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The document outlines the fundamentals of digital components in computer architecture, focusing on integrated circuits (ICs) and various digital logic families such as TTL, ECL, and CMOS. It discusses the characteristics and applications of these technologies, including their advantages and limitations. Additionally, it covers essential components like decoders, encoders, multiplexers, registers, and memory units.

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3 views

ppt3

The document outlines the fundamentals of digital components in computer architecture, focusing on integrated circuits (ICs) and various digital logic families such as TTL, ECL, and CMOS. It discusses the characteristics and applications of these technologies, including their advantages and limitations. Additionally, it covers essential components like decoders, encoders, multiplexers, registers, and memory units.

Uploaded by

karan kumar das
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSE-312: Computer Architecture

Spring (Even) 2024-25

Lecture-3: Digital Components

Anil Kumar Singh


Dept. of CSE
IIT (BHU), Varanasi
Integrate Circuits
❏ Commonly known as chips
❏ Small semiconductor crystal
❏ Contain gates, which form a circuit
❏ Mounted inside a ceramic or plastic container
❏ Connections welded by thin gold wires
❏ Together with external pins, they form if Integrated Circuits (IC)
❏ As technology improves, the number of gates (transistors) inside a chip
increase considerably
❏ Generations of ICs roughly identified by the number of transistors inside a
chip
Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL Logic)
❏ Friday 7 p.m. multiple choice on
❏ Offline written assignment on Monday and submission in Thursday class
Digital Logic Family
❏ Digital integrated circuits are classified also by the circuit technology
❏ Based on this, there are digital logic families
❏ Each logic family has its own basic electronic circuit
❏ Using which complex circuits and functions are built
❏ Basic circuit in all of them is either a NAND, a NOR, or an inverter gate
❏ The names of the circuit technology usually based on electronic components
❏ Many different families of circuit technologies have been developed
❏ Most popular of these are:
❏ TTL
❏ ECL
❏ MOS
❏ CMOS
Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL Logic)
❏ Has been in operation for years and were considered standard
❏ Evolution of the earlier technology that used diodes and transistors (DTL)
❏ For NAND gates
❏ First transistor performs the logic function and second does amplification
❏ Thus, it has both a switch and a relay, made with transistors
❏ Replacing diode with transistor gives better circuit operation
❏ Many variations of TTL
❏ HIgh-speed TTL, low-power TTL, Schottky TTL, low-power Schottky, advanced Schottky
❏ Power supply voltage is 5 volts
❏ The two logic levels are approximately 3.5 and 0 volts, respectively
Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL)
❏ Provides highest speed digital circuits in integrated form
❏ Super-computers and signal processors where high speed is essential
❏ Transistors in ECL gates operate in non-saturated state
❏ Allows propagation delays of 1 to 2 nanoseconds due to current-steering logic
❏ But is therefore more power hungry and requires more cooling: Not energy efficient
❏ Transistors change states very quickly and the fanout capacity is high
(Complementary) Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
or (C)MOS
❏ Unipolar transistor
❏ Depends on the flow of only one type of carrier transistor (n-channel or p-channel)
❏ As contrasted to bipolar transistors used in TTL and ECL gates
❏ Accordingly, two types of MOS transistors
❏ NMOS: p-Channel MOS
❏ Only electrons as carriers
❏ PMOS: n-Channel MOS
❏ Only hole as carriers
❏ More commonly used
❏ CMOS: Use PMOS and NMOS connected in complementary fashion
❏ Has advantages of both NMOS and PMOS over bipolar
❏ High packing density
❏ Simpler processing technique during fabrication
❏ More economical operation with low consumption
Decoders
❏ Decoding as in decoding binary-coded information
❏ Binary code of n-bits is capable of representing up to 2n elements
❏ Binary decoder converts n-coded inputs to <= 2n unique outputs
❏ Some bit combinations may be unused
❏ n-to-m line or n x m decoders (m <= 2n)
❏ 3-to-8 line decoder has eight outputs
❏ 8 AND gates and 3 inverters
❏ Operation can be verified with the truth table
Enable Input
❏
NAND Gate Decoder
❏
Decoder Expansion
❏
Encoders
❏
Multiplexers
❏
Data Selector
❏
Registers
❏
Register with Parallel Load
❏
Load Input
❏
Shift Registers
❏
Bidirectional Shift Register with Parallel Load
❏
Function Tables for Registers
❏
Binary Counters
❏
Counter Circuits
❏
Asynchronous Counters
❏
Synchronous Counters
❏
Binary Counter with Parallel Load
❏
Increment Operation
❏
Code Converters
❏
Memory Unit
❏
Random Access Memory (RAM)
❏
Read Only Memory (ROM)
❏
Types of ROMs
❏
PROMs and EEPROMs
❏

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