not limit it to Palestinians or Arab nationalists. It must be
understood that the liberation of Palestine is a duty incumbent upon all Muslims
because the Jewish Zionists carry out their project in an orderly and
comprehensive way, so there must be an equivalent to the challenge.

D - Support and rehabilitate the Palestinian people, whatever the means because
they are the first lines of defense of the Islamic Community. In doing so, they
will be established on their land and will continue with their firmness Jihad.

E - The pursuit of a new civilized era is the starting point for change and overall
positive growth in our Muslim societies, politically, economically, scientifically
and militarily. This, so that Muslims can be able to cope with the costs: Jihad
and its burdens, liberation charges, achieve the conditions of autonomy on earth
and become the leadership of humanity.

I practice (1)

If you can add other things to the Islamic solution, what would you add to it?

131
3- Differences in use of international standards:

The Palestinian question has taken on considerable humanitarian proportions;

for it not only represents the cry of the oppressed in the face of human rights,
but it reveals two weights, two measures in the application of international law.
A civilization which is said to be progressing from the point of view of
knowledge, of technology and who even cares
about the protection of animals can accept to Freedom of Crime !
reject more than 6 million 400,000 refugees expression
outside their country and bring back Jewish
groups from all corners of the earth under false
pretexts. These pretexts, which correspond neither
to the logic of historical facts nor to the values of
modern civilization and to international laws, Occident
show that this land has always been Arab for
thousands of years, since (4500 BC). In the same
way these pretexts make it clear that the Jews are the real invaders and spread
blood in the Holy Land, this Holy Land which must be the land of love and
peace.

The Zionist movement and its occupation of Palestine is the flowing pattern of
Western European traditional colonialism that has been expelled from all over
the world, and which must sooner or later disappear from Palestine.

Do not give so much importance to the power of the Jews:

It is evident that Allah has promised to overwhelm the corrupt Children of Israel
with the horrendous torment inflicted upon them by his believing servants. And
today we see it, the Jews have become extreme tyrants, arrogant, they corrupted
the earth, they sowed trouble on earth. These crimes are indisputable facts.
Zionist Jewish influence in circles of global decision and influence is evident,
whether in politics, the media, or the economy, especially in the United States. If
Allah has given them the means to be strong and powerful, we should not
amplify it because, indeed, Jews should not be considered behind every event
whether they are small or great; we should not consider them as if they were the
predominant destiny of God. They are human beings created by God, and on
them, apply the Sunnas of God in the universe. If they succeed - as God
predicted - through their hard work, perseverance and good organization, they
have suffered many disasters in their history. These troubles on earth should be

132
seen as an incentive for Muslims to respond to the challenge, and to complete
caliphate conditions on earth as well as cultural renaissance. The existence of
the Zionist entity in Palestine, considered the heart of the Islamic world, the
possession of weapons of mass destruction, including 200 nuclear bombs, its
ability to mobilize an army of over 700,000 soldiers in 72 hours, becomes for
the world the inflamed rifle that threatens world peace and that can explode
from one minute to another, and finally is the threat of a third world war.

Muslims will one day have power and weapons of mass destruction in group,
and they will not give up their land, nor will they accept an entity in their heart
that would weaken them and tear their unity apart. They will seek to remove it
as they have removed others before it. The great powers will know that the
injustice that was done by themselves brought only death and destruction to
humanity, and that finally it would be good for the Zionist entity to disintegrate
before those horrible moments come.

I practice (2)

How does the importance given to the Jews affect us to fight against them?

4-The predictions of the Quran and Sunnah:

The end of the Jewish and Zionist project in Palestine is announced in the sacred
book; its failure is not only possible, it is a sure fact because it is a promise of
God; it is written in the Holy Qur'an so the lie does not come into his hands or
his successors. Allah Almighty said:

In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.

“And We convoyed to the children of Israel in the Scripture that, You will
surely cause corruption on the earth twice, and you will surely reach {a degree
of} great haughtiness(4) so when the{time of} promise came for the first of
them, We sent against you servants of Ours-those of great military might, and
they probed{even} into the home, and it was a promise fulfilled(5) then We
gave back to you a return victory over them. And We reinforced you with
wealth and sons and made you more numerous in manpower (6) {and said}”if

133
you do good for yourselves; and if you do evil,{you do it} to yourselves”. Then
when the final promise came, {We sent your enemies} to sadden your faces and
to enter the temple in Jerusalem, as they had taken over with {total} destruction
(7) it is expected {if you repent}, that your Lord will have mercy upon you. But
if you return {to sin},we will return {to punishment}.and we have made Hell,
for the disbelievers, a prison-bed(8)”

Al-Israa verses4-8

The Prophet of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said:

"The Hour will not come until Muslims fight Jews and Muslims kill them; until
the Jew hides behind a wall or a tree, and the wall or the tree will say: O
Muslim! O servant of Allah! Here is a Jew behind me. Come and kill him »

Because the Sunnah of Allah Almighty in the universe and the experiences of
history inform us that injustice does not last.

