2022 PAST PAPER

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CAPE COMMUNICATION STUDIES

2022 SAMPLE ESSAY AND NOTES

MODULE 1
MAIN IDEA:

The main point of the article is that, due to the emergence of photo-editing software, the
acceptance and use of cosmetic manipulations have increased drastically over the years.

WRITER’S PURPOSE:

The author’s purpose is to provide insight into the shift that occurred with the introduction of
photo-manipulating software and filters.

ORGANISATION STRATEGIES

When trying to figure out the organisational strategies, it i important to consider the overall text-

structure. The five most common are: Sequenced, Descriptive, Argumentative, Problem-Solution
and Cause-Effect.

Overall Text- Structure:

❌ Sequenced
❌ Descriptive
❌ Argumentative
❌ Problem-Solution
✅ Cause-Effect

Organisational How Does It Help the Writer

Evidence
Strategies Achieve His/her Purpose?

The author uses research

evidence from people such This provides credibility and also
Use of Authority as: Neelam Vashi, Susan helps present the major arguments
Paxton, Tijion Esho, and in a logical order.
Renee Engeln

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Organisational How Does It Help the Writer

Evidence
Strategies Achieve His/her Purpose?

In paragraph 2, the author

These statistics were used to further
uses statistics such as
compare and contrast the demand
“...tripled between 2000 and
Use of Statistics on cosmetic procedures before the
2018...”, “...up from 15 million in
introduction of photo-editing
2013” and “..42 per cent of
software.
cosmetic surgeons...”

The author uses italic text

formatting when mentioning
sources such as: “Journal of
the American Medical
The author uses this to pull
Association Plastic Facial
Italics Text attention to major sources of
Surgery”, “International
Formatting information for the claims being
Journal of Eating Disorders”
made.
and “Beauty Sick: How the
Cultural Obsession with
Appearance Hurts Girls and
Women”.

In paragraph 4 the author

asks, “What makes phot- The question and the answer
Hypophora editing different?” The provided after guides the argument
answer is provided directly in the author’s intended direction.
after.

Provides a clear outline of how the

celebrities maintain their
In the line, “...regimented
appearance and further supports
Listing exercise, controlled diet, and
that it is important to them
a team...”
because of the extensive
investment.

In the lines, “People Overall, comparison and contrast is

historically came with used to compare traditional
Comparison and
photos...” and “colossal behavior with the new modern
Contrast
distance between stars and approach to self- enhancement
everyday people”. procedures.

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LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES

Language Techniques are usually figurative devices. So, look out for those in the text.

Language How Does It Help the Writer

Evidence
Techniques Achieve His/her Purpose?

Photo-editing being a driver is

The line, “Photo-editing is
metaphorically suggesting the
Metaphor driving clients to redesign
influence of photo-editing on client
themselves”
behaviour.

The author uses “aesthetic edge” to

The first sentence, subtly refer to cosmetic surgeons.
Euphemism “Physicians who work at the This may be because cosmetic
aesthetic edge...” surgery traditionally, has been
considered taboo.

The author directly quotes the research included in the article to add
Use of Direct
credibility.
Quotations
-

The use of the term “colossal This is an exaggeration to put

Hyperbole
distance...” emphasis on the point.

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SAMPLE ESSAY - MODULE 1

The main point of the article is that, due to the emergence of photo-editing software, the

acceptance and use of cosmetic manipulations have increased drastically over the years. These

changes have transcended from our virtual screens to the physical environment. The author’s
purpose is to provide insight into the shift that occurred with the introduction of photo-
manipulating software and filters.

To drive this purpose, the author uses comparison and contrast as an organisational strategy. The

overall text employs a cause-and-effect structure. However, comparison and contrast are used
throughout the article to support the text structure and highlight the difference between traditional
use of cosmetic procedures and how it has changed since the introduction of photo-editing
software and filters available in apps like Snapchat. The first paragraph introduces this concept,

stating, “People historically came to plastic surgeons with photos of celebrities…now they’re
coming with edited selfies.” This statement compares traditional behaviour with the modern way
of thinking about self-enhancement procedures. Furthermore, comparison and contrast appear
again in the fourth paragraph, where the author writes, “…colossal distance between stars and

everyday people…”. This further drives the concept of cause and effect. Now, due to the
introduction of software and apps, “everyday people” are able to be celebrities in their own right.

In addition to organisational strategies, the author employs metaphor as a language technique. In

the first line, the author states that people are now using photo-editing to “redesign themselves.”

