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Microgrids SmartGrids Intro (1)

The document provides an overview of smart grids and microgrids, highlighting their roles in energy sustainability, reliability, and efficiency. It compares traditional grids with smart grids, emphasizing features like two-way communication and distributed generation. Additionally, it discusses the classification of microgrids, energy storage systems, and the challenges and opportunities in their adoption and integration with renewable energy sources.

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SAJAD ALI
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10 views35 pages

Microgrids SmartGrids Intro (1)

The document provides an overview of smart grids and microgrids, highlighting their roles in energy sustainability, reliability, and efficiency. It compares traditional grids with smart grids, emphasizing features like two-way communication and distributed generation. Additionally, it discusses the classification of microgrids, energy storage systems, and the challenges and opportunities in their adoption and integration with renewable energy sources.

Uploaded by

SAJAD ALI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Microgrids and Smart

Grids
• Smart Grids: Modernized electrical grids
integrating communication, automation, and
energy efficiency.
• Microgrids: Localized grid systems with
distributed energy resources (DERs) like solar,
wind, and storage.
• Objective: Address energy sustainability,
reduce emissions, and improve reliability.
Smart Grid Conceptual Model
Key Features of Smart Grids
• Self-healing and consumer-friendly.
• Integrates renewable energy sources.
• Enables real-time monitoring and control.
• Supports bi-directional communication and
distributed energy generation.
Comparison of Existing Grid vs. Smart
Grid
Existing Grid Smart Grid

Electromechanical Digital

One-way communication Two-way communication

Centralized generation Distributed generation

Few sensors Sensors throughout

Manual monitoring Self-monitoring

Manual restoration Self-healing

Failures and blackouts Adaptive and islanding

Limited control Pervasive control

Few customer choices Many customer choices


The Role of Microgrids in Smart Grids
Microgrid plays a key role in the smart grid
concept. It is a piece of the larger grid, which
involves nearly all components of the utility grid,
but these components are smaller sizes. While
smart grids take place at a larger utility level
such as large transmission and distribution lines,
microgrids are smaller scale and can operate
independently from the larger utility grid.
Microgrids vs Smart Grids: A
Comparative Overview
Aspect Smart Grid Microgrid