I practice(3)

Try to collect more verses and Hadiths that confirm the existence of predictions
and hope to defeat the Zionist project.

Practical activity
16. Prepare a research by showing the evidence of the Qur'an, the Sunnah and the
holy books on the predictions of the liberation of Palestine.

17. Discuss how Islam can be the solution to the Palestinian cause.

134
Dear student (s) at the end of this course, please consult your knowledge by solving
Evaluation questions:
the following questions:

1-quote the most important features of the Islamic solution to the Palestinian question.

2- Distinguish the attitude of the Muslim from the Jewish religion and his attitude
towards the Zionist movement.

3- Why was the double standard international policy applied when dealing with the
Zionist occupation in Palestine?

4- Why do so many people believe that the Israeli army is an indomitable force, is it
true? Justify your answer.

5- How to develop the circle of conflict with the Zionist entity.

Conclusion:
Dear Student,

What did we discuss in the tenth and last class? Let us try to summarize the most
obvious points of this lesson.

• Islam is against terrorism and against any killing of innocent people; it never
allows such infamous acts. Islam is the religion of truth, justice and freedom. It
refuses its disciples to be either oppressors or oppressed; it asks them to defend
their dignity, their sacred land.

Muslims do not fight Jews just because they are Jewish. The Jewish and anti-
Semitic problem appeared in Europe and not in the Muslim world, where Jews
used to emigrate when they were persecuted by religious and nationalistic
fanaticism in Europe.

• The most apparent features of the Islamic solution are:

the adoption of Islam as a doctrine, conduct and approach to life, the provision
of honest and competent Islamic leadership, and the expansion of conflict with
Islam, zionist Jew enemy to conquer the entire Muslim world, to support the
people of Palestine, and rehabilitate it by any means, to strive for a civilized
renaissance that will be a starting point for overall positive change in our

135
Muslim societies, from the political, economic, scientific and military points of
view.

• The Palestinian question has revealed the policy of double standards, and the
resolutions of the new international order are odious; the hypocrisy of an
advancing civilization, knowledge, technology and the protection of animal
rights; while it accepted to reject more than 6 million 400,000 refugees in the
open, bringing Jewish groups from all corners of the earth under false pretenses.

• The end of the Jewish and Zionist project in Palestine is announced in the
sacred book; its failure is not only possible, it is a sure fact because that it is a
promise of God, it is written in the Holy Koran whose lie does not come in His
Hands or those of His successors.

136
The answers of the exercises:
Exercise (1)

Dear student,

The answer here depends on your knowledge and your own opinion, but we
think we should take advantage of the know -how of the enemies, especially the
Zionists who helped build a network of global relations that helped them. To get
what they wanted. Therefore, there must be a strategic understanding of the
nature of the conflict and then develop plans and timelines to achieve the goals
set. We must not wait for results alone.

Exercise (2)

Exaggeration of the opponent's power is a kind of in-dull defeat that is reflected

on the souls of the people and therefore, the Zionist saying about their army is
invincible turned out to be wrong. This army was defeated in the battle of
dignity in the Jordan Valley and in Lebanon and other battles. This confirms to
us that (Israel) no longer possessed an insurmountable power and an invincible
army. While Khalid Ibn Walid inspected the ranks of his army, he passed a
young Muslim soldier who was watching the Roman troops and was impressed
by their numbers and armaments. And he said, "How many Christians are and as
the Muslims are few. »Then Khalid Ibn Walid replied," Do not say that! Say: As
the Muslimas are many, and as the Romans and Christians are few because
weakness comes when one who is abandoned by Allah. "If you lose Allah, you
lose everything." It is this deep meaning that leads to victory while fear and
horror lead to defeat.

Exercise (3)

At this point, dear student, we leave you the choice of the answer.

137
Sources and references:
• The Holy Quran

• Imam Muhammad Nasser al-Din al-Albani, Sahih al-Djami'al-, Edition 3,

Islamic Office 1408 Hidjri.

•Mohsen Mohammed Saleh, the 40 facts in the Palestinian case, Al-Zitouna

Center for Studies and Consultations, Beirut, 2001.

• Tareq Suwaidan, Palestine ... History ... Illustrated, Kuwait, Intellectual

Creativity Society, 2004.

• Mohsen Mohammed Saleh, Methodological Studies on the Palestinians

Question, Palestinian Studies Series, Cairo: Arab Information Center, 2003.

• Jawad al Hamad and OTHERS, The entry of the Palestinian affair, Issue 7,
Amman: Center for Middle Eastern Studies, 2005.

• Ahmed sedqi Dajani, The threat of Beit AL-Makdis, 2nd edition, Cairo: Arab
Information Center, 2001.

• Abdulaziz Mohammed Al-Shinawy, Ottoman State and Islamic State made on

it, vol. 2, Cairo: Anglo-Egyptian Library, 1970.

• Ahmed Barsun and others, the future and the scenarios of the Arab-Israeli
conflict, Amman: Center for Middle Eastern Studies, 2011.

• Ibrahim Al Ali, Holy Land between the past the present and the future,
London: Palestine Muslim publications,1996

138
139
140
141