This metaphor suggests that photo-editing is a driving force, influencing cosmetic surgery clients’
behaviours. It supports the idea that the “shift” cosmetic surgeons are seeing is, in fact, due to the
introduction of new technology, which makes it easier to change one’s self into an idealised

representation of beauty—described in the passage as “perfectly primped and filtered.”

Although this article is broadly applicable, it could be more relevant to the Caribbean context by

considering factors such as cultural influences that shape regional beauty standards and how

social media use in the region impacts perceptions of beauty. For example, Caribbean society’s
perception of beauty is heavily influenced by Eurocentric and indigenous aesthetics. This is evident
in the term “coolie,” loosely used in Caribbean society is readily tagged to “pretty”. This is how

filters on apps like Instagram, TikTok, and Snapchat predominantly cater to the Eurocentric
aesthetic. This creates significant issues related to colourism in Caribbean society, leaving those
who do not align with the Eurocentric features portrayed in filters feeling underserved and

underrepresented. Thus, many feel that a change in appearance is needed.

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In conclusion, the author raises the issue of how photo-editing apps and software have

contributed to the rise of cosmetic procedures in society. The author uses a cause-and-effect

structure, with comparison and contrast as an organisational strategy and metaphors as a

language technique, to raise awareness about this issue. However, the article could be made

more relevant to the Caribbean context by addressing how culture and social media influence the
region’s beauty standards.

MODULE 2

LANGUAGE REGISTER:

The language registers used are: Formal and Informal Registers. DSP Richards uses the formal
register, while Princess uses the informal register.

Formal Register Informal Register

DSP Richard speaks using Standard Princess uses idioms in her speech, e.g., “...throwing
English him into the van like meet...”

DSP Richard speaks using full and

The protesters speak using exclamations, e.g.,
complete sentences, unless he is cut
“Murder!!”
off by Princess

DSP Richard avoids using

Princess uses contractions throughout her speech.
contractions in his speech.

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VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATIVE BEHAVIOURS

The verbal communicative behaviours that would indicate social tension are found within the
dialogue and speech. However, there were instances of non-verbal communicative behaviours

that suggest social tension.

Verbal Communicative Behaviours

Accusations: Princess repeatedly accuses the police of wrongdoing. E.g., “A shoot de police
shoot it up demself. Damn lie.”

Contradiction to Princess’ Claims: The police officer, DSP Richards points out inconsistencies in
Princess’ argument. Princess strongly opposes DSP Richards’s explanations with dismissive
statements like "Nothing no go so.
Emotionally charged language: The protesters and even Princess uses emotionally charged
language throughout the extract.

Non-Verbal Communicative Behaviours

Paralanguage/Vocalics:

Implied Tone: Exclamation marks in the text imply that the protesters were loud and
perhaps shouting.
Princess’ speech rate: Princess speaks “rapidly and breathlessy” to defend her stance,
which indicates high emotional tension.
Proxemics: (how the protesters used space to communicate their anger)

The group block the road and forms a “knot of protesters...”

Kinesics:
The passage describes Princess as sneering at the police officer which suggest disdain and

aggression.

FEATURES OF CARIBBEAN CREOLE ENGLISH IN THE

DIALOGUE
There were features of Creole grammar and phonology in the extract:

Feature of Creole Grammar

Pre-verbal marker: Princess says, “...it a go stay block...”. “a go” in this example indicates that

they have no intention of unblocking the road, so it is placed instead of the Standard English

alternative, “It will stay blocked”.

Feature of Creole Phonology

Th-stopping: There are multiple instances where the dental fricative (th-sound) is written as
simply a dental (d-sound) in the extract. E.g., “dem” instead of “them”.

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SAMPLE ESSAY- MODULE 2

The extract is taken from Stories My Father Told Me and Other Tales. It covers the interaction

between a protestor, Princess, and a police officer, DSP Richards. Princess claims to be an indirect

victim of police brutality, as she recently lost a friend, Billy, at the hands of the police, which she
believes was unjust. Tension rises between the two when DSP Richards challenges the logic of her
claims. This essay explores: (1) the language registers used by the characters; (2) the verbal and
non-verbal communicative behaviours they employ, which reveal social tension; and (3) a feature

of Caribbean Creole seen in the dialogue between Princess and DSP Richards.

Firstly, the extract features the use of formal and informal registers by DSP Richards and Princess,
respectively. DSP Richards uses the formal register to maintain authority and respect. This is
evident in his speech, as he predominantly speaks in complete sentences and uses Standard

English. He also avoids contractions, which contrasts with the register used by Princess. In contrast
to DSP Richards, Princess and the protestors use the informal register. This is seen in her frequent
use of contractions, as well as idioms such as “…throwing him into the van like meat…”. Moreover, in
direct quotes from the extract, there are instances of exclamations, such as “Murder!”. The use of

exclamation is more common in informal speech.