Large-scale transmission Small-scale, local


Scale
lines operations

Dependent on the larger Can operate


Independence
grid independently

Nearly all utility grid Smaller-sized


Components
components components
Understanding Microgrids in the Smart
Grid Ecosystem
Role of Microgrids in Distributed
Energy Systems
• Localized energy generation and consumption.
• Operates in grid-connected or islanded mode.
• Enhances energy reliability and resilience.
• Reduces transmission losses and boosts
efficiency.
Classification of Microgrids
• AC Microgrids: Common AC bus for energy
distribution.
• DC Microgrids: Direct connection to DC loads
and DERs.
• Hybrid Microgrids: Combines AC and DC
systems for flexibility and optimized
integration of DERs.
Key Drivers for Microgrid Adoption
• Renewable Energy Integration: Incorporates
solar, wind, and other sustainable sources.
• Energy Efficiency: Minimizes energy waste
through smart management.
• Resilience: Ensures reliable energy supply
during grid failures.
Key Drivers for Microgrid Adoption
Technical Features of Smart Grids
• Integration of
advanced
metering
infrastructure.
• Real-time data
collection and
processing.
• Automation of
grid operations
and fault
detection.
Energy Storage Systems in Microgrids
• Types: Batteries,
flywheels, and
supercapacitors.
• Role: Balancing
demand and
supply, improving
stability.
• Challenges: Cost
and lifecycle
limitations.
Energy Storage Systems in Microgrids
• Types of Energy Storage Systems
• Batteries
– Dominantly used for renewable integration due to their scalability.
– Source: Linden, D., & Reddy, T. B. (2010). Handbook of Batteries.
McGraw-Hill Education.
• Flywheels
– Suitable for short-term, high-power storage applications.
– Source: Piller, S., Perrin, M., & Jossen, A. (2001). Methods for state-of-
charge determination and their applications. Journal of Power Sources.
• Supercapacitors
– Known for fast charge/discharge cycles and longevity.
– Source: Conway, B. E. (1999). Electrochemical Supercapacitors:
Scientific Fundamentals and Technological Applications. Springer.
Renewable Energy Integration
Challenges
• Variability and intermittency of resources.
• Need for advanced forecasting techniques.
• Impact on grid stability and reliability.
Opportunities in Microgrid
Development
• Enhanced stability through advanced
controllers.
• Cost reduction with improved storage
technologies.
• Policy evolution fostering renewable energy
adoption.
AC Microgrids
• Common AC bus for mixed loads and DERs.
• Seamless integration with conventional AC
systems.
• Lower efficiency due to multiple conversions.
AC Microgrids: Common AC bus for
energy distribution
DC Microgrids
• Uses a common DC bus for direct integration
of DERs.
• Higher efficiency with minimal conversions.
• Better stability due to the absence of reactive
power.
DC microgrids utilize a common DC
bus for energy distribution
Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids
• Combines advantages of AC and DC systems.
• Facilitates direct connection of various DERs.
• Reduces energy losses and total costs.
Hybrid Microgrids: Combines AC and
DC systems
Microgrid Components
• Distributed Generators (DG): Solar, wind, fuel
cells.
• Energy Storage Systems (ESS): Batteries,
supercapacitors.
• Loads: Residential, commercial, and industrial.
Smart Grids and Communication
• Advanced Metering
Infrastructure
(AMI): Real-time
data sharing.
• Bidirectional
communication for
grid efficiency.
• Integration of IoT
for smarter
operations.
Architectural model of conventional
energy meter and smart met
Energy Management Systems (EMS)

• Centralized and
decentralized control
mechanisms.
• Optimization of
power flow among
DERs and loads.
• Ensuring cost-
effective and reliable
operation.
Centralized and decentralized control
mechanisms in microgrids
• Centralized Control
• Key Features:
– A single central controller manages all distributed energy
resources (DERs) and loads.
– Decisions are made based on a global optimization approach.
– Communication is typically top-down.
• Advantages:
– Optimal resource utilization.
– Coordinated decision-making ensures system stability.
• Challenges:
– Communication failures may disrupt the entire system.
– High dependency on the central controller.
Centralized and decentralized control
mechanisms in microgrids
• Decentralized Control
• Key Features:
– Each DER or unit operates independently, often based on
local data and algorithms.
– Communication between units is limited or peer-to-peer.
• Advantages:
– High resilience to communication failures.
– Scalable and adaptable for larger systems.
• Challenges:
– Suboptimal system-level performance due to lack of global
data.
– Potential conflicts between units.
Voltage source inverter (VSI)-based
distributed generation (DG) interfaces
Grid-Forming Controllers:
•Responsible for voltage control between DG units and loads.
•These controllers act as voltage sources in the grid and maintain system
stability.
Grid-Following Controllers:
•Primarily operate in current-control mode to maximize power
extraction from DG units.
•Widely used in DG applications.
•Common grid-following techniques include:
•Synchronous Reference Frame (dq).
•Stationary Reference Frame (αβ).
Demand Forecasting in Smart Grids
• Accurate prediction of energy needs.
• Use of AI and machine learning models.
• Improves operational efficiency and
planning.
Demand Forecasting in Smart Grids
Electric Vehicles and V2G Technology
• Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) integration for grid
support.
• Benefits: Load balancing, storage, and
demand-side management.
• Challenges: Infrastructure and policy
frameworks.
Microgrid Architecture Overview
• Design principles for resilient and efficient
grids.
• Use of modular components for scalability.
• Integration of renewable and non-renewable
sources.
Challenges in Microgrid Adoption
• Technical: Compatibility and protection
systems.
• Regulatory: Standardization and
interconnection rules.
• Operational: Transition between grid-
connected and islanded modes.
Future of Smart Grids
• Trends in automation and AI integration.
• Increased reliance on renewable energy
sources.
• Policy support for global deployment.

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