Lecture 03

Ch 2.4
Network Equations

-CH02_50-
Network Analysis Techniques
• For circuits operating in sinusoidal-steady-state,
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) and voltage law
(KVL) apply to phasor currents and voltages.
• Network analysis techniques based on Kirchhoff’s
law, including nodal analysis mesh or loop
analysis, superposition, source transformations,
Thévenin’s and Norton’s theorems, are useful for
analyzing such circuits.

-CH02_51-
Selecting the Reference Bus (Step 1)
• For a circuit with (N+1) nodes (also called buses), select one bus as the
reference bus.
• Define the voltages at the remaining buses with respect to the reference
bus.
• The circuit in Figure 2.8 has four buses-that is, N+1=4 or N=3.
• Bus 0 is selected as the reference bus and bus voltages V10=V1, V20=V2,
and V30=V3 are then defined with respect to bus 0. i a
RTh + Linear circuit
vTh vo Part B
-
b

V10=V1 vTh
iN = , RTh = RN
RTh

i a

+ Linear circuit
iN RN vo Part B
-
b

-CH02_52-
Equivalent Current Source (Step 2)
• Transform each voltage source in series with an impedance to an
equivalent current source in parallel with that impedance.
• Also, show admittance values instead of impedance values on the circuit
diagram.
• Each current source is equal to the voltage source divided by the source
impedance.
• In Figure 2.9 equivalent current sources I1, I2, and I3 are shown, and all
impedances are converted to corresponding admittances.

vTh
iN = , RTh = RN
RTh
-CH02_53-
Bus Admittance Matrix Example
• Assume the current injection at each bus k is Ik = IGk - ILk
where IGk is the current injection into the bus from the
generator and ILk is the current flowing into the load.

Ik
Pk = PGk - PLk
IGk ILk Qk = QGk - QLk

-CH02_54-
Matrix Form (Step 3)
• Write nodal equations in matrix format as follows:
I1 Y11 Y12 ... Y1N V10
I2 Y21 Y22 ... Y2 N V20
=

IN YN 1 YN 2 ... YNN VN 0
Using the matrix notation,
I = Ybus V
• Y is the N × N bus admittance matrix.
• V is the column vector of N bus voltages.
• I is the column vector of N current sources
-CH02_55-
Bus Admittance Matrix Example
• Determine the bus admittance matrix for the
network. N
I k = I Gk I Lk = I km
m =0

I1 = I G1 I L1 = I12 + I13 + I10

SG2 SL4
y24
2 4
y23
y12
SL1 y34
I12 I13
1 IL1 y13 3
IG1 I10
SL3 y30
SG1 y10

-CH02_56-
 y24
2 4

Ybus E am le, c d y12

I13
y23
y34
I12
1 y13 3
I10
By KCL at bus 1 we have y10
y30

I1 I G1 I L1
V1 V2 V1 V3 V1
I1 = I12 + I13 + I10 = + +
Z12 Z13 Z10
1
I1 = (V1 V2 ) y12 + (V1 V3 ) y13 + V1 y10 (with Y j = )
Zj
= ( y12 + y13 + y10 )V1 y12 V2 Y13 V3
Similarly
I 2 = I 21 + I 23 + I 24
= y21 V1 + ( y21 + y23 + y24 )V2 y23 V3 y24 V4

-CH02_57-
Ybus E am le, c d
• We can similar relationships for buses 3 and 4.
• The results can then be expressed in matrix form.
I1 y10 + y12 + y13 y12 y13 0 V1
I2 y21 y21 + y23 + y24 y23 y24 V2
=
I3 y31 y32 y31 + y32 + y30 + y34 y34 V3
I4 0 y42 y43 y42 + y43 V4

I = Ybus V
y24
2 4
y23
y12
y34
I12 I13
1 y13 3
I10
y30
y10

-CH02_58-
Ybus General Form
• The elements Ykn of the bus admittance matrix Y are formed as
follows:
• The diagonal terms, Ykk, are the “self” or “driving-point
admittance,” equal to the sum of the admittances of all
devices incident to bus k.
• The off-diagonal terms, Ykl, are equal to the negative of the
admittance joining the two buses, called the “mutual” or
“transfer admittance” between buses k and l.