Furthermore, the article highlights various aspects of verbal and non-verbal behaviour that
communicate social tension between the characters. The verbal interactions include accusations
made by the protestor, which are then countered by the police. Non-verbal behaviours that

indicate tension are also present, such as Princess’ reaction to DSP Richards’ counter. In terms of
verbal behaviour, Princess repeatedly accuses the police of wrongdoing, as evident in the
statement, "A shoot de police shoot it up demself. Damn lie.” DSP Richards counters the
accusation, increasing the social tension, as neither party is willing to accept fault. Both believe

they are right, meaning there is no progress towards resolving the issue. This tension is further
supported by instances of kinesics, such as when Princess sneers at the officer, suggesting disdain

and aggression.

Additionally, the use of “th-stopping” as a feature of Caribbean Creole English’s phonology is

evident throughout the extract. The dental fricative “th-sound” is realised as the dental “d-sound”

in several instances. This is seen in words such as “de”, “dem”, and “demself” instead of the
standard English alternatives, “the”, “them”, and “themselves”. This is noticeable in the
conversation between DSP Richards and Princess and highlights a prominent feature of Creole

expression.

In conclusion, the extract shows social tension through the use of formal and informal registers

between a group of protestors and the police.

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The protestors claim that their friend was a victim of police brutality, a claim which the police

vehemently deny. This tension is evident through verbal accusations from the protestors and

direct denials from DSP Richards. These denials are met with non-verbal behaviours such as
Princess’ sneering. Finally, the instance of “th-stopping” is evident throughout the dialogue,

demonstrating a common feature of Caribbean Creole English.

MODULE 3

EXAMPLES OF ETHOS OR CREDIBILITY APPEAL

Whenever appealing to ethos or credibility, you must consider how you can frame an argument to
make the author or speaker sound credible. Examples of this include:

Using celebrity and influencer endorsements

Using testimonials and peer-to-peer interactions to establish similitude. In other words, make
the audience feel like you are all the same.
Using established credibility by associating with an already reputable organisation, e.g., the

Ministry of Education.

TIMETABLE ACTIVITES SUGGESTION

This part of the question is very subjective so there is no right or wrong answer to this. So my

advise when you find any question like this is to make your response reasonable. Here’s a
suggestion if you don’t know where to start:

Week 1 - Introduction to the Programme and Orientation

Week 2 - Life Skills Training

Week 3 - Community Outreach

Week 4 - Certification

DIGITAL MEDIA TECHNOLOGIES

Here are some digital media technologies which you can consider:

Social Media (Instagram, TikTok, X)

Email Campaigns
SMS Text Campaigns

Webinars and Online Information Sessions

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SAMPLE ESSAY- MODULE 3

Having gained the opportunity to be shortlisted to become a peer instructor, it brings me great

pleasure to propose how I intend to implement the National Youth Corps programme for high

school leavers. This programme offers the chance for us, as young people entering the world of
work, to gain valuable experience and essential life skills.

Firstly, I would implement the use of an ethos appeal through peer-to-peer interactions,

emphasising that this initiative is driven in partnership with the Ministry of Education. Peer-to-peer

interactions would include testimonials from past students who have participated in the
programme. These students would share where they are now and how the programme helped
them get there. This approach fosters a sense of similarity among us as students. Furthermore,
highlighting the fact that this is a partnership with a government body enhances the programme’s

credibility, making it more likely that school leavers will be motivated to participate.

In addition, a timetable of activities would help support our credibility by providing a clear outline
of what participants can expect. A brief introduction and orientation in Week 1 would set a positive

and solid foundation for the programme overall. Week 2 could focus on theory and life-skills
training, Week 3 on community outreach, and Week 4 on certification. Offering a certificate at the
end could provide an incentive to join, as it would be a valuable addition to students’ CVs.
Finally, to target school leavers, we could introduce this initiative during College and University
fairs, hosted as webinars and online information sessions. These events are ideal for reaching our

target audience, as students are often exploring their next steps, whether in higher education or
the workforce. Presenting this programme as an alternative option is sure to have its merits.

In conclusion, establishing credibility through peer-to-peer interactions and emphasising the

partnership with the Ministry of Education will likely make school leavers more inclined to
participate. Additionally, targeting our audience where they are—through webinars and online

information sessions—will further enhance the programme’s appeal.

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