Student Name: LARGO, JOENARD A.

Course & Section: BS-Biology 3B

Laboratory Exercise No. 2

Reproductive System: Structure and Function

I. Introduction

Good reproductive management results in increased frequency and number of

offspring from a breeding herd or flock. High reproductive performance in the breeding herd
or flock is essential to the profitability of the enterprise. Animal raisers who know the proper
anatomy and function of the reproductive system and who place a high priority on improving
reproductive performance are generally more successful than those who do not.

II. Objectives

At the end of the exercise, students are expected to:

a. Identify the different organs of the reproductive tract of different farm animal
species; and
b. Explain the functions of the different organs of the reproductive system.

III. Materials and Methodology

a. Materials

1. Laboratory exercise worksheet

2. Reproductive tract of hen, sow, and bull/buck/ram
3. Surgical gloves
4. Dissecting set (scissors, forceps, scalpel/blade)

b. Methodology

Place the reproductive tract of hen, sow and bull/buck/ ram in the dissecting pan.
Identify and label the different organs of the reproductive system.
IV. Results

1. Reproductive system of a chicken

Rooster Hen

1. TESTES 1. OVARY

2. KIDNEY 2. MATURE OVUM

3. DEFERENT DUCT 3. FOLLICLE

4. URETER 4. STALK OF OVARY

5. CLOACA 5. INFUNDIBULUM

6. MAGNUM

7. ISTHMUS

8. UTERUS SHELL GLAND

9. VAGINA

10. VENT

11. RECTUM

12. RUDIMENT OF RIGHT OVIDUCT

3. Reproductive system of a cow and a sow

1. BODY OF UTERUS 5. CERVIX

2. UTERINE HORNS 6. VAGINA

3. OVARY 7. VULVA

4. OVIDUCT 8. CLITORIS

4. Reproductive system of a bull

1. RECTUM 9. URETER

2. SEMINAL VESICLES 10. URINARY BLADDER

3. COWPER’S GLAND 11. PELVIC BONE

4. PROSTATE GLAND 12. SIGMOID FLEXURE

5. ISCHIO CAVERNOSUS MUSCLES 13. PENIS

6. RETRACTOR PENIS MUSCLE 14, TESTICLE

7. VAS DEFERENS 15. SCROTUM

8. EPIDIDYMIS

V. Questions to Answer

1. Enumerate the different parts of the female and male reproductive systems of
livestock and discuss their functions.
Female Reproductive System (livestock)

 Ovaries – Produce ova (eggs) and secrete hormones (estrogen and

progesterone).

 Oviduct (Fallopian tube) – The site of fertilization; transports the fertilized egg
to the uterus.

 Body of Uterus – Serves as the site for embryo implantation and fetal
development.

 Uterine Horns – Extensions of the uterus where implantation occurs in litter-

bearing animals.

 Cervix – Acts as a barrier to protect the uterus from infections and facilitates
sperm transport.

 Vagina – The copulatory organ and the birth canal.

 Clitoris – Contains nerve endings that may play a role in reproductive

stimulation.

 Vulva – The external opening of the reproductive tract.

Male Reproductive System (livestock)

 Scrotum – Regulates the temperature of the testicles.

 Epididymis – Stores and matures sperm before ejaculation.

 Vas deferens – Transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

 Urethra – Carries sperm and urine out of the body

 Testicles – Produce sperm and testosterone.

 Urinary bladder – Stores urine but is not directly involved in reproduction

 Seminal vesicle – Produces seminal fluid that nourishes sperm.

 Prostate gland – Secretes fluid that aids in sperm motility.

  Cowper’s (bulbourethral) gland – Produces pre-ejaculatory fluid that
neutralizes acidity in the urethra.

 Sigmoid flexure – Allows extension and retraction of the penis in some

livestock species.

 Retractor muscle – Controls the movement of the penis.

 Ureter – Transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

 Pelvic bone – Provides structural support to the reproductive organs.

 Ischio cavernosus muscle – Assists in erection and ejaculation.

 Rectum – The terminal portion of the digestive tract, located near

reproductive organs
2. Enumerate the different parts of the hen's reproductive system and discuss their
functions.
Hen’s Reproductive System

 Ovary – Produces yolk-containing ova (eggs).

 Mature Ovum – The developed egg ready for release.

 Follicle – Contains developing ova.

 Stalk of Ovary – Supports the ovary and supplies blood.

 Infundibulum – Captures the ovulated egg and is the site of fertilization.

 Magnum – Secretes albumen (egg white) around the yolk.

 Isthmus – Adds shell membranes to the egg.

 Uterus (Shell Gland) – Deposits calcium carbonate to form the eggshell.

 Vagina – Stores the egg before laying and helps in expulsion.

 Vent – The external opening for laying eggs.

 Rectum – The terminal end of the digestive system.

 Rudiment of Right Oviduct – A non-functional remnant of the second oviduct

(only the left oviduct is functional in hens).
3. Discuss the difference in the reproductive system of avian and mammalian females.
Cite specific organs where significant variation is observed.
1. Number of Functional Ovaries/Oviducts

 Mammals: Have two functional ovaries and oviducts.

 Birds: Only the left ovary and oviduct are functional; the right oviduct is
rudimentary.

2. Egg Development and Fertilization

  Mammals: Internal fertilization occurs, and the embryo develops inside the
uterus.

 Birds: Eggs are fertilized in the oviduct, then travel through different regions
to form the eggshell before being laid.

3. Uterus Structure and Function

 Mammals: The uterus supports pregnancy by nourishing the embryo.

 Birds: The uterus functions as a shell gland, depositing calcium to form the
eggshell.

4. Vaginal Function

 Mammals: The vagina serves as the copulatory organ and the birth canal.

 Birds: The vagina is mainly for egg expulsion.

5. Hormonal Regulation and Estrous Cycle

 Mammals: Exhibit an estrous or menstrual cycle, with hormonal changes

preparing the uterus for pregnancy.

 Birds: Egg production is influenced by light cycles rather than estrous cycles.

VI. Conclusion
The reproductive systems of mammals and birds are adapted to their respective
modes of reproduction. Mammals carry and nourish their young internally, requiring a
complex uterine environment. In contrast, birds lay eggs with protective shells, necessitating
a specialized oviduct and shell gland. Understanding these differences is crucial for
livestock and poultry management, ensuring optimal breeding and productivity.