• Ybus is symmetrical.
• With large systems Ybus is a sparse matrix(most entries are zero).
• Sparsity is key to efficient numerical calculation.
• Shunt terms, such as in the equivalent line model, only affect
the diagonal terms.
 Chs 2.5 and 2.6
Three-Phase Circuits
2.5 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits
• Balanced Y connections

Neutral line

• For a Y connection, the neutrals of each phase are

connected.
• The three-phase load is balanced, which means the
load impedances in all three phase are identical.
-CH02_61-
Balanced 3 Phase ( ) Systems
A balanced 3 phase ( ) system has
• three voltage sources with equal
magnitude, but with an angle shift of
120 Ean + Ebn + Ecn = 0

• equal loads on each phase -Ecn

Positive sequence or abc sequence
• equal impedance on the lines
connecting the generators to the loads
Ean + Ebn + Ecn = 0
Bulk power systems are almost
exclusively 3
Single phase is used primarily only
in low voltage, low power settings,
such as residential and some Negative sequence or acb sequence
commercial -CH02_62-
Three Phase - Wye Connection

• There are two ways to connect 3 systems

• Wye (Y)
• Delta ( )

• Wye connection voltages

Ean = E 0
Ebn = E
Ecn =E =E +

-CH02_63-
Balanced 3 - No Neutral Current
Ean E E
Ia = , I b = bn , I c = cn
ZY ZY ZY
Ean + Ebn + Ecn
Ia + Ib + Ic =
ZY
KCL : I n = I a + I b + I c
Ean + Ebn + Ecn = 0 Eab= Ean +(-Ebn)
( 1 0 +1 +1 = )
0
In = =0
ZY
S = Ean I a* + Ebn I b* + Ecn I c* = 3Ean I a* ( Ean I a* = Ebn I b* = Ecn I c* )
Ean I a* = Ean V ( Ia I)

Ebn I b* = Ean ( V ) ( Ia ( I )) = Ean V ( Ia I ) = Ean I a*

Note: Exy means voltage at point x with respect to point y.

-CH02_64-
Wye Connection Line Voltages

Eca Ecn -Ebn Eab

30° -Ebn
Ean
Ebn
Eab = Ean Ebn Ebc
= E [1 0 1 120
= 3E 30
Ebc = 3E 90
E ca = 3E 150

Therefore, line to line voltages are also balanced. -CH02_65-

Complex Power of Three-Phase Systems

Eab = 3Ean 1 30 = E ab ( V + 30 )
S3 = 3 Ean I a* = 3E an V ( Ia I)
= 3E an I a [cos( V I)+ j sin( V I)
E ab
=3 I a [cos( V I)+ j sin( V I )]
3
= 3E ab V Ia I

= 3E ab ( V + 30 30 )I a I

= 3Eab 30 I a* (Wye Connected)

-CH02_66-
 Y-Y Connection
Balanced system :
Z A = Z B = ZC

Source: http://www.yaman.ece.vt.edu/teaching/3304/lectures/Lecture2C_Balanced_3p_Circuits.pdf
-CH02_67-
 Y- C ec i

Source: http://www.yaman.ece.vt.edu/teaching/3304/lectures/Lecture2C_Balanced_3p_Circuits.pdf
-CH02_68-
Delta Connection
• For the Delta connection, voltages across elements
equals line voltages Ic

• For currents, Ia
Ia = I AB I CA
= 3 I AB Ib

Ib = I BC I AB Ic
Ic = I CA I BC ICA
S3 = 3 VPhase I P* hase IAB
30°

Ia
Ib IBC -ICA
-CH02_69-
3-Phase Transmission Line
Voltages
Phase a Phase b Phase c

-CH02_70-
 3-Phase Transmission Line

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power#mediaviewer/File:3-phase_flow.gif
-CH02_71-
Three Phase Example
Assume a -connected load is supplied from a 3
13.8 kV (L-L) source with Z = 100 30 . Find S, pf.
Ia a
Vab = 13.8 0 kV
Ica Iab
Ic Ibc
Vbc = 13.8 0 kV
b
c Z Vca = 13.8 0 kV
Ib
13.8 0 kV
I ab = = 138 30 amps

I bc = 138 150 amps

I ca = 138 0 amps
-CH02_72-
Th ee Pha e E am le, c d
*
S = 3 Vab I ab = 3 13.8 0 kV (138 ) amps
= 5.7 MVA
= 4.95 + j 2.86 MVA
pf = cos30 = lagging V
I
I a = I ab I ca = 138 30 138 0 Lagging PF

= 239 60 amps S
Q
Vab = Van Vbn
P
Vab 13.8kV
Van = = 30 PF=cos
3 30 3
S = 3 Van I a*
13.8kV
=3 30 ( 239 60 )
3
= 4.95 + j 2.86 MVA (Same)
-CH02_73-
 Lecture 04

Delta-Wye Transformation

To simplify analysis of balanced 3 systems:

1) Δ-connected loads can be replaced by
1
Y-connected loads with Z Y = Z (or Z = 3Z Y )
3
(See the next slides)
2) Δ-connected sources can be replaced by
VLine
Y-connected sources with VPhase =
3 30

-CH02_74-
Delta-Wye Transformation Proof
- a Ia +
Ia a +
-

ZY
Ica Iab Vab Vab
Vca Vca
Ic Ibc -
+ b
c Z
+
- Vbc +
Ic
Ib - Vbc + -
c Ib
b
From the side we get
V Vca V V
I a = I ab I ca = ab = ab ca
Z Z Z
Vab Vca
Hence Z =
Ia
-CH02_75-
Delta-W e T a f ma i ,c d
- a Ia +
From the Y side, we get I a a
+
-

ZY
Vab = ZY I a + ZY ( V I b ) I= ZY ( I Ia V I b )
ca
ca ab ab Vca Vab
Ic Ibc -
Vca = ZY ( I c Ia ) + c Z
b
+
- Vbc +
Ic
Vab Vca = ZY (2 I a Ib Ib Ic ) c
- Vbc +
Ib
-
b
Since I a + Ib + I c = 0 I a = Ib Ic
Hence Vab Vca = 3 ZY I a
Vab Vca
3 ZY = = Z
Ia
1
Therefore ZY = Z
3
-CH02_76-
Summary of Complex Power (Wye)
Eab = 3Ean 1 30 = E ab ( V + 30 )
S3 = 3 Ean I a* = 3E an V ( Ia I)
= 3E an I a [cos( V I)+ j sin( V I)
E ab
=3 I a [cos( V I)+ j sin( V I )]
3
= 3E ab I a ( V I)

= 3E ab ( V + 30 )I a I

= 3Eab 30 I a* (Wye)
*
S = 3VLine I Line (Wye)

* *
S3 = 3VPhase I Phase = 3VLine I Line
-CH02_77-
Summary of Complex Power (Delta)

I a = 3I ab 1 30
I a 30
I ab =
3
*
S3 = 3 Eab I ab
= 3Eab 30 I a*
*
= 3VLine I Line
* *
S3 = 3VPhase I Phase = 3VLine I Line

-CH02_78-
Example 2.4
A balanced, positive sequence, Y-connected source with
Eab=480∠0o volts is applied to a balanced ∆ load with Z∆ =30
∠40o. The line impedance between the source and load is ZL=1
∠85o. For each phase. Calculate the line currents, the ∆ load
currents, and the voltages at the load terminals.

-CH02_79-
Example 2.4

-CH02_80-
Example 2.4

-CH02_81-
 Chs 2.5 and 2.6
Per-Phase Analysis
Three-Phase vs Single-Phase
ZL 1) Single-phase system
1

+ +
I1 S1 = V1 I1*
V1 VL ZY S2 = V2 I 2* = V1 I1*
− −
n1
Zn S3 = V3 I 3* = V1 I1*
n3 STotal = 3V1 I1*
n2 n
V3 Total wires = 6
ZY ZY
V2
3 2) Three-phase system
ZL I2 I3
2
STotal = 3Va I a* = 3V1 I1*
Total wires = 3 or 4
ZL

• A single-phase system requires 6 wires to deliver 3-phase power (S3 ).

• In the three-phase system, we can remove 3 neutral lines under
balanced conditions (because of In = 0), so we need 3 wires.
• More efficient 6 to 3 or 6 to 4 times!

-CH02_83-
Advantages of 3- Power System
Can transmit more power for same
amount of wire (twice as much as single
phase).
Torque produced by three-phase
induction motors or machines is constant.
Three-phase machines use less material
for same power rating.
Three phase machines start more easily
than single phase machines.
-CH02_84-
Example of Per-Phase( ) Analysis
• For the following circuit,

-CH02_85-
 Another Example

Van = 1 0
Va"b" = 1 0

Z j Va"b" 1
Van = 1 0 ZY = = Va"n = = 30
3 3 3 30 3

-CH02_86-
 Example

Z j 1
Van = 1 0 ZY = = Va"n = 30
3 3 3

Van = 1 0 1
3
j
Va"n = 30
3

-CH02_87-
Per-Phase( ) Analysis
Per-phase analysis allows the analysis of
balanced 3- systems with the same
effort as for a single phase system.
Balanced 3- theorem works for a
balanced 3- system with all loads and
sources connected by wye (Y).

-CH02_88-
Per-Phase( ) Analysis
Per-phase analysis allows the analysis of
balanced 3- systems with the same effort as
for a single phase system.
Balanced 3- theorem works for a balanced
3 system with:
– All loads and sources should be connected by
wye (Y),
– No mutual inductance between phases

-CH02_89-
Per-Phase Analysis
Therefore,
– All neutrals are at the same potential,
– All phases are COMPLETELY
decoupled,
– All system values are the same
sequence as sources, typically the
“positive” sequence.

-CH02_90-
Procedure of Per-Phase Analysis
To do per-phase analysis
1. Convert all -connected load/sources to equivalent
Y-connected ones.
2. Solve phase “a” independent of the other phases
3. Calculate total power by S = 3Va I a*
4. If desired, phase “b” and “c” values can be
determined by inspection (i.e., ±120° degree phase
shifts)
5. If necessary, go back to original circuit to determine
line-line values or internal values.

-CH02_91-
Per-Phase Example
• Assume a 3 , Y-connected generator with Van = 11 00
an =
volts supplies a -connected load with Z = -0.3j
through a transmission line with impedance of j0.1
per phase.
• The load is also connected to a -connected generator
with Vaa”b”
b == 1 0 through a second transmission line
which also has an impedance of j0.1 per phase.

Find the following values

1. The load voltage Va b
2. The total power supplied by each generator, SY and S

-CH02_92-
Example
• First convert the delta load and source to equivalent
Y values and draw just the “a” phase circuit
a j0.1 j0.1
+
a' a"
1 volts
+
- n -j0.3 -j0.3 1 volts
-j0.3 -
c b c' b'
j0.1 c" b"
j0.1 j0.1 j0.1

-CH02_93-
Per-Phase Example
a j0.1 a' j0.1 a"
+ +
Ia Ia’n Ia” 1
1 V V
-j0.1 3
- -
n

KCL at node a' gives I a + I a " = I a ' n

1
30 Va'n
1 0 Va'n Va'n
+ 3 =
0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j
1
30 Va'n
1 Va'n Va'n
+ 3 =
0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j
1
(1 Va'n ) + ( 30 Va'n ) = Va'n
3
1
Va'n = 1 + 30 = 1.528 [V]
3 -CH02_94-
Per-Phase Example
• First convert the delta load and source to equivalent
Y values and draw just the “a” phase circuit
a j0.1 j0.1
+
a' a"
1 volts
+
- n -j -j 1 volts
-j -
c b c' b'
j0.1 c" b"
j0.1 j0.1 j0.1

-CH02_95-
Per-Phase Example
a j0.1 a' j0.1 a"
+ +
Ia Ia’n Ia” 1
1 V V
-j/3 3
- -
n

KCL at node a' gives I a + I a " = I a ' n

1
30 Va'n
1 0 Va'n Va'n
+ 3 =
0.1 j 0.1 j j
3

-CH02_96-
Per-Phase Example
1
30 Va'n
1 Va'n Va'n
+ 3 =
j j j
10 10 3
1
10( 30 Va'n )
10(1 Va'n ) 3 3Va'n
[ + = ] j
j j j
1
10(1 Va'n ) + 10( 30 Va'n ) = 3Va'n
3
1
( 10 10 + 3)Va'n = 10 10 30
3
1
10 10 30
Va'n = 3 = 0.9 [V]
17 -CH02_97-
Per-Phase Example

1 0 Va ' n 1 0 0.9
Ia = = = 2.06 34.3
j 0.1 j 0.1
SYgen = 3Van I a* = 3 1 0 ( 2.06 34.3 ) = 5.1 + j 3.5 VA
*

1 1
30 Va ' 30 0.9
Ia" = 3 = 3
j 0.1 j 0.1

= 4.02 107.2
1
30 ( 4.02 107.2 ) = 5.1
*
S gen = 3Va '' I a*" = 3 j 4.7 VA
3

-CH02_98-
Advantages of 3- Power
• Some three-phase systems such as -connected systems
and three-wire Y-connected systems do not have any
neutral conductor.
• However, the majority of three-phase systems are four-
wire Y-connected systems, where a grounded neutral
conductor is used.
• The capital and operating costs of three-phase
transmission and distribution systems with or without
neutral conductors are substantially less than those of
separate single-phase systems.
• Total instantaneous electric power delivered by a three-
phase generator under balanced steady-state conditions
is (nearly) constant.
-CH02_99-
Homework Assignment for Ch 2
1. Problem 2.9 (Not a multiple choice problem)
2. Problem 2.22 (Not a multiple choice problem)
3. Problem 2.28 (Not a multiple choice problem)
4. Demonstrate the following expressions:
v(t) V=RI, V=j LI, and V=I/(j C)

5. A certain 1 load draws 5MW at 0.7 power factor lagging. Determine

the reactive power required from a parallel capacitor to bring the power
factor of the parallel combination up to 0.9.
6. Problems 2.40, 2.41, 2.43, or 2.48.
Due: will be notified. -CH02_100-
 Any Questions!

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